Bioelectrochemical Interface Engineering
1. Edition November 2019
560 Pages, Hardcover
Wiley & Sons Ltd
ISBN:
978-1-119-53854-7
John Wiley & Sons
Further versions
An introduction to the fundamental concepts and rules in bioelectrochemistry and explores latest advancements in the field
Bioelectrochemical Interface Engineering offers a guide to this burgeoning interdisciplinary field. The authors--noted experts on the topic--present a detailed explanation of the field's basic concepts, provide a fundamental understanding of the principle of electrocatalysis, electrochemical activity of the electroactive microorganisms, and mechanisms of electron transfer at electrode-electrolyte interfaces. They also explore the design and development of bioelectrochemical systems.
The authors review recent advances in the field including: the development of new bioelectrochemical configurations, new electrode materials, electrode functionalization strategies, and extremophilic electroactive microorganisms. These current developments hold the promise of powering the systems in remote locations such as deep sea and extra-terrestrial space as well as powering implantable energy devices and controlled drug delivery. This important book:
* Explores the fundamental concepts and rules in bioelectrochemistry and details the latest advancements
* Presents principles of electrocatalysis, electroactive microorganisms, types and mechanisms of electron transfer at electrode-electrolyte interfaces, electron transfer kinetics in bioelectrocatalysis, and more
* Covers microbial electrochemical systems and discusses bioelectrosynthesis and biosensors, and bioelectrochemical wastewater treatment
* Reviews microbial biosensor, microfluidic and lab-on-chip devices, flexible electronics, and paper and stretchable electrodes
Written for researchers, technicians, and students in chemistry, biology, energy and environmental science, Bioelectrochemical Interface Engineering provides a strong foundation to this advanced field by presenting the core concepts, basic principles, and newest advances.
List of Contributors xxi
Preface xxix
1 Electrochemical Performance Analyses of Biofilms 1
J. Jayapriya and V. Ramamurthy
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Electrochemical Principles 1
1.3 Cyclic Voltammetry 2
1.4 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy 7
1.5 Electrochemical Noise (ECN) Technique 14
1.6 Conclusion 17
Acknowledgments 17
References 17
Further Reading 19
Take-home Message 19
Test Yourself 19
2 Direct Electron Transfer in Redox Enzymes and Microorganisms 21
Sheela Berchmans and T. Balamurugan
2.1 Introduction 21
2.2 Wiring Enzymes to the Electrode Surface 22
2.3 Wiring Microorganisms to the Electrode Surface 26
References 30
Take-home Message 34
Test Yourself 34
3 Electrochemical Techniques and Applications to Characterize Single- and Multicellular Electric Microbial Functions 37
Junki Saito, Muralidharan Murugan, Xiao Deng, Alexis Guionet, Waheed Miran, and Akihiro Okamoto
3.1 Introduction to Microbial Electrochemical Functions and Processes 37
3.2 Electrochemical Techniques Related to Single-cell Processes 38
3.3 Electrochemical Techniques Related to Biofilm Processes 43
3.4 Techniques to Analyze Nanowires 45
References 48
Take-home Message 52
Test Yourself 52
4 Electrochemical Analysis of Single Cells 55
Maedeh Mozneb, Christine Smothers, Pablo Rodriguez, and Chen-Zhong Li
4.1 Introduction 55
4.2 Single-cell Analysis Applications and Current Technologies 56
4.3 Electrochemical Methods for Single-cell Analysis 57
4.4 Microelectrodes for Single-cell Analysis 62
