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Fachgebiet | Bauingenieur- und Bauwesen | Lieferbare Titel | Anchorage in Concrete Construction | Inhaltsverzeichnis
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Contents  
 
1 Introduction 1
1.1 A historical review 1
1.2 Requirements for fastenings 2
1.3 Nature and direction of actions 2
2 Fastening systems 5
2.1 General 5
2.2 Cast-in-place systems 5
2.2.1 Lifting inserts 6
2.2.2 Anchor channels 7
2.2.3 Headed studs 9
2.2.4 Threaded sleeves 9
2.3 Drilled-in systems 10
2.3.1 Drilling techniques 10
2.3.2 Installation configurations 10
2.3.3 Drilled-in anchor types 11
2.3.3.1 Mechanical expansion anchors 11
2.3.3.2 Undercut anchors 16
2.3.3.3 Bonded anchors 19
2.3.3.4 Screw anchors 25
2.3.3.5 Ceiling hangers 25
2.3.3.6 Plastic anchors 27
2.4 Direct installation 29
3 Principles 33
3.1 General 33
3.2 Behaviour of concrete in tension 34
3.3 Failure mechanisms of fastenings 37
3.3.1 Theoretical studies 37
3.3.2 Experimental studies 45
3.3.3 Conclusions drawn from theoretical and experimental studies 50
3.4 Cracked concrete 51
3.5 Why anchors may use the tensile strength of concrete 54
3.6 Prestressing of anchors 55
3.7 Loads on anchors 58
3.7.1 Calculation according to elastic theory 58
3.7.1.1 Tension load 58
3.7.1.2 Shear loads 59
3.7.2 Calculation according to non-linear methods 61
3.7.3 Calculation of loads on anchors of anchor channels 61
3.7.3.1 Tension loads 61
3.7.3.2 Shear loads 63
4 Behaviour of headed studs, undercut anchors and metal expansion anchors in non-cracked and cracked concrete 65
4.1 Non-cracked concrete 65
4.1.1 Tension load 65
4.1.1.1 Load-displacement behaviour and modes of failure 65
4.1.1.2 Failure load associated with steel rupture 68
4.1.1.3 Failure load associated with concrete cone breakout 69
4.1.1.4 Failure load for local concrete side blow-out failure 93
4.1.1.5 Failure loads associated with pull-out and pull-through failures 97
4.1.1.6 Failure load associated with splitting of the concrete 100
4.1.2 Shear 103
4.1.2.1 Load-displacement behaviour and modes of failure 103
4.1.2.2 Failure load associated with steel rupture 105
4.1.2.3 Failure load associated with pry-out 109
4.1.2.4 Concrete edge failure for a shear load perpendicular to the edge 112
4.1.2.5 Concrete edge breakout load associated with shear loads oriented at an angle < 90° to the edge 125
4.1.3 Combined tension and shear (oblique loading) 128
4.1.3.1 Load-displacement behaviour and modes of failure 128
4.1.3.2 Failure load 132
4.1.4 Bending of the baseplate 137
4.1.5 Sustained loads 138
4.1.6 Fatigue loading 139
4.2 Cracked concrete 142
4.2.1 Tension 143
4.2.1.1 Load-displacement behaviour and modes of failure 143
4.2.1.2 Failure load corresponding to steel failure 146
4.2.1.3 Failure load associated with concrete cone breakout 146
4.2.1.4 Failure load associated with local blow-out failure 154
4.2.1.5 Failure load associated with pull-out/pull-through failure 155
4.2.1.6 Failure load associated with splitting of the concrete 157
4.2.2 Shear 157
4.2.2.1 Load-displacement behaviour and modes of failure 157
4.2.2.2 Failure load associated with steel failure 157
4.2.2.3 Failure load associated with pry-out failure 158
4.2.2.4 Failure load associated with concrete edge breakout 158
4.2.3 Combined tension and shear 159
4.2.3.1 Load-displacement behaviour and modes of failure 159
4.2.3.2 Failure load 159
4.2.4 Sustained loads 160
4.2.5 Fatigue loading 162
5 Behaviour of cast-in anchor channels in non-cracked and cracked concrete 163
5.1 Non-cracked concrete 163
5.1.1 Tension 163
5.1.1.1 Load-displacement behaviour and modes of failure 163
5.1.1.2 Failure load associated with steel failure 164
5.1.1.3 Failure load associated with concrete cone breakout 165
5.1.1.4 Failure load associated with local concrete side blow-out failure 168
5.1.1.5 Failure load associated with pull-out failure 168
5.1.1.6 Failure load associated with splitting of the concrete 169
5.1.2 Shear 170
5.1.2.1 Load-displacement behaviour and modes of failure 170
5.1.2.2 Failure load associated with steel failure 170
