Average Current-Mode Control of DC-DC Power Converters
1. Edition March 2022
336 Pages, Hardcover
Wiley & Sons Ltd
ISBN:
978-1-119-52565-3
John Wiley & Sons
Further versions
AVERAGE CURRENT-MODE CONTROL OF DC-DC POWER CONVERTERS
An authoritative one-stop guide to the analysis, design, development, and control of a variety of power converter systems
Average Current-Mode Control of DC-DC Power Converters provides comprehensive and up-to-date information about average current-mode control (ACMC) of pulse-width modulated (PWM) dc-dc converters. This invaluable one-stop resource covers both fundamental and state-of-the-art techniques in average current-mode control of power electronic converters???featuring novel small-signal models of non-isolated and isolated converter topologies with joint and disjoint switching elements and coverage of frequency and time domain analysis of controlled circuits.
The authors employ a systematic theoretical framework supported by step-by-step derivations, design procedures for measuring transfer functions, challenging end-of-chapter problems, easy-to-follow diagrams and illustrations, numerous examples for different power supply specifications, and practical tips for developing power-stage small-signal models using circuit-averaging techniques. The text addresses all essential aspects of modeling, design, analysis, and simulation of average current-mode control of power converter topologies, such as buck, boost, buck-boost, and flyback converters in operating continuous-conduction mode (CCM). Bridging the gap between fundamental modeling methods and their application in a variety of switched-mode power supplies, this book:
* Discusses the development of small-signal models and transfer functions related to the inner current and outer voltage loops
* Analyzes inner current loops with average current-mode control and describes their dynamic characteristics
* Presents dynamic properties of the poles and zeros, time-domain responses of the control circuits, and comparison of relevant modeling techniques
* Contains a detailed chapter on the analysis and design of control circuits in time-domain and frequency-domain
* Provides techniques required to produce professional MATLAB plots and schematics for circuit simulations, including example MATLAB codes for the complete design of PWM buck, boost, buck-boost, and flyback DC-DC converters
* Includes appendices with design equations for steady-state operation in CCM for power converters, parameters of commonly used power MOSFETs and diodes, SPICE models of selected MOSFETs and diodes, simulation tools including introductions to SPICE, MATLAB, and SABER, and MATLAB codes for transfer functions and transient responses
Average Current-Mode Control of DC-DC Power Converters is a must-have reference and guide for researchers, advanced graduate students, and instructors in the area of power electronics, and for practicing engineers and scientists specializing in advanced circuit modeling methods for various converters at different operating conditions.
List of Symbols xiii
About the Authors xvii
Preface xix
Acknowledgments xxi
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Principle of Operation of Conventional Average Current-Mode Control Technique 3
1.2 Principle of Operation of Modified Average Current-Mode Control Technique 6
1.3 Steady-State Operation 7
2 Average Current-Mode Control of Buck DC-DC Converter 9
2.1 Circuit Description, DC Characteristics, and Design 10
2.1.1 Circuit Description 10
2.1.2 DC Model 10
2.1.3 Design Example 12
2.2 Large-Signal and Small-Signal Models of PWM Buck Converter in CCM 13
2.3 Power Stage Transfer Functions 15
2.3.1 Duty Cycle-to-Output Voltage Transfer Function Tp 16
