Materials
Introduction and Applications
1. Edition November 2016
480 Pages, Hardcover
Professional Book
Further versions
Presents a fully interdisciplinary approach with a stronger emphasis on polymers and composites than traditional materials books
Materials science and engineering is an interdisciplinary field involving the properties of matter and its applications to various areas of science and engineering. Polymer materials are often mixed with inorganic materials to enhance their mechanical, electrical, thermal, and physical properties. Materials: Introduction and Applications addresses a gap in the existing textbooks on materials science.
This book focuses on three Units. The first, Foundations, includes basic materials topics from Intermolecular Forces and Thermodynamics and Phase Diagrams to Crystalline and Non-Crystalline Structures. The second Units, Materials, goes into the details of many materials including Metals, Ceramics, Organic Raw Materials, Polymers, Composites, Biomaterials, and Liquid Crystals and Smart Materials. The third and final unit details Behavior and Properties including Rheological, Mechanical, Thermophysical, Color and Optical, Electrical and Dielectric, Magnetic, Surface Behavior and Tribology, Materials, Environment and Sustainability, and Testing of Materials.
Materials: Introduction and Applications features:
* Basic and advanced Materials concepts
* Interdisciplinary information that is otherwise scattered consolidated into one work
* Links to everyday life application like electronics, airplanes, and dental materials
Certain topics to be discussed in this textbook are more advanced. These will be presented in shaded gray boxes providing a two-level approach. Depending on whether you are a student of Mechanical Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Engineering Technology, MSE, Chemistry, Physics, etc., you can decide for yourself whether a topic presented on a more advanced level is not important for you--or else essential for you given your professional profile
Witold Brostow is Regents Professor of Materials Science and Engineering at the University of North Texas. He is President of the International Council on Materials Education and President of the Scientific Committee of the POLYCHAR World Forum on Advanced Material (42 member countries). He has three honorary doctorates and is a Member of the European Academy of Sciences, Member of the National Academy of Sciences of Mexico, Foreign Member of the National Academy of Engineering of Georgia in Tbilisi and Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry in London. His publications have been cited more than 7200 times.
Haley Hagg Lobland is the Associate Director of LAPOM at the University of North Texas. She is a Member of the POLYCHAR Scientific Committeee. She has received awards for her research presented at conferences in: Buzios, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; NIST, Frederick, Maryland; Rouen, France; and Lviv, Ukraine. She has lectured in a number of countries including Poland and Spain. Her publications include joint ones with colleagues in Egypt, Georgia, Germany, India, Israel, Mexico, Poland, Turkey and United Kingdom.
Preface xvii
Acknowledgments xix
Part 1 Foundations 1
1 Introduction 3
1.1 History of Materials Science and Engineering (MSE), 3
1.2 Role of MSE in Society, 4
1.3 Teaching MSE, 5
1.4 Basic Rules of MSE, 5
1.5 States of Matter, 6
1.6 Materials in Everyday Life, 7
1.7 How to Make New Materials, 8
1.8 How to Use this Book, 9
1.9 Self?-Assessment Questions, 9
References, 9
2 Intermolecular Forces 11
2.1 Interactions: The First Vertex of the Triangle, 11
2.2 Primary Chemical Bonds, 12
2.3 Physical Interactions, 12
