Pipe Flow
A Practical and Comprehensive Guide
2. Auflage Mai 2022
384 Seiten, Hardcover
Wiley & Sons Ltd
ISBN:
978-1-119-75643-9
John Wiley & Sons
Weitere Versionen
Pipe Flow
Provides detailed coverage of hydraulic analysis of piping systems, revised and updated throughout
Pipe Flow: A Practical and Comprehensive Guide provides the information required to design and analyze piping systems for distribution systems, power plants, and other industrial operations. Divided into three parts, this authoritative resource describes the methodology for solving pipe flow problems, presents loss coefficient data for a wide range of piping components, and examines pressure drop, cavitation, flow-induced vibration, and other flow phenomena that affect the performance of piping systems. Throughout the book, sample problems and worked solutions illustrate the application of core concepts and techniques.
The second edition features revised and expanded information throughout, including an entirely new chapter that presents a mixing section flow model for accurately predicting jet pump performance. This edition includes additional examples, supplemental problems, and a new appendix of the speed of sound in water. With clear explanations, expert guidance, and precise hydraulic computations, this classic reference text remains required reading for anyone working to increase the quality and efficiency of modern piping systems.
* Discusses the fundamental physical properties of fluids and the nature of fluid flow
* Demonstrates the accurate prediction and management of pressure loss for a variety of piping components and piping systems
* Reviews theoretical research on fluid flow in piping and its components
* Presents important loss coefficient data with straightforward tables, diagrams, and equations
* Includes full references, further reading sections, and numerous example problems with solution
Pipe Flow: A Practical and Comprehensive Guide, Second Edition is an excellent textbook for engineering students, and an invaluable reference for professional engineers engaged in the design, operation, and troubleshooting of piping systems.
PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION
PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION
NOMENCLATURE
Abbreviation and Definition
PART I METHODOLOGY
Prologue
1 FUNDAMENTALS
1.1 Systems of Units
1.2 Fluid Properties
1.2.1 Pressure
1.2.2 Temperature
1.2.3 Density
1.2.4 Viscosity
1.2.5 Gas Constant
1.2.6 Velocity
1.2.7 Energy
1.2.8 Heat
1.2.9 Enthalpy
1.3 Important Dimensionless Ratios
1.3.1 Reynolds Number
1.3.2 Relative Roughness
1.3.3 Loss Coefficient
1.3.4 Mach Number
1.3.5 Froude Number
1.3.6 Reduced Pressure
1.3.7 Reduced Temperature
1.3.8 Ratio of Specific Heats
1.4 Equations of State
1.4.1 Equation of State of Liquids
1.4.2 Equation of State of Gases
1.4.3 Two-Phase Mixtures
1.5 Fluid Velocity
1.6 Flow Regimes
1.7 Similarity
1.7.1 The Principle of Similarity
1.7.2 Limitations
1.8 Kinematics of Fluid Flow
1.8.1 Path Lines and Streamlines
1.8.2 One-Dimensional Method of Flow Analysis
References
Further Reading
2 CONSERVATION EQUATIONS
2.1 Conservation of Mass
2.2 Conservation of Momentum
2.3 The Momentum Flux Correction Factor
2.4 Conservation of Energy
2.4.1 Potential Energy
