Functional Supramolecular Architectures
for Organic Electronics and Nanotechnology
1. Edition December 2010
XXXVI, 994 Pages, Hardcover
524 Pictures (131 Colored Figures)
11 tables
Handbook/Reference Book
Short Description
A comprehensive overview of this hot topic and its impact on current and future research and technology. It covers synthesis and fabrication methods, as well as properties and characterization of supramolecular architectures, with an emphasis on existing and emerging applications
A comprehensive overview of functional nanosystems based on organic and polymeric materials and their impact on current and future research and technology in the highly interdisciplinary field of materials science. As such, this handbook covers synthesis and fabrication methods, as well as properties and characterization of supramolecular architectures. Much of the contents are devoted to existing and emerging applications, such as organic solar cells, transistors, diodes, nanowires and molecular switches.
The result is an indispensable resource for materials scientists, organic chemists, molecular physicists and electrochemists looking for a reliable reference on this hot topic.
PART I: Modeling and Theory
CHARGE TRANSPORT IN ORGANIC SEMICONDUCTORS: A MULTISCALE MODELING
Introduction
Organic Single Crystals
Tetrathiafulvalene Derivatives
Polythiophene Derivatives
Polymer Dielectrics
Outlook
MONTE CARLO STUDIES OF PHASE TRANSITIONS AND COOPERATIVE MOTION IN LANGMUIR MONOLAYERS WITH INTERNAL DIPOLES
Introduction
Computational Details
Results and Discussion
Summary
MOLECULES ON GOLD SURFACES: WHAT THEY DO AND HOW THEY GO AROUND TO DO IT
Introduction
A Simple Description of the Geometrical Structure of Metals
A Simple Description of the Geometrical Structure of Molecules
Electronegativity Governs Chemical Interactions: Charge Equilibration, Qeq, Models
A Simple Description of the Interaction between Metal Surfaces and Molecules
Presence of an External Electric Potential or Field
Generality of the Model and Its Transferability
Thiolates on Gold
Adsorption of a Large Molecule: C60
Simple Packing Problems
The Presence of an Electrostatic Potential
Challenges and Conclusion
PART II: Supramolecular Synthetic Chemistry
CONJUGATED POLYMER SENSORS: DESIGN, PRINCIPLES, AND BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS
Introduction
Water Solubility
Protein Detection
DNA Detection
Bacteria Detection
Electron-Deficient Polymers
Aggregation-Based Detection
Temperature-Responsive Fluorescent Polymers
Nonhomogeneous Detection Schemes
Mechanism of Energy Transfer
Conclusions and Future Directions
CHROMOPHORIC POLYISOCYANIDE MATERIALS
Introduction
Polyisocyanide Materials
Perylene Polyisocyanides in Devices
TFT Devices
Morphology Control in Perylene/Crystal Systems
Postmodification of Polyisocyanopeptides
Toward Larger Length Scales: Polyisocyanopeptide Brushes
Summary and Outlook
FUNCTIONAL POLYPHENYLENES FOR SUPRAMOLECULAR ORDERING AND APPLICATION IN ORGANIC ELECTRONICS
Introduction
Conjugated Polymers
Graphene Molecules and Their Alignment
Rylenes Dyes
Dendritic Polyphenylenes: The Three-Dimensional Case
Conclusion and Outlook
MOLECULAR TECTONICS: DESIGN OF HYBRID NETWORKS AND CRYSTALS BASED ON CHARGE-ASSISTED HYDROGEN BONDS
Introduction
Examples of Rubust Charge-Assisted H-Bonded (CAHB) Networks
Charge-Assisted H-Bonded Networks Based on Amidinium Tectons
Charge-Assisted H-Bonded Networks Based on Amidinium and Polycyanometallate Tectons
Properties of Charge-Assisted H-Bonded Networks Based on Amidinium Tectons
Design of Crystals Based on CAHB Networks
Conclusion