2.3.2 Duty Cycle-to-Inductor Current Transfer Function Tpi 18
2.3.3 Input Voltage-to-Output Voltage Transfer Function M v 20
2.3.4 Input Voltage-to-Inductor Current Transfer Function M v i 21
2.3.5 Reverse Current Gain A i 22
2.3.6 Open-Loop Input Impedance Z i 24
2.3.7 Open-Loop Output Impedance Zo 26
2.4 Inner-Current Loop 27
2.4.1 Transfer Function of Filter and Non-inverting Amplifier Tf 29
2.4.2 Transfer Function of Pulse-Width Modulator Tm 30
2.4.3 Uncompensated Loop Gain Tki 30
2.4.4 Transfer Function of Control Circuit for Inner-Current Loop Tci 31
2.4.5 Compensated Loop Gain of Inner-Current Loop Ti 33
2.5 Closed-Loop Transfer Functions for Inner-Current Loop 34
2.5.1 Reference Voltage-to-Inductor Current Transfer Function Ticl 35
2.5.2 Reference Voltage-to-Output Voltage Transfer Function Tpicl 35
2.5.3 Input Voltage-to-Inductor Current Transfer Function Micl 36
2.5.4 Input Voltage-to-Output Voltage Transfer Function Mvicl 37
2.5.5 Input Impedance Ziicl 39
2.5.6 Output Impedance Zoicl 40
2.6 Outer-Voltage Loop 42
2.6.1 Transfer Function of Feedback Network beta 42
2.6.2 Uncompensated Loop Gain for Outer-Voltage Loop Tkv 42
2.6.3 Transfer Function of Control Circuit for Outer-Voltage Loop Tcv 43
2.6.4 Compensated Loop Gain of Outer-Voltage Loop Tv 46
2.7 Closed-Loop Transfer Functions for Outer-Voltage Loop 46
2.7.1 Reference Voltage-to-Output Voltage Transfer Function Tpcl 46
2.7.2 Input Voltage to Duty-Cycle Transfer Function Mdv 47
2.7.3 Input Voltage-to-Output Voltage Transfer Function Mvcl 49
2.7.4 Input Impedance Zivcl 50
2.7.5 Output Impedance Zovcl 52
2.8 Comparison of Closed-Loop and Open-Loop Step Responses 55
2.8.1 Response of Output Voltage to Step Change in Input Voltage 55
2.8.2 Response of Output Voltage to Step Change in Duty Cycle, Current-Loop reference Voltage, and Voltage-Loop Reference Voltage 55
2.8.3 Response of Input Current to Step Change in Input Voltage 56
2.8.4 Response of Output Voltage to Step Change in Load Current 57
2.9 Summary 58
3 Average Current-Mode Control of Boost DC-DC Converter 61
3.1 Circuit Description, DC Characteristics, and Design 62
3.1.1 Circuit Description 62
3.1.2 DC Model 62
3.1.3 Design Example 65
3.2 Large-Signal and Small-Signal Models of PWM Boost Converter for CCM 66
3.3 Power-Stage Transfer Functions 67
3.3.1 Duty Cycle-to-Output Voltage Transfer Function Tp 68
3.3.2 Duty Cycle-to-Inductor Current Transfer Function Tpi 74
3.3.3 Input Voltage-to-Output Voltage Transfer Function Mv 80
3.3.4 Input Voltage-to-Inductor Current Transfer Function Mvi 81
3.3.5 Reverse Current Gain Ai 82
3.3.6 Open-Loop Input Impedance Zi 84
3.3.7 Open-Loop Output Impedance Zo 85
3.4 Inner-Current Loop 88
3.4.1 Transfer Function of Filter and Non-inverting Amplifier Tf 89
3.4.2 Transfer Function of Pulse-Width Modulator Tm 90
3.4.3 Uncompensated Loop Gain Tki 90
3.4.4 Transfer Function of Control Circuit Tci 91
3.4.5 Loop Gain of Inner-Current Loop Ti 93
3.5 Closed-Loop Transfer Functions for Inner-Current Loop 94
3.5.1 Reference Voltage-to-Inductor Current Transfer Function Ticl 94
3.5.2 Reference Voltage-to-Output Voltage Transfer Function Tpicl 95
3.5.3 Input Voltage-to-Inductor Current Transfer Function Micl 96
3.5.4 Input Voltage-to-Output Voltage Transfer Function Mvicl 98
3.5.5 Input Voltage-to-Duty Cycle Transfer Function Mdi 99
3.5.6 Input Impedance Ziicl 100
3.5.7 Output Impedance Zoicl 102
3.6 Outer-Voltage Loop 103
3.6.1 Transfer Function of Feedback Network beta 104
3.6.2 Uncompensated Loop Gain for Outer-Voltage Loop Tkv 105
3.6.3 Transfer Function of Control Circuit for Outer-Voltage Loop Tcv 105
3.6.4 Compensated Loop Gain of Outer-Voltage Loop Tv 107
3.7 Closed-Loop Transfer Functions for Outer-Voltage Loop 107