2.4.2 Pressure Energy
2.4.3 Kinetic Energy
2.4.4 Heat Energy
2.4.5 Mechanical Work Energy
2.5 Generalized Energy Equation
2.6 Head Loss
2.7 The Kinetic Energy Correction Factor
2.8 Conventional Head Loss
2.9 Grade Lines
References
Further Reading
3 INCOMPRESSIBLE FLOW
3.1 Conventional Head Loss
3.2 Sources of Head Loss
3.2.1 Surface Friction Loss
3.2.1.1 Laminar Flow
3.2.1.2 Turbulent Flow
3.2.1.3 Reynolds Number
3.2.1.4 Friction Factor
3.2.2 Induced Turbulence
3.2.3 Summing Loss Coefficients
References
Further Reading
4 COMPRESSIBLE FLOW
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Problem Solution Methods
4.3 Approximate Compressible Flow Using Incompressible Flow Equations
4.3.1 Using Inlet or Outlet Properties
4.3.2 Using Average of Inlet and Outlet Properties
4.3.2.1 Simple Average Properties
4.3.2.2 Comprehensive Average Properties
4.3.3 Using Expansion Factors
4.4 Adiabatic Compressible Flow with Friction: Ideal Equations
4.4.1 Shapiro's Adiabatic Flow Equation
4.4.1.1 Solution when Static Pressure and Static Temperature Are Known
4.4.1.2 Solution when Static Pressure and Total Temperature Are Known
4.4.1.3 Solution when Total Pressure and Total Temperature Are Known
4.4.1.4 Solution when Total Pressure and Static Temperature Are Known
4.4.2 Turton's Adiabatic Flow Equation
4.3.3 Binder's Adiabatic Flow Equation
4.5 Isothermal Compressible Flow with Friction: Ideal Equation
4.6 Isentropic Flow: Treating Changes in Flow Area
4.7 Pressure Drop in Valves
4.8 Two-Phase Flow
4.9 Example Problems: Adiabatic Flow with Friction by Iteration
4.9.1 Solve for p2 and t2 - K, p1, t1 and W are Known
4.9.1.1 Solve Using Expansion Factors
4.9.1.2 Solve Using Shapiro's Equation
4.9.1.3 Solve Using Binder's Equation
4.9.1.4 Solve Using Turton's Equation
4.9.2 Solve for W and t2 - K, p1, t1 and p2 are Known
4.9.2.1 Solve Using Expansion Factors
4.9.2.2 Solve Using Shapiro's Equation
4.9.2.3 Solve Using Binder's Equation
4.9.2.4 Solve Using Turton's Equation
4.9.3 Observations
4.10 Example Problem: Natural Gas Pipeline
4.10.1 Ground Rules and Assumptions
4.10.2 Input Data
4.10.3 Initial Calculations
4.10.4 Solution
4.10.5 Comparison with Crane's Solutions
References
Further Reading
5 NETWORK ANALYSIS
5.1 Coupling Effects
5.2 Series Flow
5.3 Parallel Flow
5.4 Branching Flow
5.5 Example Problem: Ring Sparger
5.5.1 Ground Rules and Assumptions
5.5.2 Input Parameters
5.5.3 Initial Calculations
5.5.4 Network Flow Equations
5.5.4.1 Continuity Equations
5.5.4.2 Energy Equations
5.5.5 Solution
5.6 Example Problem: Core Spray System
5.6.1 New, Clean Steel Pipe
5.6.1.1 Ground Rules and Assumptions
5.6.1.2 Input Parameters
5.6.1.3 Initial Calculations
5.6.1.4 Adjusted Parameters
5.6.1.5 Network Flow Equations
5.6.1.6 Solution
5.6.2 Moderately Corroded Steel Pipe
5.6.2.1 Ground Rules and Assumptions
5.6.2.2 Input Parameters
5.6.2.3 Adjusted Parameters
5.6.2.4 Network Flow Equations
5.6.2.5 Solution
5.7 Example Problem: Steam Line Pressure Drop
5.7.1 Ground Rules and Assumptions
5.7.2 Input Data
5.7.3 Initial Calculations
5.7.4 Loss Coefficient Calculations
5.7.5 Individual Loss Coefficients
5.7.2 Series Loss Coefficients
5.7.3 Steam Dome to Steam Drum Pressure Drop
5.7.4 Steam Drum to Stop Valves Pressure Drop