4.5 Electroluminescence-based Single-cell Measurements 69
4.6 Lab-on-chip-based Single-cell Analysis 70
4.7 Conclusion 71
References 71
Take-home Message 75
Test Yourself 76
5 Biocorrosion 77
C. Chandrasatheesh and J. Jayapriya
5.1 Introduction 77
5.2 Microorganisms Involved in Corrosion 78
5.3 Mechanisms 80
5.4 Biocorrosion Control Strategies 82
5.5 Materials Vulnerable to Biocorrosion 83
5.6 Biocorrosion of Biomedical Implants 84
5.7 Biocorrosion Detection Techniques 85
5.8 Conclusion 86
Acknowledgements 86
References 86
Further Reading 89
Take-home Message 89
Test Yourself 90
6 Microbial Fuel Cells: A Sustainable Technology for Pollutant Removal and Power Generation 91
Somdipta Bagchi and Manaswini Behera
6.1 Introduction 91
6.2 Microbial Fuel Cells 92
6.3 Measuring Performance 94
6.4 MFC Configuration 98
6.5 Materials 100
6.6 Limitations in MFCs 104
6.7 Other MFC-based Technologies 106
6.8 Pilot-scale MFCs 107
References 108
Take-home Message 115
Test Yourself 115
7 Biophotovoltaics: Molecular Mechanisms and Applications 117
Angelaalincy Maria Joseph, Sangeetha Ramalingam, Pushpalatha Selvaraj, Komal Rani, Kalpana Ramaraju, Gunaseelan Sathaiah, Ashokkumar Balasubramaniem, and Varalakshmi Perumal
7.1 Introduction 117
7.2 Photocurrent Generation with Biological Catalysts 118
7.3 Photosynthetic Microbes as Photobioelectrocatalysts in BESs 119
7.4 Biocatalysts of Photosynthetic Organisms 119
7.5 Electron Transfer in Microalgae During Photosynthesis (Light Reaction) 120
7.6 Electron Transfer Mechanisms in Purple Photosynthetic Bacteria 124
7.7 Electron Transfer Mechanisms of Cyanobacteria 128
7.8 Models of Solar Energy Conversion Devices 129
7.9 Applications and Future Perspectives 131
7.10 Conclusion 132
References 132
Take-home Message 135
Test Yourself 135
8 An Insight into Plant Microbial Fuel Cells 137
Pranab Jyoti Sarma and Kaustubha Mohanty
8.1 Introduction 137
8.2 Different Types of Plants and Their Bioelectricity Generation Capabilities 138
8.3 Bioprocess Structure 139
8.4 Variation in PMFC Types, Operating Conditions, Design, Electrodes, and Membranes Used 141
8.5 PMFCs as New Electricity Generation Technology 142
8.6 Challenges of PMFCs 144
8.7 Conclusion 144
References 144
Take-home Message 146
Test Yourself 147
9 Electroanalytical Techniques for Investigating Biofilms in Microbial Fuel Cells 149
Smita S. Kumar, Vivek Kumar, and Suddhasatwa Basu
9.1 Introduction 149
9.2 Conventional Biofilm Investigation Techniques 151
9.3 Electroanalytical Techniques 151
9.4 Electrode Polarization 154
9.5 Voltammetry (LSV) 155
9.6 Scanning Tunneling Microscopy 159
9.7 Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Microbalance (e-QCM) 159
9.8 Conclusion 160
Acknowledgments 160
References 160
Take-home Message 162
Test Yourself 162
10 Progress in Development of Electrode Materials in Microbial Fuel Cells 165
Alka Pareek and S. Venkata Mohan
10.1 Introduction 165
10.2 Electrode Materials in MFCs 166
10.3 Effect of Surface Treatment on Electrodes 176
10.4 Conclusion 177
Acknowledgments 177
References 178
Take-home Message 185
Test Yourself 185
11 Synthetic Biology Strategies to Improve Electron Transfer Rate at the Microbe-Anode Interface in Microbial Fuel Cells 187
Tian Zhang, Dipankar Ghosh, and Pier-Luc Tremblay
11.1 Introduction 187
11.2 Extracellular Electron Transfer (EET) Mechanisms from the Microbe to the Anode 188
11.3 Synthetic Biology Strategies to Improve the EET Rate from Microbes to Anode 193
11.4 Synthetic Biology to Optimize Current Generation by Yeast 199
11.5 Conclusion 200
References 200
Take-home Message 207
Test Yourself 208