3.7.1 Reference Voltage-to-Output Voltage Transfer Function Tpcl 108
3.7.2 Input Voltage-to-Duty Cycle Transfer Function Mdv 109
3.7.3 Input Voltage-to-Output Voltage Transfer Function Mvcl 110
3.7.4 Input Impedance Zivcl 112
3.7.5 Output Impedance Zovcl 114
3.8 Comparison of Closed-Loop and Open-Loop Step Responses 116
3.8.1 Response of Output Voltage to Step Change in Input Voltage 116
3.8.2 Response of Output Voltage to Step Change in Duty Cycle, Current-Loop Reference Voltage, and Voltage-Loop Reference Voltage 117
3.8.3 Response of Input Current to Step Change in Input Voltage 118
3.8.4 Response of Output Voltage to Step Change in Load Current 119
3.9 Summary 120
4 Average Current-Mode Control of Buck-Boost DC-DC Converter 121
4.1 Circuit Description, DC Model, and Design 122
4.1.1 Circuit Description 122
4.1.2 DC Model 122
4.1.3 Design Example 125
4.2 Large-Signal and Small-Signal Models of PWM Buck-Boost Converter in CCM 125
4.3 Power-Stage Transfer Functions 128
4.3.1 Duty Cycle-to-Output Voltage Transfer Function Tp 129
4.3.2 Duty Cycle-to-Inductor Current Transfer Function Tpi 134
4.3.3 Input Voltage-to-Output Voltage Transfer Function Mv 139
4.3.4 Input Voltage-to-Inductor Current Transfer Function Mvi 142
4.3.5 Reverse Current Gain Ai 143
4.3.6 Open-Loop Input Impedance Zi 145
4.3.7 Open-Loop Output Impedance Zo 147
4.4 Inner-Current Loop 150
4.4.1 Transfer Function of Filter Tf 152
4.4.2 Transfer Function of Pulse-Width Modulator Tm 153
4.4.3 Uncompensated Loop Gain Tki 154
4.4.4 Transfer Function of Compensation Circuit Tci 155
4.4.5 Compensated Loop Gain Ti 156
4.5 Closed-Inner Loop Transfer Functions 158
4.5.1 Reference Voltage-to-Inductor Current Transfer Function Ticl 160
4.5.2 Reference Voltage-to-Output Voltage Transfer Function Tpicl 161
4.5.3 Input Voltage-to-Inductor Current Transfer Function Micl 162
4.5.4 Input Voltage-to-Output Voltage Transfer Function Mvicl 163
4.5.5 Input Voltage-to-Duty Cycle Transfer Function Mdi 166
4.5.6 Input Impedance Ziicl 166
4.5.7 Output Impedance Zoicl 168
4.6 Outer-Voltage Loop 170
4.6.1 Transfer Function of Feedback Network beta 172
4.6.2 Uncompensated Loop Gain Tkv 173
4.6.3 Transfer Function of Control Circuit for Outer-Voltage Loop Tcv 174
4.6.4 Compensated Loop Gain Tv 176
4.7 Closed-Loop Transfer Functions for Outer-Voltage Loop 176
4.7.1 Reference Voltage-to-Output Voltage Transfer Function Tpcl 177
4.7.2 Input Voltage-to-Duty Cycle Transfer Function Mdv 177
4.7.3 Input Voltage-to-Output Voltage Transfer Function Mvcl 179
4.7.4 Input Impedance Zivcl 181
4.7.5 Output Impedance Zovcl 183
4.8 Comparison of Closed-Loop and Open-Loop Step Responses 186
4.8.1 Response of Output Voltage to Step Change in Input Voltage 186
4.8.2 Response of Output Voltage to Step Change in Duty Cycle, Current-Loop reference Voltage, and Voltage-Loop Reference Voltage 187
4.8.3 Response of Input Current to Step Change in Input Voltage 188
4.8.4 Response of Output Voltage to Step Change in Load Current 188
4.9 Summary 189
5 Average Current-Mode Control of Flyback DC-DC Converter 191
5.1 Circuit Description, DC Model, and Design 192
5.1.1 Circuit Description 192
5.1.2 DC Model 193
5.1.3 Derivation of Equivalent Averaged Resistance 197
5.1.4 Design Example 200
5.2 Large-Signal and Small-Signal Models of PWM Flyback Converter in CCM 200
5.3 Power-Stage Transfer Functions 204
5.3.1 Duty Cycle-to-Output Voltage Transfer Function Tp 206
5.3.2 Duty Cycle-to-Inductor Current Transfer Function Tpi 214
5.3.3 Input Voltage-to-Output Voltage Transfer Function Mv 220
5.3.4 Input Voltage-to-Inductor Current Transfer Function Mvi 221
5.3.5 Reverse Current Gain Ai 223
5.3.6 Open-Loop Input Impedance Zi 226
5.3.7 Open-Loop Output Impedance Zo 228
5.4 Inner-Current Loop 229
