An Introduction to Behavior Analysis
1. Auflage Mai 2021
464 Seiten, Hardcover
Wiley & Sons Ltd
Weitere Versionen
AN INTRODUCTION TO BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS
Explore a fascinating introductory treatment of the principles of behavior analysis written by three leading voices in the field
An Introduction to Behavior Analysis delivers an engaging and comprehensive introduction to the concepts and applications for graduate students of behavior analysis. Written from the ground up to capture and hold student interest, the book keeps its focus on practical issues.
The book offers readers sound analyses of Pavlovian and operant learning, reinforcement and punishment, motivation and stimulus control, language and rule-following, decision-making and clinical behavior analysis. With fully up to date empirical research references and theoretical content, An Introduction to Behavior Analysis thoroughly justifies every principle it describes with empirical support and explicitly points out where more data are required.
The text encourages students to analyze their own experiences and some foundational findings in the field in a way that minimizes jargon and maximizes engagement. Readers will also benefit from the inclusion of:
* A clear articulation and defense of the philosophical assumptions and overarching goals of behavior analysis.
* A thorough description of objective data collection, experimental methods, and data analysis in the context of psychology
* An exploration of the core principles of behavior analysis, presented at a level comprehensible to an introductory audience
* A broad array of principles that cover issues as varied as language, substance-use disorders, and common psychological disorders
Perfect for students taking their first course in behavior analysis or behavior modification, An Introduction to Behavior Analysis will also earn a place in the libraries of students pursuing certification through the Behavior Analysis Certification Board or taking courses in the applied psychological sciences.
Note: Each chapter includes several brief fill-in-the-blank reading quizzes with answers provided at the back of each chapter.
Chapter 1 - An Introduction to Behavior Analysis-
What Is Behavior? 1
What Is Behavior Analysis? 3
The Assumptions of Behavior Analysis- 6
Scientific Method- 12
What are the Determinants of Behavior? - 15
The Activities of Behavior Analysis? - 17
Summary - 20
Chapter 2: Understanding Behavioral Research
Variables - 24
Correlation vs. Causation - 24
Experiments - 25
Measuring Behavior - 27
Outcome Recording - 33
Event Recording - 36
Interval Recording - 39
Duration Recording - 41
Summary - 43
Chapter 3: Experimental Designs in Behavior Analysis
Group Experimental Designs - 49
Single-Subject Experimental Designs - 51
Comparison (A-B) Design- 52
Reversal (A-B-A) Design- 54
Alternating- Treatments Design- 55
Multiple- Baseline Designs- 57
Did Behavior Change- Visual Analysis of Time-Series Data - 64
Summary - 76
Chapter 4: Phylogenetic Behavior and Pavlovian Learning
Phylogenetically Select Behavior- 83
Pavlovian Learning - 86
Pavlovian Conditioning of Emotions - 89
What is Learned During Pavlovian Conditioning? - 93
Principles of Effective Pavlovian Conditioning- 95
Generalization - 101
Pavlovian- Extinction-Based Therapy - 103
Extra Box 1 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Military Veterans - 107
Pavlovian Conditioning in Everyday Life - 108
Summary - 111
Chapter 5: Operant Learning I: Reinforcement
Operant Behavior - 117
Response- Consequence Contingencies - 119
Noncontingent Consequences - 122
Changing Behavior with Contingent Consequences - 124
Extra Box: Noncontingent Consequences in North Korea - 125
Reinforcers, Reinforcement, and Rewards - 126
The Discovery of Reinforcement- 127
How to Tell if a Consequence Functions as a Reinforcer - 128
From Puzzle Boxes to Skinner Boxes - 130
Response Variability: Exploring and Exploiting - 131
Extra Box 2: Add Some Variability to Your Life - 132
The Generic Nature of Operant Behavior - 133
Not Every Consequence Functions as a Reinforcer -134
Reinforcement in Social Media and Video Games - 137
Summary - 138
Chapter 6: Operant Learning II: Positive and Negative Reinforcement
Positive and Negative Reinforcement - 143
Positive Reinforcement - 143
Negative Reinforcement - 146
Extra Box: What is the Consequence in SRA-? 151
Positive or Negative Reinforcement, Is There Really a Difference? 153
Using Reinforcement to Positively Influence Behavior - 155
Reinforcement in the Workplace - 156
Three Objections to Reinforcement - 157