12 Microbial Electrolysis Cells (MECs): A Promising and Green Approach for Bioenergy and Biochemical Production from Waste Resources 209
Abudukeremu Kadier, Mohd Sahaid Kalil, Pankaj Kumar Rai, Smita S. Kumar, Peyman Abdeshahian, Periyasamy Sivagurunathan, Hassimi Abu Hasan, Aidil Abdul Hamid, and Azah Mohamed
12.1 Introduction 209
12.2 Fundamentals of MEC Technology 210
12.3 Crucial Factors Governing the Performance of MECs 212
12.4 Current Applications of MECs 219
12.5 Conclusion 224
Acknowledgments 224
References 224
Take-home Message 234
Test Yourself 234
13 Microbial Desalination Cells 235
Swati Sharma, Ademola Hammed, and Halis Simsek
13.1 Introduction 235
13.2 Overview of Desalination Cells 236
13.3 MDC Applications and Concepts 237
13.4 Desalination in MDCs 239
13.5 Different Configurations of MDCs 239
13.6 Conclusion 246
References 246
Take-home Message 248
Test Yourself 248
14 Microbially Charged Redox Flow Batteries for Bioenergy Storage 251
Márcia S.S. Santos, Luciana Peixoto, Célia Dias-Ferreira, Adélio Mendes, and M. Madalena Alves
14.1 Introduction 251
14.2 Redox Flow Batteries 251
14.3 Organic Compounds for RFBs 256
14.4 Coupling RFBs with Renewable Energy Production Technologies 259
14.5 Future Perspectives 261
14.6 Conclusion 262
Acknowledgments 262
References 262
Take-home Message 268
Test Yourself 269
15 Artificial Photosynthesis: Current Advances and Challenges 271
Joanna Kargul and MaBgorzata Kiliszek
15.1 Introduction 271
15.2 Basic Principles of Natural Photosynthesis 272
15.3 Artificial Photosynthetic Systems 277
15.4 Strategies for Improvement of Photoelectrode Performance 287
15.5 Operational Dye-sensitized Solar Cells and Solar-to-Fuel Devices 289
15.6 Conclusion 291
Acknowledgments 292
References 292
Take-home Message 308
Abbreviations 308
Test Yourself 309
16 Bioelectrochemical Systems for Production of Valuable Compounds 311
Luciana Peixoto, Sónia G. Barbosa, M. Madalena Alves, and Maria Alcina Pereira
16.1 Introduction 311
16.2 From Electricity to Product 313
16.3 Conclusion 318
Acknowledgments 318
References 318
Take-home Message 323
Test Yourself 323
17 Modernization of Biosensing Strategies for the Development of Lab-on-Chip Integrated Systems 325
Sharmili Roy, Shweta J. Malode, Nagaraj P. Shetti, and Pranjal Chandra
17.1 Introduction 325
17.2 Types of Biosensors 326
17.3 Lab-on-Chip Technologies 334
17.4 Conclusion 336
Acknowledgment 336
References 336
Take-home Message 341
Test Yourself 341
18 Electrochemical Immunosensors: Working Principle, Types, Scope, Applications, and Future Prospects 343
Shakila Harshavardhan, Sam Ebenezer Rajadas, Kevin Kumar Vijayakumar, Willsingh Anbu Durai, Andy Ramu, and Rajan Mariappan
18.1 Introduction 343
18.2 Immunosensors in Protein Immunoassays 345
18.3 Types of Immunosensors 346
18.4 Impedimetric Immunosensors 348
18.5 Potentiometric Immunosensors 352
18.6 Voltammetric and Amperometric Immunosensors 353
18.7 Conductometric Immunosensors 355
18.8 Capacitive Immunosensors 356
18.9 Role of Nanomaterials in Immunosensors 357
18.10 Applications of Immunosensors 358
18.11 Conclusion 360
References 361
Take-home Message 368
Test Yourself 368
19 Recent Updates on Inkjet-Printed Sensors 371
Naresh Kumar Mani, Anusha Prabhu, and Annamalai Senthil Kumar
19.1 Introduction 371
19.2 Inkjet-Printed Electrochemical-Based Sensors 372
19.3 Inkjet-Printed Colorimetric-based Sensors 377
19.4 Inkjet-Printed Fluorescence-based Sensors 378
19.5 Other Techniques and Developed Devices 379
19.6 Summary and Future Perspectives 381
Acknowledgments 381
References 381
Take-home Message 384
Test Yourself 384
20 Electrochemical Systems for Healthcare Applications 385
