| | Contents | |
| | | |
| |
| 1 | Introduction | 1 |
| 1.1 | A historical review | 1 |
| 1.2 | Requirements for fastenings | 2 |
| 1.3 | Nature and direction of actions | 2 |
| 2 | Fastening systems | 5 |
| 2.1 | General | 5 |
| 2.2 | Cast-in-place systems | 5 |
| 2.2.1 | Lifting inserts | 6 |
| 2.2.2 | Anchor channels | 7 |
| 2.2.3 | Headed studs | 9 |
| 2.2.4 | Threaded sleeves | 9 |
| 2.3 | Drilled-in systems | 10 |
| 2.3.1 | Drilling techniques | 10 |
| 2.3.2 | Installation configurations | 10 |
| 2.3.3 | Drilled-in anchor types | 11 |
| 2.3.3.1 | Mechanical expansion anchors | 11 |
| 2.3.3.2 | Undercut anchors | 16 |
| 2.3.3.3 | Bonded anchors | 19 |
| 2.3.3.4 | Screw anchors | 25 |
| 2.3.3.5 | Ceiling hangers | 25 |
| 2.3.3.6 | Plastic anchors | 27 |
| 2.4 | Direct installation | 29 |
| 3 | Principles | 33 |
| 3.1 | General | 33 |
| 3.2 | Behaviour of concrete in tension | 34 |
| 3.3 | Failure mechanisms of fastenings | 37 |
| 3.3.1 | Theoretical studies | 37 |
| 3.3.2 | Experimental studies | 45 |
| 3.3.3 | Conclusions drawn from theoretical and experimental studies | 50 |
| 3.4 | Cracked concrete | 51 |
| 3.5 | Why anchors may use the tensile strength of concrete | 54 |
| 3.6 | Prestressing of anchors | 55 |
| 3.7 | Loads on anchors | 58 |
| 3.7.1 | Calculation according to elastic theory | 58 |
| 3.7.1.1 | Tension load | 58 |
| 3.7.1.2 | Shear loads | 59 |
| 3.7.2 | Calculation according to non-linear methods | 61 |
| 3.7.3 | Calculation of loads on anchors of anchor channels | 61 |
| 3.7.3.1 | Tension loads | 61 |
| 3.7.3.2 | Shear loads | 63 |
| 4 | Behaviour of headed studs, undercut anchors and metal expansion anchors in non-cracked and cracked concrete | 65 |
| 4.1 | Non-cracked concrete | 65 |
| 4.1.1 | Tension load | 65 |
| 4.1.1.1 | Load-displacement behaviour and modes of failure | 65 |
| 4.1.1.2 | Failure load associated with steel rupture | 68 |
| 4.1.1.3 | Failure load associated with concrete cone breakout | 69 |
| 4.1.1.4 | Failure load for local concrete side blow-out failure | 93 |
| 4.1.1.5 | Failure loads associated with pull-out and pull-through failures | 97 |
| 4.1.1.6 | Failure load associated with splitting of the concrete | 100 |
| 4.1.2 | Shear | 103 |
| 4.1.2.1 | Load-displacement behaviour and modes of failure | 103 |
| 4.1.2.2 | Failure load associated with steel rupture | 105 |
| 4.1.2.3 | Failure load associated with pry-out | 109 |
| 4.1.2.4 | Concrete edge failure for a shear load perpendicular to the edge | 112 |
| 4.1.2.5 | Concrete edge breakout load associated with shear loads oriented at an angle < 90° to the edge | 125 |
| 4.1.3 | Combined tension and shear (oblique loading) | 128 |
| 4.1.3.1 | Load-displacement behaviour and modes of failure | 128 |
| 4.1.3.2 | Failure load | 132 |
| 4.1.4 | Bending of the baseplate | 137 |
| 4.1.5 | Sustained loads | 138 |
| 4.1.6 | Fatigue loading | 139 |
| 4.2 | Cracked concrete | 142 |
| 4.2.1 | Tension | 143 |
| 4.2.1.1 | Load-displacement behaviour and modes of failure | 143 |
| 4.2.1.2 | Failure load corresponding to steel failure | 146 |
| 4.2.1.3 | Failure load associated with concrete cone breakout | 146 |
| 4.2.1.4 | Failure load associated with local blow-out failure | 154 |
| 4.2.1.5 | Failure load associated with pull-out/pull-through failure | 155 |
| 4.2.1.6 | Failure load associated with splitting of the concrete | 157 |
| 4.2.2 | Shear | 157 |
| 4.2.2.1 | Load-displacement behaviour and modes of failure | 157 |
| 4.2.2.2 | Failure load associated with steel failure | 157 |
| 4.2.2.3 | Failure load associated with pry-out failure | 158 |