5.4.1 Transfer Function of Filter and Non-inverting Amplifier Tf 231
5.4.2 Transfer Function of Pulse-Width Modulator Tm 233
5.4.3 Uncompensated Loop Gain Tki 233
5.4.4 Transfer Function of Compensation Circuit Tci 234
5.4.5 Compensated Loop Gain Ti 236
5.5 Closed-Loop Transfer Functions for Inner-Current Loop 238
5.5.1 Reference Voltage-to-Inductor Current Transfer Function Ticl 239
5.5.2 Reference Voltage-to-Output Voltage Transfer Function Tpicl 240
5.5.3 Input Voltage-to-Inductor Current Transfer Function Micl 241
5.5.4 Input Voltage-to-Output Voltage Transfer Function Mvicl 243
5.5.5 Input Voltage-to-Duty Cycle Transfer Function Mdi 244
5.5.6 Input Impedance Ziicl 245
5.5.7 Output Impedance Zoicl 246
5.6 Outer-Voltage Loop 248
5.6.1 Transfer Function of Feedback Network beta 250
5.6.2 Uncompensated Loop Gain Tkv 250
5.6.3 Transfer Function of Compensation Circuit Tcv 251
5.6.4 Compensated Loop Gain Tv 253
5.7 Closed-Loop Transfer Functions for Outer-Voltage Loop 253
5.7.1 Reference Voltage-to-Output Voltage Transfer Function Tpcl 254
5.7.2 Input Voltage-to-Duty Cycle Transfer Function Mdv 254
5.7.3 Input Voltage-to-Output Voltage Transfer Function Mvcl 257
5.7.4 Input Impedance Zivcl 259
5.7.5 Output Impedance Zovcl 261
5.8 Comparison of Closed-Loop and Open-Loop Step Responses 262
5.8.1 Response of Output Voltage to Step Change in Input Voltage 262
5.8.2 Response of Output Voltage to Step Change in Duty Cycle, Current-Loop Reference Voltage, and Voltage-Loop Reference Voltage 264
5.8.3 Response of Input Current to Step Change in Input Voltage 265
5.8.4 Response of Output Voltage to Step Change in Load Current 266
5.9 Summary 266
References 269
Appendix A Design Equations for Continuous-Conduction Mode 275
A.1 Common Equations Needed for the Design of Converters 275
A.1.1 DC Output Power 275
A.1.2 DC Voltage Transfer Function 275
A.2 Specific Expressions for the Design of Converters in CCM 275
Appendix B MOSFET Parameters 277
Appendix C Diode Parameters 279
Appendix D Selected MOSFETs' Spice Models 281
D.1 IRF430 281
D.2 IRF520 281
D.3 IRF150 281
D.4 IRF142 281
D.5 IRF840 282
D.6 IRF740 282
Appendix E Selected Diodes' Spice Models 283
E.1 MUR1560 283
E.2 MBR10100 283
E.3 MBR1060 283
E.4 MUR2510 283
E.5 MBR2540 283
E.6 MBR4040 284
Appendix F Simulation Tools 285
F.1 SPICE Model of Power MOSFETs 285
F.1.1 SPICE NMOS Syntax 286
F.1.2 SPICE NMOS Model Syntax 286
F.1.3 SPICE PMOS Model Syntax 287
F.1.4 SPICE Subcircuit Model Syntax 287
F.2 Introduction to SPICE 288
F.2.1 Passive Components: Resistors, Capacitors, and Inductors 288
F.2.2 Transformer 288
F.2.3 Temperature 288
F.2.4 Independent DC Sources 288
F.2.5 DC Sweep Analysis 289
F.2.6 Independent Pulse Source for Transient Analysis 289
F.2.7 Transient Analysis 289
F.2.8 Independent AC Sources for Frequency Response 289
F.2.9 Independent Sinusoidal AC Sources for Transient Analysis 289
F.2.10 AC Frequency Analysis 290
F.2.11 Operating Point 290
F.2.12 Starting the SPICE Program 290
F.2.13 Example Program: Diode I-V Characteristics 290
F.3 Introduction to MATLAB(r) 290
F.3.1 Getting Started 291
F.3.2 Generating an x-Axis Data 291
F.3.3 Semi-logarithmic Scale 291
F.3.4 Log-Log Scale 291
F.3.5 Generate an y-Axis Data 292
F.3.6 Multiplication and Division 292
F.3.7 Symbols and Units 292
F.3.8 x-Axis and y-Axis Labels 292
F.3.9 x-Axis and y-Axis Limits 292
F.3.10 Greek Symbols 292
F.3.11 Plot Commands 293
F.3.12 3D Plot Commands 293
F.3.13 Bode Plots 293
F.3.14 Step Response 293
F.3.15 To Save Figure 293
F.3.16 Example Program 294
F.3.17 Polynomial Curve Fitting 294
F.3.18 Bessel Functions 294
F.3.19 Modified Bessel Functions 294
F.3.20 Example MATLAB Code 294
F.4 Introduction to SABER Circuit Simulator 301
F.4.1 Setting Up a Circuit on SABER 301