5.7.5 Predicted Pressure at Stop Valves
References
Further Reading
6 TRANSIENT ANALYSIS
6.1 Methodology
6.2 Example Problem: Vessel Drain Times
6.2.1 Upright Cylindrical Vessel with Flat Heads
6.2.2 Spherical Vessel
6.2.3 Upright Cylindrical Vessel with Elliptical Heads
6.3 Example Problem: Positive Displacement Pump
6.3.1 No Heat Transfer
6.3.2 Heat Transfer
6.4 Example Problem: Time Step Integration
6.4.1 Upright Cylindrical Vessel Drain
6.4.1.1 Direct Solution
6.4.1.2 Time-Step Solution
References
Further Reading
7 UNCERTAINTY
7.1 Error Sources
7.2 Pressure Drop Uncertainty
7.3 Flow Rate Uncertainty
7.4 Example Problem: Pressure Drop
7.3.1 Input Data
7.3.2 Solution
7.5 Example Problem: Flow Rate
7.5.1 Input Data
7.5.2 Solution
PART II LOSS COEFFICIENTS
Prologue
8 SURFACE FRICTION
8.1 Friction Factor
8.1.1 Laminar Flow Region
8.1.2 Critical Zone
8.1.3 Turbulent Flow Region
8.1.3.1 Smooth Pipes
8.1.3.2 Rough Pipes
8.2 The Colebrook-White Equation
8.3 The Moody Chart
8.4 Explicit Friction Factor Formulations
8.4.1 Moody's Approximate Formula
8.4.2 Wood's Approximate Formula
8.4.3 The Churchill 1973 and Swamee and Jain Formulas
8.4.4 Chen's Formula
8.4.5 Shacham's Formula
8.4.6 Barr's Formula
8.4.7 Haaland's Formula
8.4.8 Manadilli's Formula
8.4.9 Romeo's Formula
8.4.10 Evaluation of Explicit Alternatives to the Colebrook-White Equation
8.5 All-Regime Friction Factor Formulas
8.5.1 Churchill's 1977 Formula
8.5.2 Modification to Churchill's 1977 Formula
8.4 Absolute Roughness of Flow Surfaces
8.7 Age and Usage of Pipe
8.7.1 Corrosion and Encrustation
8.7.2 The Relationship between Absolute Roughness and Friction Factor
8.7.3 Inherent Margin
8.8 Noncircular Passages
8.9 Machined Surfaces
References
Further Reading
9 ENTRANCES
9.1 Sharp-Edged Entrance
9.1.1 Flush Mounted
9.1.2 Mounted at a Distance
9.1.3 Mounted at an Angle
9.2 Rounded Entrance
9.3 Beveled Entrance
9.4 Entrance through an Orifice
9.4.1 Sharp-Edged Orifice
9.4.2 Round-Edged Orifice
9.4.2 Thick-Edged Orifice
9.4.4 Beveled Orifice
References
Further Reading
10 CONTRACTIONS
10.1 Flow Model
10.2 Sharp-Edged Contraction
10.3 Rounded Contraction
10.4 Conical Contraction
10.4.1 Surface Friction Loss
10.4.2 Local Loss
10.5 Beveled Contraction
10.6 Smooth Contraction
10.7 Pipe Reducer - Contracting
References
Further Reading
11 EXPANSIONS
11.1 Sudden Expansion
11.2 Straight Conical Diffuser
11.3 Multi-Stage Conical Diffusers
11.3.1 Stepped Conical Diffuser
11.3.2 Two-Stage Conical Diffuser
11.4 Curved Wall Diffuser
11.5 Pipe Reducer - Expanding
References
Further Reading
12 EXITS
12.1 Discharge from a Straight Pipe
12.2 Discharge from a Conical Diffuser
12.3 Discharge from an Orifice
12.3.1 Sharp-Edged
12.3.2 Round-Edged
12.3.3 Thick-Edged
12.3.4 Bevel-Edged
12.4 Discharge from a Smooth Nozzle
13 ORIFICES
13.1 Generalized Flow Model
13.2 Sharp-Edged Orifice
13.2.1 In a Straight Pipe
13.2.2 In a Transition Section
13.2.3 In a Wall
13.3 Round-Edged Orifice
13.3.1 In a Straight Pipe
13.3.2 In a Transition Section
13.3.3 In a Wall
13.4 Bevel-Edged Orifice
13.4.1 In a Straight Pipe
13.4.2 In a Transition Section
13.4.3 In a Wall
13.5 Thick-Edged Orifice
13.5.1 In a Straight Pipe
13.5.2 In a Transition Section
13.5.3 In a Wall
13.6 Multi-hole Orifices
13.7 Non-circular Orifices