| 4.2.2.4 | Failure load associated with concrete edge breakout | 158 |
| 4.2.3 | Combined tension and shear | 159 |
| 4.2.3.1 | Load-displacement behaviour and modes of failure | 159 |
| 4.2.3.2 | Failure load | 159 |
| 4.2.4 | Sustained loads | 160 |
| 4.2.5 | Fatigue loading | 162 |
| 5 | Behaviour of cast-in anchor channels in non-cracked and cracked concrete | 163 |
| 5.1 | Non-cracked concrete | 163 |
| 5.1.1 | Tension | 163 |
| 5.1.1.1 | Load-displacement behaviour and modes of failure | 163 |
| 5.1.1.2 | Failure load associated with steel failure | 164 |
| 5.1.1.3 | Failure load associated with concrete cone breakout | 165 |
| 5.1.1.4 | Failure load associated with local concrete side blow-out failure | 168 |
| 5.1.1.5 | Failure load associated with pull-out failure | 168 |
| 5.1.1.6 | Failure load associated with splitting of the concrete | 169 |
| 5.1.2 | Shear | 170 |
| 5.1.2.1 | Load-displacement behaviour and modes of failure | 170 |
| 5.1.2.2 | Failure load associated with steel failure | 170 |
| 5.1.2.3 | Failure load associated with pry-out failure | 170 |
| 5.1.2.4 | Failure load associated with concrete edge failure | 170 |
| 5.1.3 | Combined tension and shear | 178 |
| 5.1.4 | Sustained and fatigue loading | 179 |
| 5.2 | Cracked concrete | 179 |
| 6 | Behaviour of bonded anchors in non-cracked and cracked concrete | 181 |
| 6.1 | Non-cracked concrete | 181 |
| 6.1.1 | Tension load | 181 |
| 6.1.1.1 | Load-displacement behaviour and modes of failure | 181 |
| 6.1.1.2 | Failure load associated with steel failure | 184 |
| 6.1.1.3 | Failure load associated with concrete breakout/pull-out failure | 184 |
| 6.1.1.4 | Failure load associated with splitting | 200 |
| 6.1.2 | Shear load | 200 |
| 6.1.2.1 | Load-displacement behaviour and modes of failure | 200 |
| 6.1.2.2 | Failure load associated with steel failure | 200 |
| 6.1.2.3 | Failure load associated with pry-out failure | 200 |
| 6.1.2.4 | Failure load associated with concrete edge breakout | 200 |
| 6.1.3 | Combined tension and shear load | 200 |
| 6.1.4 | Sustained and fatigue loading | 200 |
| 6.1.5 | Environmental factors | 202 |
| 6.2 | Cracked concrete | 204 |
| 6.2.1 | Tension load | 204 |
| 6.2.1.1 | Load-displacement behaviour and modes of failure | 204 |
| 6.2.1.2 | Failure load corresponding to steel failure | 205 |
| 6.2.1.3 | Failure load corresponding to pull-out failure | 205 |
| 6.2.1.4 | Failure loads corresponding to concrete cone failure and splitting of the concrete | 206 |
| 6.2.2 | Shear load | 207 |
| 6.2.3 | Combined tension and shear load | 207 |
| 6.2.4 | Sustained and fatigue loads | 208 |
| 6.2.5 | Environmental factors | 208 |
| 6.3 | Bonded undercut anchors and bonded expansion anchors | 208 |
| 6.3.1 | Non-cracked concrete | 208 |
| 6.3.2 | Cracked concrete | 208 |
| 6.3.2.1 | Tension load | 208 |
| 6.3.2.2 | Shear and combined tension and shear load | 210 |
| 7 | Behaviour of plastic anchors in non-cracked and cracked concrete | 211 |
| 7.1 | Non-cracked concrete | 211 |
| 7.1.1 | Tension load | 211 |
| 7.1.2 | Shear and combined tension and shear load | 215 |
| 7.1.3 | Long-term behaviour | 215 |
| 7.2 | Cracked concrete | 220 |
| 7.2.1 | Tension load | 220 |
| 7.2.2 | Shear and combined tension and shear load | 222 |
| 7.2.3 | Long-term behaviour | 222 |
| 8 | Behaviour of power actuated fasteners in non-cracked and cracked concrete | 223 |
| 8.1 | Non-cracked concrete | 223 |
| 8.1.1 | Tension load | 223 |
| 8.1.2 | Shear and combined tension and shear load | 224 |