F.4.2 Performing TRANSIENT Analysis on the Designed Circuit 302
F.4.3 Plotting 303
F.4.4 Printing 303
Index 305
About the Authors xvii
Preface xix
Acknowledgments xxi
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Principle of Operation of Conventional Average Current-Mode Control Technique 3
1.2 Principle of Operation of Modified Average Current-Mode Control Technique 6
1.3 Steady-State Operation 7
2 Average Current-Mode Control of Buck DC-DC Converter 9
2.1 Circuit Description, DC Characteristics, and Design 10
2.1.1 Circuit Description 10
2.1.2 DC Model 10
2.1.3 Design Example 12
2.2 Large-Signal and Small-Signal Models of PWM Buck Converter in CCM 13
2.3 Power Stage Transfer Functions 15
2.3.1 Duty Cycle-to-Output Voltage Transfer Function Tp 16
2.3.2 Duty Cycle-to-Inductor Current Transfer Function Tpi 18
2.3.3 Input Voltage-to-Output Voltage Transfer Function M v 20
2.3.4 Input Voltage-to-Inductor Current Transfer Function M v i 21
2.3.5 Reverse Current Gain A i 22
2.3.6 Open-Loop Input Impedance Z i 24
2.3.7 Open-Loop Output Impedance Zo 26
2.4 Inner-Current Loop 27
2.4.1 Transfer Function of Filter and Non-inverting Amplifier Tf 29
2.4.2 Transfer Function of Pulse-Width Modulator Tm 30
2.4.3 Uncompensated Loop Gain Tki 30
2.4.4 Transfer Function of Control Circuit for Inner-Current Loop Tci 31
2.4.5 Compensated Loop Gain of Inner-Current Loop Ti 33
2.5 Closed-Loop Transfer Functions for Inner-Current Loop 34
2.5.1 Reference Voltage-to-Inductor Current Transfer Function Ticl 35
2.5.2 Reference Voltage-to-Output Voltage Transfer Function Tpicl 35
2.5.3 Input Voltage-to-Inductor Current Transfer Function Micl 36
2.5.4 Input Voltage-to-Output Voltage Transfer Function Mvicl 37
2.5.5 Input Impedance Ziicl 39
2.5.6 Output Impedance Zoicl 40
2.6 Outer-Voltage Loop 42
2.6.1 Transfer Function of Feedback Network beta 42
2.6.2 Uncompensated Loop Gain for Outer-Voltage Loop Tkv 42
2.6.3 Transfer Function of Control Circuit for Outer-Voltage Loop Tcv 43
2.6.4 Compensated Loop Gain of Outer-Voltage Loop Tv 46
2.7 Closed-Loop Transfer Functions for Outer-Voltage Loop 46
2.7.1 Reference Voltage-to-Output Voltage Transfer Function Tpcl 46
2.7.2 Input Voltage to Duty-Cycle Transfer Function Mdv 47
2.7.3 Input Voltage-to-Output Voltage Transfer Function Mvcl 49
2.7.4 Input Impedance Zivcl 50
2.7.5 Output Impedance Zovcl 52
2.8 Comparison of Closed-Loop and Open-Loop Step Responses 55
2.8.1 Response of Output Voltage to Step Change in Input Voltage 55
2.8.2 Response of Output Voltage to Step Change in Duty Cycle, Current-Loop reference Voltage, and Voltage-Loop Reference Voltage 55
2.8.3 Response of Input Current to Step Change in Input Voltage 56
2.8.4 Response of Output Voltage to Step Change in Load Current 57
2.9 Summary 58
3 Average Current-Mode Control of Boost DC-DC Converter 61
3.1 Circuit Description, DC Characteristics, and Design 62
3.1.1 Circuit Description 62
3.1.2 DC Model 62
3.1.3 Design Example 65
3.2 Large-Signal and Small-Signal Models of PWM Boost Converter for CCM 66
3.3 Power-Stage Transfer Functions 67
3.3.1 Duty Cycle-to-Output Voltage Transfer Function Tp 68
3.3.2 Duty Cycle-to-Inductor Current Transfer Function Tpi 74
3.3.3 Input Voltage-to-Output Voltage Transfer Function Mv 80
3.3.4 Input Voltage-to-Inductor Current Transfer Function Mvi 81
3.3.5 Reverse Current Gain Ai 82
3.3.6 Open-Loop Input Impedance Zi 84
3.3.7 Open-Loop Output Impedance Zo 85
3.4 Inner-Current Loop 88
3.4.1 Transfer Function of Filter and Non-inverting Amplifier Tf 89
3.4.2 Transfer Function of Pulse-Width Modulator Tm 90
3.4.3 Uncompensated Loop Gain Tki 90
3.4.4 Transfer Function of Control Circuit Tci 91
3.4.5 Loop Gain of Inner-Current Loop Ti 93