SYNTHESIS AND DESIGN OF PI-CONJUGATED ORGANIC ARCHITECTURES DOPED WITH HETEROATOMS
Introduction
Boron
Sulfur, Selenium, and Tellurium
Miscellaneous
Conclusions
PART III: Nanopatterning and Processing
FUNCTIONALIZATION AND ASSEMBLING OF INORGANIC NANOCONTAINERS FOR OPTICAL AND BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS
Introduction
Zeolite L as Inorganic Nanocontainers
Functionalization of Zeolites: Host-Guest Chemistry and Surface and Channel Functionalizations
Photoinduced Processes in Zeolites
Self-Assembly in Solution and on Surfaces
Possible Optical and Biomedical Applications of Nanocontainers
SOFT LITHOGRAPHY FOR PATTERNING SELF-ASSEMBLING SYSTEMS
Introduction
Self-Assembling Systems
Soft Lithography
Contact Printing of SAMs with High Resolution
Soft Lithography to Pattern Assemblies of Nanoparticles
Soft Lithography Pattern Supramolecular Assembly
Concluding Remarks
COLLOIDAL SELF-ASSEMBLY OF SEMICONDUCTING POLYMER NANOSPHERES: A NOVEL ROUTE TO FUNCTIONAL ARCHITECTURES FOR ORGANIC ELECTRONIC DEVICES
Introduction
Formation of Semiconducting Polymer Nanospheres
Driving Forces behind Nanoparticle Self-Assembly Processes
Deposition Methods for Aqueous Dispersions of Semiconducting Polymer Nanospheres
Conclusions
PHOTOLITHOGRAPHIC PATTERNING OF ORGANIC ELECTRONIC MATERIALS
Introduction
Photolithographic Methods for Patterning Organic Materials
Conclusions and General Considerations
PART IV: Scanning Probe Microscopies
TOWARD SUPRAMOLECULAR ENGINEERING OF FUNCTIONAL NANOMATERIALS: PREPROGRAMMING MULTICOMPONENT 2D SELF-ASSEMBLY AT SOLID-LIQUID INTERFACES
Introduction
Van der Waals Interactions
Hydrogen-Bonding Interactions
Metal-Ligand Interactions
Conclusions and Outlook
STM CHARACTERIZATION OF SUPRAMOLECULAR MATERIALS WITH POTENTIAL FOR ORGANIC ELECTRONICS AND NANOTECHNOLOGY
Introduction
Characterization Using STM and Related Technologies
Molecular Systems with Applications in Electronics
Optically Active Molecules
Magnetic Systems
STM Characterization and Biological Surface Science
Using the STM to Initiate Chemical Reactions
Conclusions and Perspective
SCANNING PROBE MICROSCOPY INSIGHTS INTO SUPRAMOLECULAR PI-CONJUGATED NANOSTRUCTURES FOR OPTOELECTRONIC DIVICES
Introduction: SPM Techniques for the Nanoscale Characterization of Organic Thin Films
Controlling the Supramolecular Assembly and Nanoscale Morphology of Pi-Conjugated (Macro)Molecules
Effect of the Nanoscale Morphology on the Optoelectronic Properties and Device Performances
Conclusions and Perspectives
SINGLE-MOLECULE ORGANIC ELECTRONICS: TOWARD FUNCTIONAL STRUCTURES
Introduction
Techniques
Summary and Outlook
VOLUME 2
PART V: Electronic and Optical Properties
CHARGE TRANSFER EXCITIONS IN SUPRAMOLECULAR SEMICONDUCTOR NANOSTRUCTURES
Introduction
Experimental Methodologies
Delayed PL Decay Dynamics: Evidence of Charge Transfer Exciton Recombination in T6
Distribution of Charge Transfer Exciton Radii
Conclusions
OPTICAL PROPERTIES AND ELECTRONIC STATES IN ANISOTROPIC CONJUGATED POLYMERS: INTRA- AND INTERCHAIN EFFECTS
Introduction
Polymer Properties and Orientation
Intrachain Effects
Interchain Effects
Conclusions
NANOSCALE SHAPE OF CONJUGATED POLYMER CHAINS REVEALED BY SINGLE-MOLECULE SPECTROSCOPY
Introduction
The Single-Molecule Approach
Chain Shape
Conclusions
ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE ENGINEERING THROUGH INTRAMOLECULAR POLAR BONDS
Introduction
Electrostatic Considerations
Introducing Energy Levels
Intrinsic Intramolecular Surface Dipoles
Implications for Materials and Devices
Conclusions
PART VI: Field-Effect Transistors
CRYSTAL STRUCTURE PERFORMANCE RELATIONSHIP IN OFETS
Introduction