Pandiaraj Manickam, Vairamani Kanagavel, Apurva Sonawane, S.P. Thipperudraswamy, and Shekhar Bhansali
20.1 Introduction 385
20.2 Point-of-care Sensor Systems 386
20.3 Wearable Electrochemical Systems 393
20.4 Implantable Electrochemical Nanodevices 401
20.5 Conclusion 405
Acknowledgments 405
References 405
Take-home Message 409
Test Yourself 409
21 Synthetic Strategies of Nanobioconjugates for Bioelectrochemical Applications 411
T. Selvamani, D. Gangadharan, and Sambandam Anandan
21.1 Introduction 411
21.2 Fabrication Processes of Nanobioconjugated Systems 412
21.3 Applications of Nanobioconjugates 423
21.4 Conclusion 426
References 426
Take-home Message 429
Test Yourself 429
22 Electrochemical Biosensors with Nanointerface for Food, Water Quality, and Healthcare Applications 431
John Bosco Balaguru Rayappan, Noel Nesakumar, Lakshmishri Ramachandra Bhat, Manju Bhargavi Gumpu, K. Jayanth Babu, and Arockia Jayalatha JBB
22.1 Introduction 431
22.2 Enzymatic Redox-type Biosensors 440
22.3 Water 446
22.4 Enzymatic Inhibition-type Biosensors 452
22.5 Water Quality 455
22.6 Conclusion 456
Acknowledgments 457
References 457
Take-home Message 466
Test Yourself 467
23 Enzymatic Electrode-Electrolyte Interface Study During Electrochemical Sensing of Biomolecules 469
Ashish Kumar, Priya Singh, and Rajiv Prakash
23.1 Introduction 469
23.2 Conducting Substrates for Sensing Applications 470
23.3 Sensing Techniques 472
23.4 Electrochemical Techniques for Sensing Analytes 472
23.5 Different Modified Electrodes for Enzyme Functionalization 474
23.6 A Plausible Mechanism of Electron Transfer: An Electrochemical Equivalent Circuit Analysis 474
23.7 Enzyme-less Glucose Oxidation: Off Course for a New Generation? 476
23.8 Conclusion 477
References 477
Take-home Message 483
Test Yourself 483
24 Quantum Dots for Bioelectrochemical Applications 485
Ilker Polatolu, Erdal Erolu, and Levent Ayd1n
24.1 Introduction 485
24.2 Nanotechnology 485
24.3 Structure of QDs 486
24.4 Characteristics of QDs 487
24.5 Synthesis Processes 488
24.6 Electrochemical Sensing of QDs 489
24.7 Biosensor Technology 490
24.8 Bioelectrochemical Applications of QDs 491
24.9 QDs: Modeling and Optimizations 494
24.10 Conclusion 498
References 498
Take-home Message 502
Test Yourself 502
25 Enzymatic Self-powered Biosensing Devices 505
Felismina T.C. Moreira, Manuela F. Frasco, Sónia G. Barbosa, Luciana Peixoto, M. Madalena Alves, and M. Goreti F. Sales
25.1 Enzymatic Fuel Cells 505
25.2 Electron Transfer Mechanisms 505
25.3 Enzyme Immobilization 507
25.4 EFC-based Biosensors 509
25.5 Conclusion 514
Acknowledgments 515
References 515
Take-home Message 519
Test Yourself 519
Index 521
Preface xxix
1 Electrochemical Performance Analyses of Biofilms 1
J. Jayapriya and V. Ramamurthy
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Electrochemical Principles 1
1.3 Cyclic Voltammetry 2
1.4 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy 7
1.5 Electrochemical Noise (ECN) Technique 14
1.6 Conclusion 17
Acknowledgments 17
References 17
Further Reading 19
Take-home Message 19
Test Yourself 19
2 Direct Electron Transfer in Redox Enzymes and Microorganisms 21
Sheela Berchmans and T. Balamurugan
2.1 Introduction 21
2.2 Wiring Enzymes to the Electrode Surface 22
2.3 Wiring Microorganisms to the Electrode Surface 26
References 30
Take-home Message 34
Test Yourself 34
3 Electrochemical Techniques and Applications to Characterize Single- and Multicellular Electric Microbial Functions 37
Junki Saito, Muralidharan Murugan, Xiao Deng, Alexis Guionet, Waheed Miran, and Akihiro Okamoto