5.1.2.3 Failure load associated with pry-out failure 170
5.1.2.4 Failure load associated with concrete edge failure 170
5.1.3 Combined tension and shear 178
5.1.4 Sustained and fatigue loading 179
5.2 Cracked concrete 179
6 Behaviour of bonded anchors in non-cracked and cracked concrete 181
6.1 Non-cracked concrete 181
6.1.1 Tension load 181
6.1.1.1 Load-displacement behaviour and modes of failure 181
6.1.1.2 Failure load associated with steel failure 184
6.1.1.3 Failure load associated with concrete breakout/pull-out failure 184
6.1.1.4 Failure load associated with splitting 200
6.1.2 Shear load 200
6.1.2.1 Load-displacement behaviour and modes of failure 200
6.1.2.2 Failure load associated with steel failure 200
6.1.2.3 Failure load associated with pry-out failure 200
6.1.2.4 Failure load associated with concrete edge breakout 200
6.1.3 Combined tension and shear load 200
6.1.4 Sustained and fatigue loading 200
6.1.5 Environmental factors 202
6.2 Cracked concrete 204
6.2.1 Tension load 204
6.2.1.1 Load-displacement behaviour and modes of failure 204
6.2.1.2 Failure load corresponding to steel failure 205
6.2.1.3 Failure load corresponding to pull-out failure 205
6.2.1.4 Failure loads corresponding to concrete cone failure and splitting of the concrete 206
6.2.2 Shear load 207
6.2.3 Combined tension and shear load 207
6.2.4 Sustained and fatigue loads 208
6.2.5 Environmental factors 208
6.3 Bonded undercut anchors and bonded expansion anchors 208
6.3.1 Non-cracked concrete 208
6.3.2 Cracked concrete 208
6.3.2.1 Tension load 208
6.3.2.2 Shear and combined tension and shear load 210
7 Behaviour of plastic anchors in non-cracked and cracked concrete 211
7.1 Non-cracked concrete 211
7.1.1 Tension load 211
7.1.2 Shear and combined tension and shear load 215
7.1.3 Long-term behaviour 215
7.2 Cracked concrete 220
7.2.1 Tension load 220
7.2.2 Shear and combined tension and shear load 222
7.2.3 Long-term behaviour 222
8 Behaviour of power actuated fasteners in non-cracked and cracked concrete 223
8.1 Non-cracked concrete 223
8.1.1 Tension load 223
8.1.2 Shear and combined tension and shear load 224
8.1.3 Sustained and repetitive loading 224
8.2 Cracked concrete 225
8.2.1 Tension load 225
8.2.2 Shear and combined tension and shear load 226
9 Behaviour of screw anchors in non-cracked and cracked concrete 227
9.1 Installation 227
9.2 Non-cracked concrete 231
9.2.1 Tension load 231
9.2.1.1 Load-displacement behaviour and failure modes 231
9.2.1.2 Failure loads associated with steel failure 231
9.2.1.3 Failure loads associated with pull-out failure 231
9.2.1.4 Failure loads associated with concrete cone failure 231
9.2.2 Shear load 233
9.2.2.1 Load-displacement behaviour and modes of failure 233
9.2.2.2 Failure load associated with steel failure 233
9.2.2.3 Failure load associated with pry-out failure 233
9.2.2.4 Failure load associated with concrete edge breakout 233
9.2.3 Combined tension and shear load 234
9.2.4 Sustained and fatigue loads 234
9.3 Cracked concrete 234
9.3.1 Tension load 234
9.3.2 Shear load and combined tension and shear load 235
9.3.3 Sustained and fatigue loads 235
10 Behaviour of anchors under seismic loading 237
10.1 Anchor applications 237
10.2 Seismic actions 238
10.3 Assumptions regarding the condition of the concrete 239
10.4 Behaviour of anchors under seismic conditions 240
10.4.1 Tension cycling 241
10.4.2 Shear cycling 242
10.4.3 Combined tension and shear cycling 245
10.4.4 Loading rate 245
10.4.5 Load cycle sequence 246
10.4.6 Crack cycling 247
11 Behaviour of anchors in fire 249
12 Corrosion of anchors 255
13 Influence of fastenings on the capacity of components in which they are installed 259
14 Design of fastenings 265
14.1 General 265
14.2 Verifying the suitability of an anchor system 266
14.3 Design of fastenings with post-installed metal expansion, undercut and bonded expansion anchors according to the EOTA Guideline 267
14.3.1 General 267
14.3.2 Scope 268
14.3.3 Design concept 269
14.3.3.1 Analysis for the ultimate limit state 269
14.3.3.2 Analysis for the serviceability limit state 270