2.4 Force and Energy, 15
2.5 Interactions and States of Matter, 16
2.6 Contactless Transport, 18
2.7 Self?-Assessment Questions, 19
References, 19
3 Thermodynamics and Phase Diagrams 21
3.1 What is Thermodynamics and Why is it Useful? 21
3.2 Definitions, 22
3.3 Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics, 23
3.4 First Law of Thermodynamics, 23
3.5 Second Law of Thermodynamics, 24
3.6 The So?-Called Third Law of Thermodynamics, 25
3.7 Still More Laws of Thermodynamics? 26
3.8 Thermodynamic Potentials, 26
3.9 Thermodynamic Stability Criteria, 28
3.10 Unary Phase Diagrams and Supercritical States, 29
3.11 Liquid?-Vapor Equilibria, 32
3.12 Liquid?-Liquid Equilibria, 37
3.13 Solid?-Liquid Equilibria, 38
3.14 Self?-Assessment Questions, 42
References, 43
4 Crystal Structures 45
4.1 The Nature of Solid Phases, 45
4.2 Formation of Solid Phases, 48
4.3 Crystal Structures, 50
4.4 Defects in Crystals, 60
4.5 Self?-Assessment Questions, 65
References, 66
5 Non?-Crystalline and Porous Structures 67
5.1 Quasicrystals, 67
5.2 Mineraloids, 68
5.3 Diffractometry, 69
5.4 The Binary Radial Distribution Function, 70
5.5 Voronoi Polyhedra, 73
5.6 The Glass Transition, 76
5.7 Glasses and Liquids, 79
5.8 Aging of Glasses, 81
5.9 Porous Materials and Foams, 82
5.10 Self?-Assessment Questions, 86
References, 86
Part 2 Materials 89
6 Metals 91
6.1 History and Composition, 91
6.2 Methods of Metallurgy, 94
6.3 Alloys, 104
6.4 Phase Diagrams of Metal Systems, 105
6.5 Ferrous Metals: Iron and Steel, 105
6.6 Non?-Ferrous Metallic Engineering Materials, 107
6.7 Structures of Metals in Relation to Properties, 109
6.8 Glassy Metals and Liquid Metals, 110
6.9 Self?-Assessment Questions, 116
References, 116
7 Ceramics 119
7.1 Classification of Ceramic Materials, 119
7.2 History of Ceramics, 120
7.3 Crystalline Ceramics, 121
7.4 Network Ceramics: Silicates and Sialons, 127
7.5 Carbon, 129
7.6 Glassy Ceramics, 133
7.7 Glass?-Bonded Ceramics, 136
7.8 Cements, 139
7.9 Advanced and Engineering Ceramics, 141
7.10 General Properties of Ceramics, 146
7.11 Self?-Assessment Questions, 147
References, 148
8 Organic Raw Materials 151
8.1 Introduction, 151
8.2 Natural Gas, 152
8.3 Petroleum, 154
8.4 Coal and Coal Tar, 158
8.5 General Remarks, 160
8.6 Self?-Assessment Questions, 161
References, 162
9 Polymers 163
9.1 Polymers among other Classes of Materials, 165
9.2 Inorganic and Organic Polymers, 166
9.3 Thermoplastics and Thermosets, 167
9.4 Polymerization Processes, 172
9.5 Molecular Mass Distribution, 177
9.6 Molecular Structures of Important Polymers, 178
9.7 Spatial Structures of Macromolecules and Associated Properties, 178
9.8 Computer Simulation of Polymers, 183
9.9 Polymer Solutions, 184
9.10 Polymer Processing and the Role of Additives, 185
9.11 Applications of Specialty Polymers, 187
9.12 Self?-Assessment Questions, 188
References, 188
10 Composites 191
10.1 Introduction, 191
10.2 Fiber Reinforced Composites, 193
10.3 Cermets and other Metal Matrix Composites (MMCs), 196
10.4 Ceramic Matrix Composites (CMCs), 198
10.5 Carbon-Carbon Composites, 199
10.6 Polymer Matrix Composites (PMCs), 199
10.7 Hybrid Composites, 200
10.8 Laminar and Sandwich Composites, 200
10.9 Concretes and Asphalts, 202
10.10 Natural Composites, 205
10.11 A Comparison of Composites, 208
10.12 Self?-Assessment Questions, 209
References, 209
11 Biomaterials 211
11.1 Definitions, 211
11.2 Overview of Biomaterials and Applications, 213
11.3 Joint Replacements, 214
11.4 Dental Materials, 218
11.5 Vascularization in Cardiac and other Applications, 219
11.6 Intraocular Lenses and Contact Lenses, 222
11.7 Drug Delivery Systems, 224
11.8 Biological and Natural Materials, 226
11.9 Bio?-Based Materials, 231
11.10 Other Aspects of Biomaterials, 233