3.5 Closed-Loop Transfer Functions for Inner-Current Loop 94
3.5.1 Reference Voltage-to-Inductor Current Transfer Function Ticl 94
3.5.2 Reference Voltage-to-Output Voltage Transfer Function Tpicl 95
3.5.3 Input Voltage-to-Inductor Current Transfer Function Micl 96
3.5.4 Input Voltage-to-Output Voltage Transfer Function Mvicl 98
3.5.5 Input Voltage-to-Duty Cycle Transfer Function Mdi 99
3.5.6 Input Impedance Ziicl 100
3.5.7 Output Impedance Zoicl 102
3.6 Outer-Voltage Loop 103
3.6.1 Transfer Function of Feedback Network beta 104
3.6.2 Uncompensated Loop Gain for Outer-Voltage Loop Tkv 105
3.6.3 Transfer Function of Control Circuit for Outer-Voltage Loop Tcv 105
3.6.4 Compensated Loop Gain of Outer-Voltage Loop Tv 107
3.7 Closed-Loop Transfer Functions for Outer-Voltage Loop 107
3.7.1 Reference Voltage-to-Output Voltage Transfer Function Tpcl 108
3.7.2 Input Voltage-to-Duty Cycle Transfer Function Mdv 109
3.7.3 Input Voltage-to-Output Voltage Transfer Function Mvcl 110
3.7.4 Input Impedance Zivcl 112
3.7.5 Output Impedance Zovcl 114
3.8 Comparison of Closed-Loop and Open-Loop Step Responses 116
3.8.1 Response of Output Voltage to Step Change in Input Voltage 116
3.8.2 Response of Output Voltage to Step Change in Duty Cycle, Current-Loop Reference Voltage, and Voltage-Loop Reference Voltage 117
3.8.3 Response of Input Current to Step Change in Input Voltage 118
3.8.4 Response of Output Voltage to Step Change in Load Current 119
3.9 Summary 120
4 Average Current-Mode Control of Buck-Boost DC-DC Converter 121
4.1 Circuit Description, DC Model, and Design 122
4.1.1 Circuit Description 122
4.1.2 DC Model 122
4.1.3 Design Example 125
4.2 Large-Signal and Small-Signal Models of PWM Buck-Boost Converter in CCM 125
4.3 Power-Stage Transfer Functions 128
4.3.1 Duty Cycle-to-Output Voltage Transfer Function Tp 129
4.3.2 Duty Cycle-to-Inductor Current Transfer Function Tpi 134
4.3.3 Input Voltage-to-Output Voltage Transfer Function Mv 139
4.3.4 Input Voltage-to-Inductor Current Transfer Function Mvi 142
4.3.5 Reverse Current Gain Ai 143
4.3.6 Open-Loop Input Impedance Zi 145
4.3.7 Open-Loop Output Impedance Zo 147
4.4 Inner-Current Loop 150
4.4.1 Transfer Function of Filter Tf 152
4.4.2 Transfer Function of Pulse-Width Modulator Tm 153
4.4.3 Uncompensated Loop Gain Tki 154
4.4.4 Transfer Function of Compensation Circuit Tci 155
4.4.5 Compensated Loop Gain Ti 156
4.5 Closed-Inner Loop Transfer Functions 158
4.5.1 Reference Voltage-to-Inductor Current Transfer Function Ticl 160
4.5.2 Reference Voltage-to-Output Voltage Transfer Function Tpicl 161
4.5.3 Input Voltage-to-Inductor Current Transfer Function Micl 162
4.5.4 Input Voltage-to-Output Voltage Transfer Function Mvicl 163
4.5.5 Input Voltage-to-Duty Cycle Transfer Function Mdi 166
4.5.6 Input Impedance Ziicl 166
4.5.7 Output Impedance Zoicl 168
4.6 Outer-Voltage Loop 170
4.6.1 Transfer Function of Feedback Network beta 172
4.6.2 Uncompensated Loop Gain Tkv 173
4.6.3 Transfer Function of Control Circuit for Outer-Voltage Loop Tcv 174
4.6.4 Compensated Loop Gain Tv 176
4.7 Closed-Loop Transfer Functions for Outer-Voltage Loop 176
4.7.1 Reference Voltage-to-Output Voltage Transfer Function Tpcl 177
4.7.2 Input Voltage-to-Duty Cycle Transfer Function Mdv 177
4.7.3 Input Voltage-to-Output Voltage Transfer Function Mvcl 179
4.7.4 Input Impedance Zivcl 181
4.7.5 Output Impedance Zovcl 183
4.8 Comparison of Closed-Loop and Open-Loop Step Responses 186
4.8.1 Response of Output Voltage to Step Change in Input Voltage 186
4.8.2 Response of Output Voltage to Step Change in Duty Cycle, Current-Loop reference Voltage, and Voltage-Loop Reference Voltage 187
4.8.3 Response of Input Current to Step Change in Input Voltage 188
4.8.4 Response of Output Voltage to Step Change in Load Current 188