3.1 Introduction to Microbial Electrochemical Functions and Processes 37
3.2 Electrochemical Techniques Related to Single-cell Processes 38
3.3 Electrochemical Techniques Related to Biofilm Processes 43
3.4 Techniques to Analyze Nanowires 45
References 48
Take-home Message 52
Test Yourself 52
4 Electrochemical Analysis of Single Cells 55
Maedeh Mozneb, Christine Smothers, Pablo Rodriguez, and Chen-Zhong Li
4.1 Introduction 55
4.2 Single-cell Analysis Applications and Current Technologies 56
4.3 Electrochemical Methods for Single-cell Analysis 57
4.4 Microelectrodes for Single-cell Analysis 62
4.5 Electroluminescence-based Single-cell Measurements 69
4.6 Lab-on-chip-based Single-cell Analysis 70
4.7 Conclusion 71
References 71
Take-home Message 75
Test Yourself 76
5 Biocorrosion 77
C. Chandrasatheesh and J. Jayapriya
5.1 Introduction 77
5.2 Microorganisms Involved in Corrosion 78
5.3 Mechanisms 80
5.4 Biocorrosion Control Strategies 82
5.5 Materials Vulnerable to Biocorrosion 83
5.6 Biocorrosion of Biomedical Implants 84
5.7 Biocorrosion Detection Techniques 85
5.8 Conclusion 86
Acknowledgements 86
References 86
Further Reading 89
Take-home Message 89
Test Yourself 90
6 Microbial Fuel Cells: A Sustainable Technology for Pollutant Removal and Power Generation 91
Somdipta Bagchi and Manaswini Behera
6.1 Introduction 91
6.2 Microbial Fuel Cells 92
6.3 Measuring Performance 94
6.4 MFC Configuration 98
6.5 Materials 100
6.6 Limitations in MFCs 104
6.7 Other MFC-based Technologies 106
6.8 Pilot-scale MFCs 107
References 108
Take-home Message 115
Test Yourself 115
7 Biophotovoltaics: Molecular Mechanisms and Applications 117
Angelaalincy Maria Joseph, Sangeetha Ramalingam, Pushpalatha Selvaraj, Komal Rani, Kalpana Ramaraju, Gunaseelan Sathaiah, Ashokkumar Balasubramaniem, and Varalakshmi Perumal
7.1 Introduction 117
7.2 Photocurrent Generation with Biological Catalysts 118
7.3 Photosynthetic Microbes as Photobioelectrocatalysts in BESs 119
7.4 Biocatalysts of Photosynthetic Organisms 119
7.5 Electron Transfer in Microalgae During Photosynthesis (Light Reaction) 120
7.6 Electron Transfer Mechanisms in Purple Photosynthetic Bacteria 124
7.7 Electron Transfer Mechanisms of Cyanobacteria 128
7.8 Models of Solar Energy Conversion Devices 129
7.9 Applications and Future Perspectives 131
7.10 Conclusion 132
References 132
Take-home Message 135
Test Yourself 135
8 An Insight into Plant Microbial Fuel Cells 137
Pranab Jyoti Sarma and Kaustubha Mohanty
8.1 Introduction 137
8.2 Different Types of Plants and Their Bioelectricity Generation Capabilities 138
8.3 Bioprocess Structure 139
8.4 Variation in PMFC Types, Operating Conditions, Design, Electrodes, and Membranes Used 141
8.5 PMFCs as New Electricity Generation Technology 142
8.6 Challenges of PMFCs 144
8.7 Conclusion 144
References 144
Take-home Message 146
Test Yourself 147
9 Electroanalytical Techniques for Investigating Biofilms in Microbial Fuel Cells 149
Smita S. Kumar, Vivek Kumar, and Suddhasatwa Basu
9.1 Introduction 149
9.2 Conventional Biofilm Investigation Techniques 151
9.3 Electroanalytical Techniques 151
9.4 Electrode Polarization 154
9.5 Voltammetry (LSV) 155
9.6 Scanning Tunneling Microscopy 159
9.7 Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Microbalance (e-QCM) 159
9.8 Conclusion 160
Acknowledgments 160
References 160
Take-home Message 162
Test Yourself 162
10 Progress in Development of Electrode Materials in Microbial Fuel Cells 165
Alka Pareek and S. Venkata Mohan
10.1 Introduction 165
10.2 Electrode Materials in MFCs 166
10.3 Effect of Surface Treatment on Electrodes 176
10.4 Conclusion 177
Acknowledgments 177
References 178