Single-Crystal OFETs
Crystal Packing Motifs
Polymorphism
Summary
BIOACTIVE SUPRAMOLECULAR ARCHITECTURES IN ELECTRONIC SENSING DEVICES
Introduction
Supramolecular Architectures for Organic Thin-Film Field-Effect Sensing Transistors
Bioactive Sensing Layer
Sensing Devices with Polyelectrolyte Multilayer Architectures
Electronic Sensing Devices with Phospholipid Layer Architectures
Conclusions and Perspectives
FIELD-EFFECT DEVICES BASED ON ORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR HETEROJUNCTIONS
Introduction
Field-Effect Devices
Conclusions
FUNCTIONAL SEMICONDUCTING BLENDS
Introduction
Processing Aids
Mechanically Tough Semiconducting Blends
Ferroelectric Semiconducting Blends
Photovoltaic Blends
Conclusions
PART VII: Solar Cells
HYBRID ORGANIC-INORGANIC PHOTOVOLTAIC DIODES: PHOTOACTION AT THE HETEROJUNCTION AND CHARGE COLLECTION THROUGH MESOSTRUCTURED COMPOSITES
Introduction
Basic Operating Principles of Hybrid Solar Cells
Photoaction at the Heterojunction: Light Harvesting, Charge Generation, and Recombination
Pore Filling and Current Collection in Hybrid Solar Cells
Summary and Outlook
NANOSTRUCTURED HYBRID SOLAR CELLS
Introduction
Motivation
Materials
Nanostructures
Summary and Outlook
DETERMINATION AND CONTROL OF MICROSTRUCTURE IN ORGANIC PHOTOVOLTAIC DEVICES
Introduction
Measurement of Microstructure in Polyer: Fullerene Blend Films
Control of the Structure of Organic Photovoltaic Materials through Chemical Design
Control of Microstructure in Polymer: Fullerene Blend Devices via Processing
Numerical Simulations of Microstructure
Conclusions
MORPHOLOGY AND PHOTOVOLTAIC PROPERTIES OF POLYMER-POLYMER BLENDS
Introduction
Neutral Excitations at Polymer-Polymer Heterojunctions
Polymer-Polymer Blends Formed in Nanoparticles
Excited State and Photovoltaic Properties of Blends of M3EH-PPV with CN-Ether-PPV
Correlation Between Heterojunction Topology and Fill Factor
Concluding Remarks
PART VIII: LEDs/LECs
THE LIGHT-EMITTING ELECTROCHEMICAL CELL: UTILIZING IONS FOR SELF-ASSEMBLY AND IMPROVED DEVICE OPERATION
Introduction
Historical Background and Liquid-Containing LECs
The Solid-State LEC
The Controversial Operational Mechanism
The Self-Assembled and Dynamic p-n Junction
Device Performance
Concluding Remarks
OPTICAL AND ELECTROLUMINESCENT PROPERTIES OF CONJUGATED POLYROTAXANES
Introduction
Conjugated Polyrotaxanes as Insulated Molecular Wires and Organic Nanostructures
Solution Optical Properties of Conjugated Polyrotaxanes: Control and Tuning of Intermolecular Interactions
Role of Progressive Encapsulation in the Control fo the Photophysics of Conjugated Polyrotaxanes
Role of Cyclodextrin Size on the Photophysics and Resistance to Quenching of Conjuated Polyrotaxanes
Ionic Interactions in the Solid State and Solutions with Poly(ethylene Oxide) (PEO)
Solid-State Optical and Electroluminescent Properties of Conjugated Polyrotaxanes
Electroluminescence of Conjugated Polyrotaxanes
Conclusions
Franco Cacialli is Professor of Physics at the Department of Physics and Astronomy, and the London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, UK. After his PhD in Electronics at the University of Pisa, Italy, he moved to Cambridge, UK, where he held a Royal Society University Research Fellowship to work on the electrical and optical properties of organic semiconductors (1996-2000). In 2001 he joined UCL, and set up a research group focusing on the exploitation of supramolecular architectures for plastic electronics, as well as fabrication and characterization of organic semiconductor nanostructures. Franco Cacialli was elected a Fellow of the American Physical Society in 2009.