4.9 Summary 189
5 Average Current-Mode Control of Flyback DC-DC Converter 191
5.1 Circuit Description, DC Model, and Design 192
5.1.1 Circuit Description 192
5.1.2 DC Model 193
5.1.3 Derivation of Equivalent Averaged Resistance 197
5.1.4 Design Example 200
5.2 Large-Signal and Small-Signal Models of PWM Flyback Converter in CCM 200
5.3 Power-Stage Transfer Functions 204
5.3.1 Duty Cycle-to-Output Voltage Transfer Function Tp 206
5.3.2 Duty Cycle-to-Inductor Current Transfer Function Tpi 214
5.3.3 Input Voltage-to-Output Voltage Transfer Function Mv 220
5.3.4 Input Voltage-to-Inductor Current Transfer Function Mvi 221
5.3.5 Reverse Current Gain Ai 223
5.3.6 Open-Loop Input Impedance Zi 226
5.3.7 Open-Loop Output Impedance Zo 228
5.4 Inner-Current Loop 229
5.4.1 Transfer Function of Filter and Non-inverting Amplifier Tf 231
5.4.2 Transfer Function of Pulse-Width Modulator Tm 233
5.4.3 Uncompensated Loop Gain Tki 233
5.4.4 Transfer Function of Compensation Circuit Tci 234
5.4.5 Compensated Loop Gain Ti 236
5.5 Closed-Loop Transfer Functions for Inner-Current Loop 238
5.5.1 Reference Voltage-to-Inductor Current Transfer Function Ticl 239
5.5.2 Reference Voltage-to-Output Voltage Transfer Function Tpicl 240
5.5.3 Input Voltage-to-Inductor Current Transfer Function Micl 241
5.5.4 Input Voltage-to-Output Voltage Transfer Function Mvicl 243
5.5.5 Input Voltage-to-Duty Cycle Transfer Function Mdi 244
5.5.6 Input Impedance Ziicl 245
5.5.7 Output Impedance Zoicl 246
5.6 Outer-Voltage Loop 248
5.6.1 Transfer Function of Feedback Network beta 250
5.6.2 Uncompensated Loop Gain Tkv 250
5.6.3 Transfer Function of Compensation Circuit Tcv 251
5.6.4 Compensated Loop Gain Tv 253
5.7 Closed-Loop Transfer Functions for Outer-Voltage Loop 253
5.7.1 Reference Voltage-to-Output Voltage Transfer Function Tpcl 254
5.7.2 Input Voltage-to-Duty Cycle Transfer Function Mdv 254
5.7.3 Input Voltage-to-Output Voltage Transfer Function Mvcl 257
5.7.4 Input Impedance Zivcl 259
5.7.5 Output Impedance Zovcl 261
5.8 Comparison of Closed-Loop and Open-Loop Step Responses 262
5.8.1 Response of Output Voltage to Step Change in Input Voltage 262
5.8.2 Response of Output Voltage to Step Change in Duty Cycle, Current-Loop Reference Voltage, and Voltage-Loop Reference Voltage 264
5.8.3 Response of Input Current to Step Change in Input Voltage 265
5.8.4 Response of Output Voltage to Step Change in Load Current 266
5.9 Summary 266
References 269
Appendix A Design Equations for Continuous-Conduction Mode 275
A.1 Common Equations Needed for the Design of Converters 275
A.1.1 DC Output Power 275
A.1.2 DC Voltage Transfer Function 275
A.2 Specific Expressions for the Design of Converters in CCM 275
Appendix B MOSFET Parameters 277
Appendix C Diode Parameters 279
Appendix D Selected MOSFETs' Spice Models 281
D.1 IRF430 281
D.2 IRF520 281
D.3 IRF150 281
D.4 IRF142 281
D.5 IRF840 282
D.6 IRF740 282
Appendix E Selected Diodes' Spice Models 283
E.1 MUR1560 283
E.2 MBR10100 283
E.3 MBR1060 283
E.4 MUR2510 283
E.5 MBR2540 283
E.6 MBR4040 284
Appendix F Simulation Tools 285
F.1 SPICE Model of Power MOSFETs 285
F.1.1 SPICE NMOS Syntax 286
F.1.2 SPICE NMOS Model Syntax 286
F.1.3 SPICE PMOS Model Syntax 287
F.1.4 SPICE Subcircuit Model Syntax 287
F.2 Introduction to SPICE 288
F.2.1 Passive Components: Resistors, Capacitors, and Inductors 288
F.2.2 Transformer 288
F.2.3 Temperature 288
F.2.4 Independent DC Sources 288
F.2.5 DC Sweep Analysis 289
F.2.6 Independent Pulse Source for Transient Analysis 289
F.2.7 Transient Analysis 289
F.2.8 Independent AC Sources for Frequency Response 289
F.2.9 Independent Sinusoidal AC Sources for Transient Analysis 289
F.2.10 AC Frequency Analysis 290
F.2.11 Operating Point 290
F.2.12 Starting the SPICE Program 290