| 8.1.3 | Sustained and repetitive loading | 224 |
| 8.2 | Cracked concrete | 225 |
| 8.2.1 | Tension load | 225 |
| 8.2.2 | Shear and combined tension and shear load | 226 |
| 9 | Behaviour of screw anchors in non-cracked and cracked concrete | 227 |
| 9.1 | Installation | 227 |
| 9.2 | Non-cracked concrete | 231 |
| 9.2.1 | Tension load | 231 |
| 9.2.1.1 | Load-displacement behaviour and failure modes | 231 |
| 9.2.1.2 | Failure loads associated with steel failure | 231 |
| 9.2.1.3 | Failure loads associated with pull-out failure | 231 |
| 9.2.1.4 | Failure loads associated with concrete cone failure | 231 |
| 9.2.2 | Shear load | 233 |
| 9.2.2.1 | Load-displacement behaviour and modes of failure | 233 |
| 9.2.2.2 | Failure load associated with steel failure | 233 |
| 9.2.2.3 | Failure load associated with pry-out failure | 233 |
| 9.2.2.4 | Failure load associated with concrete edge breakout | 233 |
| 9.2.3 | Combined tension and shear load | 234 |
| 9.2.4 | Sustained and fatigue loads | 234 |
| 9.3 | Cracked concrete | 234 |
| 9.3.1 | Tension load | 234 |
| 9.3.2 | Shear load and combined tension and shear load | 235 |
| 9.3.3 | Sustained and fatigue loads | 235 |
| 10 | Behaviour of anchors under seismic loading | 237 |
| 10.1 | Anchor applications | 237 |
| 10.2 | Seismic actions | 238 |
| 10.3 | Assumptions regarding the condition of the concrete | 239 |
| 10.4 | Behaviour of anchors under seismic conditions | 240 |
| 10.4.1 | Tension cycling | 241 |
| 10.4.2 | Shear cycling | 242 |
| 10.4.3 | Combined tension and shear cycling | 245 |
| 10.4.4 | Loading rate | 245 |
| 10.4.5 | Load cycle sequence | 246 |
| 10.4.6 | Crack cycling | 247 |
| 11 | Behaviour of anchors in fire | 249 |
| 12 | Corrosion of anchors | 255 |
| 13 | Influence of fastenings on the capacity of components in which they are installed | 259 |
| 14 | Design of fastenings | 265 |
| 14.1 | General | 265 |
| 14.2 | Verifying the suitability of an anchor system | 266 |
| 14.3 | Design of fastenings with post-installed metal expansion, undercut and bonded expansion anchors according to the EOTA Guideline | 267 |
| 14.3.1 | General | 267 |
| 14.3.2 | Scope | 268 |
| 14.3.3 | Design concept | 269 |
| 14.3.3.1 | Analysis for the ultimate limit state | 269 |
| 14.3.3.2 | Analysis for the serviceability limit state | 270 |
| 14.3.4 | Forces on anchors | 271 |
| 14.3.5 | Characteristic resistances | 274 |
| 14.3.5.1 | Tension resistances | 275 |
| 14.3.5.2 | Shear resistances | 277 |
| 14.3.5.3 | Combined tension and shear | 280 |
| 14.3.6 | Serviceability limit state | 281 |
| 14.3.6.1 | Anchor displacements | 281 |
| 14.3.6.2 | Shear load with changing sign | 281 |
| 14.3.7 | Additional analyses for ensuring the characteristic resistance of concrete member | 281 |
| 14.3.7.1 | General | 281 |
| 14.3.7.2 | Shear resistance of the concrete member | 281 |
| 14.3.7.3 | Resistance to splitting forces | 283 |
| 14.4 | Design of fastenings according to the CEN Technical Specification | 283 |
| 14.4.1 | General | 283 |
| 14.4.2 | Scope | 283 |
| 14.4.3 | Basis of design | 285 |
| 14.4.4 | Partial safety factors | 286 |
| 14.4.4.1 | Static actions, indirect actions and fatigue actions | 286 |
| 14.4.4.2 | Resistances | 286 |
| 14.4.4.2.1 | Ultimate limit state (static loading) and seismic loading | 286 |
| 14.4.4.2.2 | Limit state of fatigue | 287 |
| 14.4.4.2.3 | Serviceability limit state | 287 |
| 14.4.5 | Forces acting on fasteners | 287 |
| 14.4.5.1 | Tension loads | 287 |
| 14.4.5.2 | Shear loads | 287 |
| 14.4.5.2.1 | Distribution of loads | 287 |