References
Further Reading
14 FLOW METERS
14.1 Flow Nozzle
14.2 Venturi Tube
14.3 Nozzle/Venturi
References
Further Reading
15 BENDS
15.1 Overview
15.2 Bend Losses
15.2.1 Smooth-Walled Bends
15.2.2 Welded Elbows and Pipe Bends
15.3 Coils
15.3.1 Constant Pitch Helix
15.3.2 Constant Pitch Spiral
15.4 Miter Bends
15.5 Coupled Bends
15.5 Bend Economy
References
Further Reading
16 TEES
16.1 Overview
16.1,1 Previous Endeavors
16.1.2 Observations
16.2 Diverging Tees
16.2.1 Diverging Flow through Run
16.2.2 Diverging Flow through Branch
16.2.3 Diverging Flow from Branch
16.3 Converging Tees
16.3.1 Converging Flow through Run
16.3.2 Converging Flow through Branch
16.3.3 Converging Flow into Branch
16.4 Full Flow through Run
References
Further Reading
17 PIPE JOINTS
17.1 Weld Protrusion
17.2 Backing Rings
17.3 Misalignment
17.3.1 Misaligned Pipe Joint
17.3.2 Misaligned Gasket
18 VALVES
18.1 Multi-Turn Valves
18.1.1 Diaphragm Valve
18.1.2 Gate Valve
18.1.3 Globe Valve
18.1.4 Pinch Valve
18.1.5 Needle Valve
18.2 Quarter-Turn Valves
18.2.1 Ball Valve
18.2.2 Butterfly Valve
18.2.3 Plug Valve
18.3 Self-Actuated Valves
18.3.1 Check Valve
18.3.2 Pressure Relief Valve
18.4 Control Valves
18.5 Valve Loss Coefficients
References
Further Reading
19 THREADED FITTINGS
19.1 Reducers-Contracting
19.2 Reducers-Expanding
19.3 Elbows
19.4 Tees
19.5 Couplings
References
Further Reading
PART III FLOW PHENOMENA
Prologue
20 CAVITATION
20.1 The Nature of Cavitation
20.2 Pipeline Design
20.3 Net Positive Suction Head
20.4 Example Problem: Core Spray Pump NPSH
20.4.1 New, Clean Steel Pipe
20.4.1.1 Input Parameters
20.4.1.2 Solution
20.4.1.3 Results
20.4.2 Moderately Corroded Steel Pipe
20.4.2.1 Input Parameters
20.4.2.2 Solution
20.4.2.3 Results
20.5 Example Problem: Pipe Entrance Cavitation
20.5.1 Input Parameters
20.5.2 Calculations and Results
References
Further Reading
21 FLOW INDUCED VIBRATION
21.1 Steady Internal Flow
21.2 Steady External Flow
21.3 Water Hammer
21.4 Column Separation
References
Further Reading
22 TEMPERATURE RISE
22.1 Head Loss
22.2 Pump Temperature Rise
22.3 Example Problem: Reactor Heat Balance
22.4 Example Problem: Vessel Heat-Up
22.5 Example Problem: Pumping System Temperature
References
23 FLOW TO RUN FULL
23.1 Open Flow
23.2 Full Flow
23.3 Submerged Flow
23.4 Example Problem: Reactor Application
Further Reading
24 JET PUMP PERFORMANCE
24.1 Performance Characteristics
24.2 Mixing Section Model
24.2.1 Momentum Balance
24.2.2 Drive Flow Mixing Coefficient
24.2.3 Suction Flow Mixing Coefficient
24.2.4 Discharge Flow Density
24.3.5 Discharge Flow Viscosity
24.3 Flow Losses
24.3.1 Surface Friction
24.3.2 Component Losses
24.4 Hydraulic Performance Flow Paths
24.4.1 Drive Flow Path
24.4.2 Suction Flow Path
24.5 Flow Model Validation
24.6 Example Problem: Water-Water Jet Pump Performance
24.6.1 Flow Conditions
24.6.2 Jet Pump Geometry
24.6.3 Preliminary Calculations
24.6.4 Loss Coefficients
24.6.5 Predicted Performance
24.7 Studies
24.7.1 Surface Roughness Differences
24.7.2 Drive Nozzle to Throat Area Ratio
24.7.3 Density Differences
24.7.4 Viscosity Differences
24.7.5 Straight Line and Parabolic Performance Depictions
24.8 Epilogue
References
Further Reading
APPENDIX A PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER AT 1 ATMOSPHERE
