|  | Zhang, Tao / Delgrossi, Luca
Vehicle Safety Communications
Protocols, Security, and Privacy
Information and Communication Technology
 1. Auflage November 2012
95,90 Euro
2012. 400 Seiten, Hardcover
ISBN 978-1-118-13272-2 - John Wiley & Sons
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| Kurzbeschreibung
Owing to their safety applications, cooperative vehicle systems, which use sensors and wireless technologies to reduce traffic accidents, continue to be the focus of heavy research and development efforts around the world. Written by industry professionals, this book provides a systematic description of cooperative vehicle systems, discussing key technical issues in such systems, the latest advances in enabling technologies, and cutting-edge research trends. Coverage includes important technologies such as 5.9 GHz Dedicated Short Range Communications (DSRC), on-board equipment (OBE), and roadside equipment (RSE).
Aus dem Inhalt
Foreword xv
Ralf G. Herrtwich
Foreword xvii
Flavio Bonomi
Foreword xix
Adam Drobot
Preface xxi
Acknowledgments xxv
1 Traffic Safety 1
1.1 Traffic Safety Facts 1
1.2 European Union 5
1.3 Japan 7
1.4 Developing Countries 7
References 8
2 Automotive Safety Evolution 10
2.1 Passive Safety 10
2.2 Active Safety 12
2.3 Advanced Driver Assistance Systems 14
2.4 Cooperative Safety 17
References 18
3 Vehicle Architectures 20
3.1 Electronic Control Units 20
3.2 Vehicle Sensors 21
3.3 Onboard Communication Networks 22
3.4 Vehicle Data 25
3.5 Vehicle Data Security 26
3.6 Vehicle Positioning 27
References 30
4 Connected Vehicles 32
4.1 Connected Vehicle Applications 32
4.2 Uniqueness in Consumer Vehicle Networks 34
4.3 Vehicle Communication Modes 36
4.4 Wireless Communications Technology for Vehicles 39
References 42
5 Dedicated Short-Range Communications 44
5.1 The 5.9 GHz Spectrum 44
5.2 DSRC in the European Union 46
5.3 DSRC in Japan 47
5.4 DSRC Standards 48
References 50
6 WAVE Physical Layer 52
6.1 Physical Layer Operations 52
6.2 PHY Amendments 55
6.3 PHY Layer Modeling 57
References 62
7 WAVE Media Access Control Layer 64
7.1 Media Access Control Layer Operations 64
7.2 MAC Layer Amendments 66
7.3 MAC Layer Modeling 67
7.4 Overhauled ns-2 Implementation 72
References 74
8 DSRC Data Rates 75
8.1 Introduction 75
8.2 Communication Density 76
8.3 Optimal Data Rate 85
References 91
9 WAVE Upper Layers 93
9.1 Introduction 93
9.2 DSRC Multichannel Operations 94
9.3 Protocol Evaluation 97
9.4 WAVE Short Message Protocol 103
References 104
10 Vehicle-to-Infrastructure Safety Applications 106
10.1 Intersection Crashes 106
10.2 Cooperative Intersection Collision Avoidance System for Violations 107
10.3 Integrated Safety Demonstration 118
References 124
11 Vehicle-to-Vehicle Safety Applications 126
11.1 Cooperation among Vehicles 126
11.2 V2V Safety Applications 127
11.3 V2V Safety Applications Design 128
11.4 System Implementation 135
11.5 System Testing 138
References 140
12 DSRC Scalability 141
12.1 Introduction 141
12.2 DSRC Data Traffic 142
12.3 Congestion Control Algorithms 145
12.4 Conclusions 148
References 149
13 Security and Privacy Threats and Requirements 151
13.1 Introduction 151
13.2 Adversaries 151
13.3 Security Threats 152
13.4 Privacy Threats 155
13.5 Basic Security Capabilities 159
13.6 Privacy Protections Capabilities 161
13.7 Design and Performance Considerations 161
References 165
14 Cryptographic Mechanisms 167
14.1 Introduction 167
14.2 Categories of Cryptographic Mechanisms 167