| 14.4.5.2.2 | Shear loads without lever arm | 288 |
| 14.4.5.2.3 | Shear loads with lever arm | 289 |
| 14.4.6 | Design of headed fasteners | 289 |
| 14.4.6.1 | Determination of action effects | 289 |
| 14.4.6.2 | Verification of ultimate limit state by elastic analysis | 290 |
| 14.4.6.2.1 | Tension loads | 290 |
| 14.4.6.2.2 | Shear loads | 293 |
| 14.4.6.2.3 | Combined tension and shear loads | 302 |
| 14.4.7 | Design of anchor channels | 302 |
| 14.4.7.1 | Derivation of forces acting on the anchors of the anchor channel | 303 |
| 14.4.7.1.1 | Tension loads | 303 |
| 14.4.7.1.2 | Shear loads | 304 |
| 14.4.7.2 | Tension forces in the supplementary reinforcement | 304 |
| 14.4.7.2.1 | Tension loads | 304 |
| 14.4.7.2.2 | Shear loads | 304 |
| 14.4.7.3 | Verification of ultimate limit state by elastic analysis | 305 |
| 14.4.7.3.1 | Tension loads | 305 |
| 14.4.7.3.2 | Shear loads | 309 |
| 14.4.7.3.3 | Combined tension and shear loads | 313 |
| 14.4.7.3.3.1 | Anchor channels without supplementary reinforcement | 313 |
| 14.4.7.3.3.2 | Anchor channels with supplementary reinforcement | 313 |
| 14.4.8 | Design of post-installed fasteners – mechanical systems | 313 |
| 14.4.8.1 | Scope | 313 |
| 14.4.8.2 | Determination of action effects | 313 |
| 14.4.8.3 | Verification of ultimate limit state by elastic analysis | 313 |
| 14.4.8.3.1 | General | 313 |
| 14.4.8.3.2 | Tension loads | 314 |
| 14.4.8.3.3 | Shear loads | 314 |
| 14.4.8.3.4 | Combined tension and shear loads | 315 |
| 14.4.9 | Design of post-installed fasteners – chemical systems | 315 |
| 14.4.9.1 | Tension resistances | 315 |
| 14.4.9.2 | Shear loads | 316 |
| 14.4.9.3 | Combined tension and shear loads | 316 |
| 14.4.10 | Fatigue loads | 316 |
| 14.4.11 | Seismic loads | 319 |
| 14.4.11.1 | General | 319 |
| 14.4.11.2 | Actions | 320 |
| 14.4.11.3 | Resistances | 322 |
| 14.4.12 | Verification of serviceability limit state | 322 |
| 14.4.13 | Fire | 323 |
| 14.4.13.1 | General | 323 |
| 14.4.13.2 | Partial safety factors | 323 |
| 14.4.13.3 | Resistance | 323 |
| 14.4.13.3.1 | Tension loading | 323 |
| 14.4.13.3.2 | Shear loading | 324 |
| 14.4.13.3.3 | Combined tension and shear loading | 325 |
| 14.4.14 | Plastic design of fastenings with headed fasteners and post-installed fasteners | 325 |
| 14.4.14.1 | Field of application | 325 |
| 14.4.14.2 | Loads on fastenings | 326 |
| 14.4.14.3 | Design of fastenings | 328 |
| 14.4.14.3.1 | Partial safety factors | 328 |
| 14.4.14.3.2 | Resistance to tension load | 328 |
| 14.4.14.3.3 | Resistance to shear load | 329 |
| 14.4.14.3.4 | Resistance to combined tension and shear load | 329 |
| 14.5 | Design of fastenings with cast-in and post-installed metal anchors according to ACI 318-05 Appendix D | 330 |
| 14.5.1 | General | 330 |
| 14.5.2 | Scope | 330 |
| 14.5.3 | Design concept | 331 |
| 14.5.3.1 | Analysis for the ultimate limit state | 331 |
| 14.5.3.2 | Serviceability limit state | 333 |
| 14.5.4 | Forces on anchors | 333 |
| 14.5.5 | Characteristic resistances | 333 |
| 14.5.5.1 | General | 333 |
| 14.5.5.2 | Tension resistance | 333 |
| 14.5.5.3 | Shear resistance | 336 |
| 14.5.5.4 | Combined tension and shear | 339 |
| 14.5.6 | Required edge distances, spacings and member thicknesses to reclude splitting failure | 339 |
| 14.5.7 | Resistance where load cases include seismic forces | 340 |
| 14.5.8 | Provisions of ACI 349-01 Appendix B | 340 |
| 14.5.8.1 | Scope | 340 |
| 14.5.8.2 | Ductile design requirements | 340 |
| 14.5.8.3 | Baseplate design | 341 |
| | References | |
| | Subject Index | 371 |