APPENDIX B PIPE SIZE DATA
B.1 Commercial Pipe Data
APPENDIX C PHYSICAL CONSTANTS AND UNIT CONVERSIONS
C.1 Important Physical Constants
C.2 Unit Conversions
APPENDIX D COMPRESSIBILITY FACTOR EQUATIONS
D.1 The Redlich-Kwong Equation
D.2 The Lee-Kesler Equation
D.3 Important Constants for Selected Gases
APPENDIX E ADIABATIC COMPRESSIBLE FLOW WITH FRICTION USING MACH NUMBER AS A PARAMETER
E.1 Solution when Static Pressure and Static Temperature are Known
E.2 Solution when Static Pressure and Total Temperature are Known
E.3 Solution when Total Pressure and Total Temperature are Known
E.4 Solution when Total Pressure and Static Temperature are Known
References
APPENDIX F VELOCITY PROFILE EQUATIONS
F.1 Benedict Velocity Profile Derivation
F.2 Street, Watters & Vennard Velocity Profile Derivation
References
APPENDIX G SPEED OF SOUND IN WATER
APPENDIX H JET PUMP PERFORMANCE PROGRAM
INDEX
PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION
NOMENCLATURE
Abbreviation and Definition
PART I METHODOLOGY
Prologue
1 FUNDAMENTALS
1.1 Systems of Units
1.2 Fluid Properties
1.2.1 Pressure
1.2.2 Temperature
1.2.3 Density
1.2.4 Viscosity
1.2.5 Gas Constant
1.2.6 Velocity
1.2.7 Energy
1.2.8 Heat
1.2.9 Enthalpy
1.3 Important Dimensionless Ratios
1.3.1 Reynolds Number
1.3.2 Relative Roughness
1.3.3 Loss Coefficient
1.3.4 Mach Number
1.3.5 Froude Number
1.3.6 Reduced Pressure
1.3.7 Reduced Temperature
1.3.8 Ratio of Specific Heats
1.4 Equations of State
1.4.1 Equation of State of Liquids
1.4.2 Equation of State of Gases
1.4.3 Two-Phase Mixtures
1.5 Fluid Velocity
1.6 Flow Regimes
1.7 Similarity
1.7.1 The Principle of Similarity
1.7.2 Limitations
1.8 Kinematics of Fluid Flow
1.8.1 Path Lines and Streamlines
1.8.2 One-Dimensional Method of Flow Analysis
References
Further Reading
2 CONSERVATION EQUATIONS
2.1 Conservation of Mass
2.2 Conservation of Momentum
2.3 The Momentum Flux Correction Factor
2.4 Conservation of Energy
2.4.1 Potential Energy
2.4.2 Pressure Energy
2.4.3 Kinetic Energy
2.4.4 Heat Energy
2.4.5 Mechanical Work Energy
2.5 Generalized Energy Equation
2.6 Head Loss
2.7 The Kinetic Energy Correction Factor
2.8 Conventional Head Loss
2.9 Grade Lines
References
Further Reading
3 INCOMPRESSIBLE FLOW
3.1 Conventional Head Loss
3.2 Sources of Head Loss
3.2.1 Surface Friction Loss
3.2.1.1 Laminar Flow
3.2.1.2 Turbulent Flow
3.2.1.3 Reynolds Number
3.2.1.4 Friction Factor
3.2.2 Induced Turbulence
3.2.3 Summing Loss Coefficients
References
Further Reading
4 COMPRESSIBLE FLOW
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Problem Solution Methods
4.3 Approximate Compressible Flow Using Incompressible Flow Equations
4.3.1 Using Inlet or Outlet Properties
4.3.2 Using Average of Inlet and Outlet Properties
4.3.2.1 Simple Average Properties
4.3.2.2 Comprehensive Average Properties
4.3.3 Using Expansion Factors
4.4 Adiabatic Compressible Flow with Friction: Ideal Equations
4.4.1 Shapiro's Adiabatic Flow Equation
4.4.1.1 Solution when Static Pressure and Static Temperature Are Known
4.4.1.2 Solution when Static Pressure and Total Temperature Are Known
4.4.1.3 Solution when Total Pressure and Total Temperature Are Known
4.4.1.4 Solution when Total Pressure and Static Temperature Are Known
4.4.2 Turton's Adiabatic Flow Equation