Take-home Message 185
Test Yourself 185
11 Synthetic Biology Strategies to Improve Electron Transfer Rate at the Microbe-Anode Interface in Microbial Fuel Cells 187
Tian Zhang, Dipankar Ghosh, and Pier-Luc Tremblay
11.1 Introduction 187
11.2 Extracellular Electron Transfer (EET) Mechanisms from the Microbe to the Anode 188
11.3 Synthetic Biology Strategies to Improve the EET Rate from Microbes to Anode 193
11.4 Synthetic Biology to Optimize Current Generation by Yeast 199
11.5 Conclusion 200
References 200
Take-home Message 207
Test Yourself 208
12 Microbial Electrolysis Cells (MECs): A Promising and Green Approach for Bioenergy and Biochemical Production from Waste Resources 209
Abudukeremu Kadier, Mohd Sahaid Kalil, Pankaj Kumar Rai, Smita S. Kumar, Peyman Abdeshahian, Periyasamy Sivagurunathan, Hassimi Abu Hasan, Aidil Abdul Hamid, and Azah Mohamed
12.1 Introduction 209
12.2 Fundamentals of MEC Technology 210
12.3 Crucial Factors Governing the Performance of MECs 212
12.4 Current Applications of MECs 219
12.5 Conclusion 224
Acknowledgments 224
References 224
Take-home Message 234
Test Yourself 234
13 Microbial Desalination Cells 235
Swati Sharma, Ademola Hammed, and Halis Simsek
13.1 Introduction 235
13.2 Overview of Desalination Cells 236
13.3 MDC Applications and Concepts 237
13.4 Desalination in MDCs 239
13.5 Different Configurations of MDCs 239
13.6 Conclusion 246
References 246
Take-home Message 248
Test Yourself 248
14 Microbially Charged Redox Flow Batteries for Bioenergy Storage 251
Márcia S.S. Santos, Luciana Peixoto, Célia Dias-Ferreira, Adélio Mendes, and M. Madalena Alves
14.1 Introduction 251
14.2 Redox Flow Batteries 251
14.3 Organic Compounds for RFBs 256
14.4 Coupling RFBs with Renewable Energy Production Technologies 259
14.5 Future Perspectives 261
14.6 Conclusion 262
Acknowledgments 262
References 262
Take-home Message 268
Test Yourself 269
15 Artificial Photosynthesis: Current Advances and Challenges 271
Joanna Kargul and MaBgorzata Kiliszek
15.1 Introduction 271
15.2 Basic Principles of Natural Photosynthesis 272
15.3 Artificial Photosynthetic Systems 277
15.4 Strategies for Improvement of Photoelectrode Performance 287
15.5 Operational Dye-sensitized Solar Cells and Solar-to-Fuel Devices 289
15.6 Conclusion 291
Acknowledgments 292
References 292
Take-home Message 308
Abbreviations 308
Test Yourself 309
16 Bioelectrochemical Systems for Production of Valuable Compounds 311
Luciana Peixoto, Sónia G. Barbosa, M. Madalena Alves, and Maria Alcina Pereira
16.1 Introduction 311
16.2 From Electricity to Product 313
16.3 Conclusion 318
Acknowledgments 318
References 318
Take-home Message 323
Test Yourself 323
17 Modernization of Biosensing Strategies for the Development of Lab-on-Chip Integrated Systems 325
Sharmili Roy, Shweta J. Malode, Nagaraj P. Shetti, and Pranjal Chandra
17.1 Introduction 325
17.2 Types of Biosensors 326
17.3 Lab-on-Chip Technologies 334
17.4 Conclusion 336
Acknowledgment 336
References 336
Take-home Message 341
Test Yourself 341
18 Electrochemical Immunosensors: Working Principle, Types, Scope, Applications, and Future Prospects 343
Shakila Harshavardhan, Sam Ebenezer Rajadas, Kevin Kumar Vijayakumar, Willsingh Anbu Durai, Andy Ramu, and Rajan Mariappan
18.1 Introduction 343
18.2 Immunosensors in Protein Immunoassays 345
18.3 Types of Immunosensors 346
18.4 Impedimetric Immunosensors 348
18.5 Potentiometric Immunosensors 352
18.6 Voltammetric and Amperometric Immunosensors 353
18.7 Conductometric Immunosensors 355
18.8 Capacitive Immunosensors 356
18.9 Role of Nanomaterials in Immunosensors 357
18.10 Applications of Immunosensors 358