14.3.4 Forces on anchors 271
14.3.5 Characteristic resistances 274
14.3.5.1 Tension resistances 275
14.3.5.2 Shear resistances 277
14.3.5.3 Combined tension and shear 280
14.3.6 Serviceability limit state 281
14.3.6.1 Anchor displacements 281
14.3.6.2 Shear load with changing sign 281
14.3.7 Additional analyses for ensuring the characteristic resistance of concrete member 281
14.3.7.1 General 281
14.3.7.2 Shear resistance of the concrete member 281
14.3.7.3 Resistance to splitting forces 283
14.4 Design of fastenings according to the CEN Technical Specification 283
14.4.1 General 283
14.4.2 Scope 283
14.4.3 Basis of design 285
14.4.4 Partial safety factors 286
14.4.4.1 Static actions, indirect actions and fatigue actions 286
14.4.4.2 Resistances 286
14.4.4.2.1 Ultimate limit state (static loading) and seismic loading 286
14.4.4.2.2 Limit state of fatigue 287
14.4.4.2.3 Serviceability limit state 287
14.4.5 Forces acting on fasteners 287
14.4.5.1 Tension loads 287
14.4.5.2 Shear loads 287
14.4.5.2.1 Distribution of loads 287
14.4.5.2.2 Shear loads without lever arm 288
14.4.5.2.3 Shear loads with lever arm 289
14.4.6 Design of headed fasteners 289
14.4.6.1 Determination of action effects 289
14.4.6.2 Verification of ultimate limit state by elastic analysis 290
14.4.6.2.1 Tension loads 290
14.4.6.2.2 Shear loads 293
14.4.6.2.3 Combined tension and shear loads 302
14.4.7 Design of anchor channels 302
14.4.7.1 Derivation of forces acting on the anchors of the anchor channel 303
14.4.7.1.1 Tension loads 303
14.4.7.1.2 Shear loads 304
14.4.7.2 Tension forces in the supplementary reinforcement 304
14.4.7.2.1 Tension loads 304
14.4.7.2.2 Shear loads 304
14.4.7.3 Verification of ultimate limit state by elastic analysis 305
14.4.7.3.1 Tension loads 305
14.4.7.3.2 Shear loads 309
14.4.7.3.3 Combined tension and shear loads 313
14.4.7.3.3.1 Anchor channels without supplementary reinforcement 313
14.4.7.3.3.2 Anchor channels with supplementary reinforcement 313
14.4.8 Design of post-installed fasteners – mechanical systems 313
14.4.8.1 Scope 313
14.4.8.2 Determination of action effects 313
14.4.8.3 Verification of ultimate limit state by elastic analysis 313
14.4.8.3.1 General 313
14.4.8.3.2 Tension loads 314
14.4.8.3.3 Shear loads 314
14.4.8.3.4 Combined tension and shear loads 315
14.4.9 Design of post-installed fasteners – chemical systems 315
14.4.9.1 Tension resistances 315
14.4.9.2 Shear loads 316
14.4.9.3 Combined tension and shear loads 316
14.4.10 Fatigue loads 316
14.4.11 Seismic loads 319
14.4.11.1 General 319
14.4.11.2 Actions 320
14.4.11.3 Resistances 322
14.4.12 Verification of serviceability limit state 322
14.4.13 Fire 323
14.4.13.1 General 323
14.4.13.2 Partial safety factors 323
14.4.13.3 Resistance 323
14.4.13.3.1 Tension loading 323
14.4.13.3.2 Shear loading 324
14.4.13.3.3 Combined tension and shear loading 325
14.4.14 Plastic design of fastenings with headed fasteners and post-installed fasteners 325
14.4.14.1 Field of application 325
14.4.14.2 Loads on fastenings 326
14.4.14.3 Design of fastenings 328
14.4.14.3.1 Partial safety factors 328
14.4.14.3.2 Resistance to tension load 328
14.4.14.3.3 Resistance to shear load 329
14.4.14.3.4 Resistance to combined tension and shear load 329
14.5 Design of fastenings with cast-in and post-installed metal anchors according to ACI 318-05 Appendix D 330
14.5.1 General 330
14.5.2 Scope 330
14.5.3 Design concept 331
14.5.3.1 Analysis for the ultimate limit state 331
14.5.3.2 Serviceability limit state 333
14.5.4 Forces on anchors 333
14.5.5 Characteristic resistances 333
14.5.5.1 General 333
14.5.5.2 Tension resistance 333
14.5.5.3 Shear resistance 336
14.5.5.4 Combined tension and shear 339
14.5.6 Required edge distances, spacings and member thicknesses to reclude splitting failure 339
14.5.7 Resistance where load cases include seismic forces 340
14.5.8 Provisions of ACI 349-01 Appendix B 340
14.5.8.1 Scope 340
14.5.8.2 Ductile design requirements 340
14.5.8.3 Baseplate design 341
References
Subject Index 371

 
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