4.3.3 Binder's Adiabatic Flow Equation
4.5 Isothermal Compressible Flow with Friction: Ideal Equation
4.6 Isentropic Flow: Treating Changes in Flow Area
4.7 Pressure Drop in Valves
4.8 Two-Phase Flow
4.9 Example Problems: Adiabatic Flow with Friction by Iteration
4.9.1 Solve for p2 and t2 - K, p1, t1 and W are Known
4.9.1.1 Solve Using Expansion Factors
4.9.1.2 Solve Using Shapiro's Equation
4.9.1.3 Solve Using Binder's Equation
4.9.1.4 Solve Using Turton's Equation
4.9.2 Solve for W and t2 - K, p1, t1 and p2 are Known
4.9.2.1 Solve Using Expansion Factors
4.9.2.2 Solve Using Shapiro's Equation
4.9.2.3 Solve Using Binder's Equation
4.9.2.4 Solve Using Turton's Equation
4.9.3 Observations
4.10 Example Problem: Natural Gas Pipeline
4.10.1 Ground Rules and Assumptions
4.10.2 Input Data
4.10.3 Initial Calculations
4.10.4 Solution
4.10.5 Comparison with Crane's Solutions
References
Further Reading
5 NETWORK ANALYSIS
5.1 Coupling Effects
5.2 Series Flow
5.3 Parallel Flow
5.4 Branching Flow
5.5 Example Problem: Ring Sparger
5.5.1 Ground Rules and Assumptions
5.5.2 Input Parameters
5.5.3 Initial Calculations
5.5.4 Network Flow Equations
5.5.4.1 Continuity Equations
5.5.4.2 Energy Equations
5.5.5 Solution
5.6 Example Problem: Core Spray System
5.6.1 New, Clean Steel Pipe
5.6.1.1 Ground Rules and Assumptions
5.6.1.2 Input Parameters
5.6.1.3 Initial Calculations
5.6.1.4 Adjusted Parameters
5.6.1.5 Network Flow Equations
5.6.1.6 Solution
5.6.2 Moderately Corroded Steel Pipe
5.6.2.1 Ground Rules and Assumptions
5.6.2.2 Input Parameters
5.6.2.3 Adjusted Parameters
5.6.2.4 Network Flow Equations
5.6.2.5 Solution
5.7 Example Problem: Steam Line Pressure Drop
5.7.1 Ground Rules and Assumptions
5.7.2 Input Data
5.7.3 Initial Calculations
5.7.4 Loss Coefficient Calculations
5.7.5 Individual Loss Coefficients
5.7.2 Series Loss Coefficients
5.7.3 Steam Dome to Steam Drum Pressure Drop
5.7.4 Steam Drum to Stop Valves Pressure Drop
5.7.5 Predicted Pressure at Stop Valves
References
Further Reading
6 TRANSIENT ANALYSIS
6.1 Methodology
6.2 Example Problem: Vessel Drain Times
6.2.1 Upright Cylindrical Vessel with Flat Heads
6.2.2 Spherical Vessel
6.2.3 Upright Cylindrical Vessel with Elliptical Heads
6.3 Example Problem: Positive Displacement Pump
6.3.1 No Heat Transfer
6.3.2 Heat Transfer
6.4 Example Problem: Time Step Integration
6.4.1 Upright Cylindrical Vessel Drain
6.4.1.1 Direct Solution
6.4.1.2 Time-Step Solution
References
Further Reading
7 UNCERTAINTY
7.1 Error Sources
7.2 Pressure Drop Uncertainty
7.3 Flow Rate Uncertainty
7.4 Example Problem: Pressure Drop
7.3.1 Input Data
7.3.2 Solution
7.5 Example Problem: Flow Rate
7.5.1 Input Data
7.5.2 Solution
PART II LOSS COEFFICIENTS
Prologue
8 SURFACE FRICTION
8.1 Friction Factor
8.1.1 Laminar Flow Region
8.1.2 Critical Zone
8.1.3 Turbulent Flow Region
8.1.3.1 Smooth Pipes
8.1.3.2 Rough Pipes
8.2 The Colebrook-White Equation
8.3 The Moody Chart
8.4 Explicit Friction Factor Formulations
8.4.1 Moody's Approximate Formula
8.4.2 Wood's Approximate Formula
8.4.3 The Churchill 1973 and Swamee and Jain Formulas
8.4.4 Chen's Formula
8.4.5 Shacham's Formula
8.4.6 Barr's Formula
8.4.7 Haaland's Formula
8.4.8 Manadilli's Formula
8.4.9 Romeo's Formula