14.3 Digital Signature Algorithms 172
14.4 Message Authentication and Message Integrity Verifi cation 196
14.5 Diffi e-Hellman Key Establishment Protocol 200
14.6 Elliptic Curve Integrated Encryption Scheme (ECIES) 202
References 206
15 Public Key Infrastructure for Vehicle Networks 209
15.1 Introduction 209
15.2 Public Key Certificates 210
15.3 Message Authentication with Certificates 211
15.4 Certifi cate Revocation List 212
15.5 A Baseline Reference Vehicular PKI Model 213
15.6 Confi gure Initial Security Parameters and Assign Initial Certificates 215
15.7 Acquire New Keys and Certifi cates 217
15.8 Distribute Certifi cates to Vehicles for Signature Verifications 220
15.9 Detect Misused Certifi cates and Misbehaving Vehicles 222
15.10 Ways for Vehicles to Acquire CRLs 226
15.11 How Often CRLs should be Distributed to Vehicles? 228
15.12 PKI Hierarchy 230
15.13 Privacy-Preserving Vehicular PKI 233
References 235
16 Privacy Protection with Shared Certificates 237
16.1 Shared Certificates 237
16.2 The Combinatorial Certificate Scheme 237
16.3 Certificate Revocation Collateral Damage 239
16.4 Certified Intervals 242
16.5 Reduce Collateral Damage and Improve Certified Interval 244
16.6 Privacy in Low Vehicle Density Areas 253
References 259
17 Privacy Protection with Short-Lived Unique Certificates 260
17.1 Short-Lived Unique Certificates 260
17.2 The Basic Short-Lived Certificate Scheme 261
17.3 The Problem of Large CRL 263
17.4 Anonymously Linked Certificates to Reduce CRL Size 264
17.5 Reduce CRL Search Time 268
17.6 Unlinked Short-Lived Certificates 269
17.7 Reduce the Volume of Certificate Request and Response Messages 270
17.8 Determine the Number of Certificates for Each Vehicle 270
References 273
18 Privacy Protection with Group Signatures 274
18.1 Group Signatures 274
18.2 Zero-Knowledge Proof of Knowledge 275
18.3 The ACJT Group Signature Scheme and its Extensions 277
18.4 The CG Group Signature Scheme with Revocation 286
18.5 The Short Group Signatures Scheme 288
18.6 Group Signature Schemes with Verifier-Local Revocation 292
References 293
19 Privacy Protection against Certificate Authorities 295
19.1 Introduction 295
19.2 Basic Idea 295
19.3 Baseline Split CA Architecture, Protocol, and Message Processing 297
19.4 Split CA Architecture for Shared Certifi cates 301
19.5 Split CA Architecture for Unlinked Short-Lived Certificates 302
19.6 Split CA Architecture for Anonymously Linked Short-Lived Certificates 308
References 314
20 Comparison of Privacy-Preserving Certificate Management Schemes 315
20.1 Introduction 315
20.2 Comparison of Main Characteristics 316
20.3 Misbehavior Detection 320
20.4 Abilities to Prevent Privacy Abuse by CA and MDS Operators 321
20.5 Summary 322
21 IEEE 1609.2 Security Services 323
21.1 Introduction 323
21.2 The IEEE 1609.2 Standard 323
21.3 Certificates and Certificate Authority Hierarchy 325
21.4 Formats for Public Key, Signature, Certificate, and CRL 327
21.5 Message Formats and Processing for Generating Encrypted Messages 333
21.6 Sending Messages 335
21.7 Request Certifi cates from the CA 336
21.8 Request and Processing CRL 343
21.9 What the Current IEEE 1609.2 Standard Does Not Cover 344
References 346
22 4G for Vehicle Safety Communications 347
22.1 Introduction 347
22.2 Long-Term Revolution (LTE) 347
22.3 LTE for Vehicle Safety Communications/ 353
References 358
Glossary 360
Index 367
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