11.11 Self?-Assessment Questions, 236
References, 236
12 Liquid Crystals and Smart Materials 241
12.1 Introduction, 241
12.2 Liquid Crystals, 242
12.3 Field?-Responsive Composites, 248
12.3.1 Magnetorheological Fluids, 249
12.3.2 Electrorheological (ER) Fluids, 252
12.3.3 Electrorheological and Magnetorheological Elastomers, 254
12.4 Electrochromic Materials, 255
12.5 Piezoelectric and Pyroelectric Materials, 256
12.6 Shape?-Memory Materials, 260
12.7 Self?-Assessment Questions, 263
References, 263
Part 3 Behavior and Properties 267
13 Rheological Properties 269
13.1 Introduction, 269
13.2 Laminar and Turbulent Flow and the Melt Flow Index, 270
13.3 Viscosity and How it is Measured, 273
13.4 Linear and Nonlinear Viscoelasticity, 277
13.5 Drag Reduction, 281
13.6 Suspensions, Slurries, and Flocculation, 285
13.7 Self?-Assessment Questions, 287
References, 288
14 Mechanical Properties 289
14.1 Mechanics at the Forefront, 289
14.2 Quasi?-Static Testing, 290
14.3 Properties: Strength, Stiffness, and Toughness, 298
14.4 Creep and Stress Relaxation, 299
14.5 Viscoelasticity, Dynamic Mechanical Analysis, and Brittleness, 302
14.6 Fracture Mechanics, 305
14.7 Impact Testing, 309
14.8 Hardness and Indentation, 312
14.9 Self?-Assessment Questions, 315
References, 316
15 Thermophysical Properties 319
15.1 Introduction, 319
15.2 Volumetric Properties and Equations of State, 320
15.3 Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA), 323
15.4 Thermogravimetric Analysis, 326
15.5 Thermal Conductivity, 327
15.6 Negative Temperatures, 330
15.7 Self?-Assessment Questions, 333
References, 334
16 Color and Optical Properties 335
16.1 Introduction, 335
16.2 Atomic Origins of Color, 335
16.3 Color and Energy Diagrams, 339
16.4 Light and Bulk Matter, 344
16.5 Optical Properties and Testing Methods, 345
16.6 Lasers, 348
16.7 Electro?-Optical Effects and Luminescence, 348
16.8 Photoinduction, 351
16.9 Invisibility, 352
16.10 Self?-Assessment Questions, 355
References, 355
17 Electronic Properties 357
17.1 Introduction, 357
17.2 Conductivity, Resistivity, and Band Theory, 358
17.3 Conductivity in Metals, Semiconductors, and Insulators, 363
17.4 Semiconductors: Types and Electronic Behavior, 364
17.5 Superconductivity, 371
17.6 Phenomena of Dielectrical Polarization, 371
17.7 Self?-Assessment Questions, 375
References, 375
18 Magnetic Properties 379
18.1 Magnetic Fields and their Creation, 379
18.2 Classes of Magnetic Materials, 383
18.3 Diamagnetic Materials, 384
18.4 Paramagnetic Materials, 384
18.5 Ferromagnetic and Antiferromagnetic Materials, 384
18.6 Ferrimagnetic Materials, 386
18.7 Applications of Magnetism, 386
18.8 Self?-Assessment Questions, 389
References, 389
19 Surface Behavior and Tribology 391
19.1 Introduction and History, 391
19.2 Surfaces: Topography and Interactions, 393
19.3 Oxidation, 395
19.4 Corrosion, 399
19.5 Adhesion, 400
19.6 Friction, 404
19.7 Scratch Resistance, 411
19.8 Wear, 418
19.9 Lubrication and Nanoscale Tribology, 419
19.10 Final Comments, 421
19.11 Self?-Assessment Questions, 422
References, 423
20 Materials Recycling and Sustainability 427
20.1 Introduction, 427
20.2 Water, 428
20.3 Nuclear Energy, 430
20.4 Energy Generation from Sunlight, 432
20.5 Energy Generation from Thermoelectricity, 435
20.6 Degradation of Materials, 437
20.7 Recycling, 438
20.8 Final Thoughts, 439
20.9 Self?-Assessment Questions, 440
References, 441
21 Materials Testing and Standards 443
21.1 Introduction, 443
21.2 Standards and Metrics, 443
21.3 Testing, 444
21.4 Microscopy Testing, 445
21.5 Sensors in Testing, 447
21.6 Summary, 448
21.7 Self?-Assessment Questions, 448
References, 448
Numerical Values of Important Physical Constants 449
Name Index 451
Subject Index 455