8.4.10 Evaluation of Explicit Alternatives to the Colebrook-White Equation
8.5 All-Regime Friction Factor Formulas
8.5.1 Churchill's 1977 Formula
8.5.2 Modification to Churchill's 1977 Formula
8.4 Absolute Roughness of Flow Surfaces
8.7 Age and Usage of Pipe
8.7.1 Corrosion and Encrustation
8.7.2 The Relationship between Absolute Roughness and Friction Factor
8.7.3 Inherent Margin
8.8 Noncircular Passages
8.9 Machined Surfaces
References
Further Reading
9 ENTRANCES
9.1 Sharp-Edged Entrance
9.1.1 Flush Mounted
9.1.2 Mounted at a Distance
9.1.3 Mounted at an Angle
9.2 Rounded Entrance
9.3 Beveled Entrance
9.4 Entrance through an Orifice
9.4.1 Sharp-Edged Orifice
9.4.2 Round-Edged Orifice
9.4.2 Thick-Edged Orifice
9.4.4 Beveled Orifice
References
Further Reading
10 CONTRACTIONS
10.1 Flow Model
10.2 Sharp-Edged Contraction
10.3 Rounded Contraction
10.4 Conical Contraction
10.4.1 Surface Friction Loss
10.4.2 Local Loss
10.5 Beveled Contraction
10.6 Smooth Contraction
10.7 Pipe Reducer - Contracting
References
Further Reading
11 EXPANSIONS
11.1 Sudden Expansion
11.2 Straight Conical Diffuser
11.3 Multi-Stage Conical Diffusers
11.3.1 Stepped Conical Diffuser
11.3.2 Two-Stage Conical Diffuser
11.4 Curved Wall Diffuser
11.5 Pipe Reducer - Expanding
References
Further Reading
12 EXITS
12.1 Discharge from a Straight Pipe
12.2 Discharge from a Conical Diffuser
12.3 Discharge from an Orifice
12.3.1 Sharp-Edged
12.3.2 Round-Edged
12.3.3 Thick-Edged
12.3.4 Bevel-Edged
12.4 Discharge from a Smooth Nozzle
13 ORIFICES
13.1 Generalized Flow Model
13.2 Sharp-Edged Orifice
13.2.1 In a Straight Pipe
13.2.2 In a Transition Section
13.2.3 In a Wall
13.3 Round-Edged Orifice
13.3.1 In a Straight Pipe
13.3.2 In a Transition Section
13.3.3 In a Wall
13.4 Bevel-Edged Orifice
13.4.1 In a Straight Pipe
13.4.2 In a Transition Section
13.4.3 In a Wall
13.5 Thick-Edged Orifice
13.5.1 In a Straight Pipe
13.5.2 In a Transition Section
13.5.3 In a Wall
13.6 Multi-hole Orifices
13.7 Non-circular Orifices
References
Further Reading
14 FLOW METERS
14.1 Flow Nozzle
14.2 Venturi Tube
14.3 Nozzle/Venturi
References
Further Reading
15 BENDS
15.1 Overview
15.2 Bend Losses
15.2.1 Smooth-Walled Bends
15.2.2 Welded Elbows and Pipe Bends
15.3 Coils
15.3.1 Constant Pitch Helix
15.3.2 Constant Pitch Spiral
15.4 Miter Bends
15.5 Coupled Bends
15.5 Bend Economy
References
Further Reading
16 TEES
16.1 Overview
16.1,1 Previous Endeavors
16.1.2 Observations
16.2 Diverging Tees
16.2.1 Diverging Flow through Run
16.2.2 Diverging Flow through Branch
16.2.3 Diverging Flow from Branch
16.3 Converging Tees
16.3.1 Converging Flow through Run
16.3.2 Converging Flow through Branch
16.3.3 Converging Flow into Branch
16.4 Full Flow through Run
References
Further Reading
17 PIPE JOINTS
17.1 Weld Protrusion
17.2 Backing Rings
17.3 Misalignment
17.3.1 Misaligned Pipe Joint
17.3.2 Misaligned Gasket
18 VALVES
18.1 Multi-Turn Valves
18.1.1 Diaphragm Valve
18.1.2 Gate Valve
18.1.3 Globe Valve
18.1.4 Pinch Valve
18.1.5 Needle Valve
18.2 Quarter-Turn Valves
18.2.1 Ball Valve
18.2.2 Butterfly Valve
18.2.3 Plug Valve
18.3 Self-Actuated Valves
18.3.1 Check Valve
18.3.2 Pressure Relief Valve
18.4 Control Valves
18.5 Valve Loss Coefficients
References
Further Reading
19 THREADED FITTINGS
19.1 Reducers-Contracting