F.2.13 Example Program: Diode I-V Characteristics 290
F.3 Introduction to MATLAB(r) 290
F.3.1 Getting Started 291
F.3.2 Generating an x-Axis Data 291
F.3.3 Semi-logarithmic Scale 291
F.3.4 Log-Log Scale 291
F.3.5 Generate an y-Axis Data 292
F.3.6 Multiplication and Division 292
F.3.7 Symbols and Units 292
F.3.8 x-Axis and y-Axis Labels 292
F.3.9 x-Axis and y-Axis Limits 292
F.3.10 Greek Symbols 292
F.3.11 Plot Commands 293
F.3.12 3D Plot Commands 293
F.3.13 Bode Plots 293
F.3.14 Step Response 293
F.3.15 To Save Figure 293
F.3.16 Example Program 294
F.3.17 Polynomial Curve Fitting 294
F.3.18 Bessel Functions 294
F.3.19 Modified Bessel Functions 294
F.3.20 Example MATLAB Code 294
F.4 Introduction to SABER Circuit Simulator 301
F.4.1 Setting Up a Circuit on SABER 301
F.4.2 Performing TRANSIENT Analysis on the Designed Circuit 302
F.4.3 Plotting 303
F.4.4 Printing 303
Index 305
Marian K. Kazimierczuk, PhD, Professor of Electrical Engineering, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio, USA. He has taught undergraduate and graduate electronics courses in the field of high-frequency power electronics for more than 35 years. Professor Kazimierczuk has performed an extensive research on PWM and resonant power converters, electronic ballasts, high-frequency magnetic components, high-efficiency RF power amplifiers, modeling and control of power converters, active power factor correction, wireless power transfer, renewable energy sources, power MOSFET drivers, and wide-bandgap GaN and SiC semiconductor devices. He has published over 500 papers in IEEE Transactions, IET journals, and IEEE international conferences, has written eight textbooks, and holds 7 patents. He is a Life Fellow of the IEEE.
Dalvir K. Saini, PhD, Research Engineer, Failure Analysis Lab, University of Dayton Research Institute, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio, USA. She has been pursuing the area of failure analysis of electrical systems and components related to aircraft safety, and has published several journal and conference publications in the field of modeling of switched-mode power converters.
Agasthya Ayachit, PhD, Senior System Engineer, Mercedes-Benz Research & Development North America, Redford, Michigan, USA. He has been actively contributing to the design and development of power conversion stages in electric vehicle battery charging and e-drive systems. He has published several journal papers in IEEE Transactions, IET journals, and IEEE conferences in the field of small-signal modeling of power converters. His research interests are in the field of circuit topologies, modeling and design of power converters, wireless charging, and wide-bandgap semiconductor devices (GaN/SiC).
Dalvir K. Saini, PhD, Research Engineer, Failure Analysis Lab, University of Dayton Research Institute, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio, USA. She has been pursuing the area of failure analysis of electrical systems and components related to aircraft safety, and has published several journal and conference publications in the field of modeling of switched-mode power converters.
Agasthya Ayachit, PhD, Senior System Engineer, Mercedes-Benz Research & Development North America, Redford, Michigan, USA. He has been actively contributing to the design and development of power conversion stages in electric vehicle battery charging and e-drive systems. He has published several journal papers in IEEE Transactions, IET journals, and IEEE conferences in the field of small-signal modeling of power converters. His research interests are in the field of circuit topologies, modeling and design of power converters, wireless charging, and wide-bandgap semiconductor devices (GaN/SiC).