18.11 Conclusion 360
References 361
Take-home Message 368
Test Yourself 368
19 Recent Updates on Inkjet-Printed Sensors 371
Naresh Kumar Mani, Anusha Prabhu, and Annamalai Senthil Kumar
19.1 Introduction 371
19.2 Inkjet-Printed Electrochemical-Based Sensors 372
19.3 Inkjet-Printed Colorimetric-based Sensors 377
19.4 Inkjet-Printed Fluorescence-based Sensors 378
19.5 Other Techniques and Developed Devices 379
19.6 Summary and Future Perspectives 381
Acknowledgments 381
References 381
Take-home Message 384
Test Yourself 384
20 Electrochemical Systems for Healthcare Applications 385
Pandiaraj Manickam, Vairamani Kanagavel, Apurva Sonawane, S.P. Thipperudraswamy, and Shekhar Bhansali
20.1 Introduction 385
20.2 Point-of-care Sensor Systems 386
20.3 Wearable Electrochemical Systems 393
20.4 Implantable Electrochemical Nanodevices 401
20.5 Conclusion 405
Acknowledgments 405
References 405
Take-home Message 409
Test Yourself 409
21 Synthetic Strategies of Nanobioconjugates for Bioelectrochemical Applications 411
T. Selvamani, D. Gangadharan, and Sambandam Anandan
21.1 Introduction 411
21.2 Fabrication Processes of Nanobioconjugated Systems 412
21.3 Applications of Nanobioconjugates 423
21.4 Conclusion 426
References 426
Take-home Message 429
Test Yourself 429
22 Electrochemical Biosensors with Nanointerface for Food, Water Quality, and Healthcare Applications 431
John Bosco Balaguru Rayappan, Noel Nesakumar, Lakshmishri Ramachandra Bhat, Manju Bhargavi Gumpu, K. Jayanth Babu, and Arockia Jayalatha JBB
22.1 Introduction 431
22.2 Enzymatic Redox-type Biosensors 440
22.3 Water 446
22.4 Enzymatic Inhibition-type Biosensors 452
22.5 Water Quality 455
22.6 Conclusion 456
Acknowledgments 457
References 457
Take-home Message 466
Test Yourself 467
23 Enzymatic Electrode-Electrolyte Interface Study During Electrochemical Sensing of Biomolecules 469
Ashish Kumar, Priya Singh, and Rajiv Prakash
23.1 Introduction 469
23.2 Conducting Substrates for Sensing Applications 470
23.3 Sensing Techniques 472
23.4 Electrochemical Techniques for Sensing Analytes 472
23.5 Different Modified Electrodes for Enzyme Functionalization 474
23.6 A Plausible Mechanism of Electron Transfer: An Electrochemical Equivalent Circuit Analysis 474
23.7 Enzyme-less Glucose Oxidation: Off Course for a New Generation? 476
23.8 Conclusion 477
References 477
Take-home Message 483
Test Yourself 483
24 Quantum Dots for Bioelectrochemical Applications 485
Ilker Polatolu, Erdal Erolu, and Levent Ayd1n
24.1 Introduction 485
24.2 Nanotechnology 485
24.3 Structure of QDs 486
24.4 Characteristics of QDs 487
24.5 Synthesis Processes 488
24.6 Electrochemical Sensing of QDs 489
24.7 Biosensor Technology 490
24.8 Bioelectrochemical Applications of QDs 491
24.9 QDs: Modeling and Optimizations 494
24.10 Conclusion 498
References 498
Take-home Message 502
Test Yourself 502
25 Enzymatic Self-powered Biosensing Devices 505
Felismina T.C. Moreira, Manuela F. Frasco, Sónia G. Barbosa, Luciana Peixoto, M. Madalena Alves, and M. Goreti F. Sales
25.1 Enzymatic Fuel Cells 505
25.2 Electron Transfer Mechanisms 505
25.3 Enzyme Immobilization 507
25.4 EFC-based Biosensors 509
25.5 Conclusion 514
Acknowledgments 515
References 515
Take-home Message 519
Test Yourself 519
Index 521
R.NAVANIETHA KRISHNARAJ, PHD, is a Research Professor in the Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, South Dakota.
RAJESH K. SANI, PHD, is a Professor in the Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, South Dakota.
RAJESH K. SANI, PHD, is a Professor in the Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, South Dakota.