19.2 Reducers-Expanding
19.3 Elbows
19.4 Tees
19.5 Couplings
References
Further Reading
PART III FLOW PHENOMENA
Prologue
20 CAVITATION
20.1 The Nature of Cavitation
20.2 Pipeline Design
20.3 Net Positive Suction Head
20.4 Example Problem: Core Spray Pump NPSH
20.4.1 New, Clean Steel Pipe
20.4.1.1 Input Parameters
20.4.1.2 Solution
20.4.1.3 Results
20.4.2 Moderately Corroded Steel Pipe
20.4.2.1 Input Parameters
20.4.2.2 Solution
20.4.2.3 Results
20.5 Example Problem: Pipe Entrance Cavitation
20.5.1 Input Parameters
20.5.2 Calculations and Results
References
Further Reading
21 FLOW INDUCED VIBRATION
21.1 Steady Internal Flow
21.2 Steady External Flow
21.3 Water Hammer
21.4 Column Separation
References
Further Reading
22 TEMPERATURE RISE
22.1 Head Loss
22.2 Pump Temperature Rise
22.3 Example Problem: Reactor Heat Balance
22.4 Example Problem: Vessel Heat-Up
22.5 Example Problem: Pumping System Temperature
References
23 FLOW TO RUN FULL
23.1 Open Flow
23.2 Full Flow
23.3 Submerged Flow
23.4 Example Problem: Reactor Application
Further Reading
24 JET PUMP PERFORMANCE
24.1 Performance Characteristics
24.2 Mixing Section Model
24.2.1 Momentum Balance
24.2.2 Drive Flow Mixing Coefficient
24.2.3 Suction Flow Mixing Coefficient
24.2.4 Discharge Flow Density
24.3.5 Discharge Flow Viscosity
24.3 Flow Losses
24.3.1 Surface Friction
24.3.2 Component Losses
24.4 Hydraulic Performance Flow Paths
24.4.1 Drive Flow Path
24.4.2 Suction Flow Path
24.5 Flow Model Validation
24.6 Example Problem: Water-Water Jet Pump Performance
24.6.1 Flow Conditions
24.6.2 Jet Pump Geometry
24.6.3 Preliminary Calculations
24.6.4 Loss Coefficients
24.6.5 Predicted Performance
24.7 Studies
24.7.1 Surface Roughness Differences
24.7.2 Drive Nozzle to Throat Area Ratio
24.7.3 Density Differences
24.7.4 Viscosity Differences
24.7.5 Straight Line and Parabolic Performance Depictions
24.8 Epilogue
References
Further Reading
APPENDIX A PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER AT 1 ATMOSPHERE
APPENDIX B PIPE SIZE DATA
B.1 Commercial Pipe Data
APPENDIX C PHYSICAL CONSTANTS AND UNIT CONVERSIONS
C.1 Important Physical Constants
C.2 Unit Conversions
APPENDIX D COMPRESSIBILITY FACTOR EQUATIONS
D.1 The Redlich-Kwong Equation
D.2 The Lee-Kesler Equation
D.3 Important Constants for Selected Gases
APPENDIX E ADIABATIC COMPRESSIBLE FLOW WITH FRICTION USING MACH NUMBER AS A PARAMETER
E.1 Solution when Static Pressure and Static Temperature are Known
E.2 Solution when Static Pressure and Total Temperature are Known
E.3 Solution when Total Pressure and Total Temperature are Known
E.4 Solution when Total Pressure and Static Temperature are Known
References
APPENDIX F VELOCITY PROFILE EQUATIONS
F.1 Benedict Velocity Profile Derivation
F.2 Street, Watters & Vennard Velocity Profile Derivation
References
APPENDIX G SPEED OF SOUND IN WATER
APPENDIX H JET PUMP PERFORMANCE PROGRAM
INDEX
Donald C. Rennels joined the Nuclear Energy Division of General Electric Company in 1971. His work included preparing technical design procedures and developing fluid flow models of reactor vessel internals and nuclear steam supply systems. He addressed hydraulic flow problems in the nuclear power industry worldwide. After retirement, Rennels served as a consultant at GE-Hitachi.