Theories of Reinforcement - 162
Summary - 165
Chapter 7: Extinction and Differential Reinforcement
Operant Extinction Following Positive Reinforcement - 170
Operant Extinction Following Negative Reinforcement - 171
How Quickly Will Operant Extinction Work? - 174
Spontaneous Recovery of Operant Behavior - 175
Extra Box: How Extinction Informs Theories of Reinforcement - 177
Extinction- Induced Emotional Behavior -179
Extinction Burst - 179
Extinction-Induced Variability- 180
Extinction- Induced Resurgence- 181
Using Extinction to Positively Influence Behavior - 184
Functional Analysis of Self-Injurious Behavior- 186
Differential Reinforcement - 187
Summary - 193
Chapter 8: Primary and Conditioned Reinforcement, and Shaping- page 200
Primary Reinforcers - 201
Conditioned Reinforcers - 202
The Token Economy - 204
Arranging Effective Conditioned Reinforcers - 207
Extra Box 1: Conditioned Reinforcers in Zoos- 210
Clicker Training with Humans - 211
Shaping - 213
Extra Box 2: Shaping Animal Behavior on the Farm- 214
Principles of Effective Shaping- 217
Automating Shaping: Percentile Schedules of Reinforcement - 222
Summary - 224
Chapter 9: Motivation, Reinforcer Efficacy, and Habit Formation
Everyday Concepts of Motivation - 230
From Motivation to Motivating Operations- 232
Extra Box 1: The Cost of Mentalistic Reasoning - 236
Identifying Effective Reinforcers: The "Liking" Strategy - 237
Extra Box 2: Avoiding Circularity - The Premack Principle - 241
Measuring Reinforcer Efficacy - 243
Dimensions of Effective Reinforcers - 245
Habit Formation - 248
Summary - 252
Chapter 10: Punishment
Punishers and Punishment - 259
Two Kinds of Punishment - Both Decrease Behavior - 261
When Should We Punish? - 264
Extra Box: Punishment is the Norm - Using it Effectively is Humane - 266
Six Characteristics of Effective Punishment Interventions - 266
Primary and Conditioned Punishment - 272
Some Commonly Used Punishers' - 274
The Watchful Eye of the Punisher - 277
The Role of Reinforcement in the Act of Punishing - 279
Summary - 281
Chapter 11: Complex Contingencies of Reinforcement
Schedules of Reinforcement - 290
Ratio Schedules of Reinforcement - 291
The Behavioral Economics of Ratio Schedules- 297
Interval Schedules of Reinforcement - 302
Why Study Schedules of Reinforcement? - 308
Extra Box: Contingency Management - 309
Schedule Thinning - 310
Scheduling Reinforcers to Enhance Human Performance and Happiness - 313
Summary - 313
Chapter 12: Antecedent Stimulus Control
Phylogenetic and Pavlovian Stimulus Control - 322
Discriminated Operant Behavior - 322
Discrimination Training - 330
Extra Box 1: Direct Instruction of Reading Skills - 333
Generalization - 335
Stimulus-Response Chains - 340
Extra Box 2: Consciousness - 343
Summary - 345
Chapter 13: Choice - page 351
What is Choice? - 352
Four Variables Affecting Choice - 353
Choosing Between Uncertain Outcomes - 357
Herrnstein's Matching Equation- 358
Extra Box 1: The Matching Law, Terrorism, and White Nationalism - 364
Substitutes- 366
Extra Box 2: What Substitutes for Drug Reinforcers? - 367
Using the Matching Law to Positively Influence Behavior - 368
Impulsivity and Self-Control - 372
Inluencing Impulsive Choice- 378
Summary - 380
Chapter 14: Verbal Behavior, Rule-Following, and Clinical Behavior Analysis
Behavioral Approaches to Language - 391
Rules and Rule-Governed Behavior - 401
Breaking the Rules in Clinical Psychology - 408
Extra Box: If Thoughts are Important, Prepare to Suffer - 410
The Acceptance in Acceptance and Commitment Therapy- 411
The Commitment in Acceptance and Commitment Therapy- 412
Summary - 414
Appendix: Foundational Knowledge Accompanying the BACB Fifth Edition Task List - 421
Derek D. Reed, PhD, BCBA-D, is a Professor of Applied Behavioral Science at the University of Kansas. His research applies behavioral economic concepts to inform public policy and address issues of societal importance. He has served as Associate Editor for The Psychological Record, Behavior Analysis in Practice, Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, and Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior.
Florence D. DiGennaro Reed, PhD, BCBA-D, is an Associate Professor of Applied Behavioral Science at the University of Kansas. Her research examines effective and efficient staff training and performance improvement practices in human service settings. She also conducts translational research in on-campus laboratory facilities. Dr. DiGennaro Reed has served as Associate Editor for Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, Journal of Behavioral Education, and Behavior Analysis in Practice.
