Home Shop Service Jobs Newsletter Company Sitemap Entertainment Shopping cart Deutsch
Books | Chemistry | Biorefineries - Industrial Processes and Products | Table of contents
Browse our products
Books
 
Just published
Title search
Featured sites
Entertainment
Journals
Electronic Media
Choose your area of interest
 
Contents  
 
Editors's Preface XXI
Foreword
Henning Hopf 		XXIII
Foreword
Paul T. Anastas 		XXV
List of Contributors XXVII
Volume 1  
Part I Background and Outline -- Principles and Fundamentals  
1 Biorefinery Systems An Overview
Birgit Kamm, Michael Kamm, Patrick R. Gruber, and Stefan Kromus 		3
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Historical Outline 4
1.2.1 Historical Technological Outline and Industrial Resources 4
1.2.2 The Beginning -- A Digest 5
1.2.2.1 Sugar Production 5
1.2.2.2 Starch Hydrolysis 5
1.2.2.3 Wood Saccharification 5
1.2.2.4 Furfural 6
1.2.2.5 Cellulose and Pulp 6
1.2.2.6 Levulinic Acid 6
1.2.2.7 Lipids 7
1.2.2.8 Vanillin from Lignin 7
1.2.2.9 Lactic Acid 7
1.2.3 The Origins of Integrated Biobased Production 8
1.3 Situation 11
1.3.1 Some Current Aspects of Biorefinery Research and Development 11
1.3.2 Raw Material Biomass 12
1.3.3 National Vision and Goals and Plan for Biomass Technology in the United States 14
1.3.4 Vision and Goals and Plan for Biomass Technology in the European Union and Germany 15
1.4 Principles of Biorefineries 16
1.4.1 Fundamentals 16
1.4.2 Definition of the Term "Biorefinery" 19
1.4.3 The Role of Biotechnology 20
1.4.3.1 Guidelines of Fermentation Section within Glucose-product Family Tree 21
1.4.4 Building Blocks, Chemicals and Potential Screening 22
1.5 Biorefinery Systems and Design 23
1.5.1 Introduction 23
1.5.2 Lignocellulosic Feedstock Biorefinery 24
1.5.3 Whole-crop Biorefinery 26
1.5.4 Green Biorefinery 29
1.5.5 Two-platform Concept and Syngas 31
1.6 Outlook and Perspectives 32
References 33
2 Biomass Refining Global Impact -- The Biobased Economy of the 21st Century
Bruce E. Dale and Seungdo Kim 		41
2.1 Introduction 41
2.2 Historical Outline 42
2.2.1 Background and Development of the Fossil Carbon-processing Industries 42
2.2.2 The Existing Biobased Economy: Renewable Carbon 43
2.2.3 Toward a Much Larger Biobased Economy 44
2.3 Supplying the Biorefinery 45
2.3.1 What Raw Materials do Biorefineries Require and What Products Can They Make? 45
2.3.2 Comparing Biomass Feedstock Costs With Petroleum Costs 48
2.3.3 How Much Biomass Feedstock Can be Provided at What Cost? 50
2.4 How Will Biorefineries Develop Technologically? 53
2.4.1 Product Yield: The Dominant Technoeconomic Factor 53
2.4.2 Product Diversification: Using the Whole Barrel of Biomass 54
2.4.3 Process Development and a Technical Prerequisite for Cellulosic Biorefineries 55
2.5 Sustainability of Integrated Biorefining Systems 56
2.5.1 Integrated Biorefining Systems: All Biomass is Local 56
2.5.2 Agricultural/Forestry Ecosystem Modeling: New Tools for an Age of Sustainability 57
2.5.3 Analyzing the Sustainability of Integrated Biorefining Systems: Some Results 60
2.6 Conclusions 64
Acknowledgements 65
References 65
3 Development of Biorefineries -- Technical and Economic Considerations
Bill Dean, Tim Dodge, Fernando Valle, and Gopal Chotani 		67
3.1 Introduction 67
3.2 Overview: The Biorefinery Model 68
3.3 Feedstock and Conversion to Fermentable Sugar 68
3.3.1 Sucrose 70
3.3.2 Starch 70
3.3.3 Cellulose 71
3.4 Technical Challenges 74
3.4.1 Cellulase Enzymes 74
3.4.1.1 Improved Cellulase Production Economics 74
3.4.1.2 Improved Cellulase Enzyme Performance 76
3.4.2 Fermentation Organisms 77
3.4.2.1 Biomass Hydrolyzate as Fermentable Carbon Source 78
3.4.2.2 Production Process as a Whole 79
3.4.2.3 Emerging Solutions 80
3.5 Conclusions 81
Acknowledgments 82
References 82
4 Biorefineries for the Chemical Industry -- A Dutch Point of View
Ed de Jong, René van Ree Rea, Robert van Tuil, and Wolter Elbersen 		85
4.1 Introduction 85
4.2 Historical Outline -- The Chemical Industry: Current Situation and Perspectives 86
4.2.1 Overview of Products and Markets 86
4.2.2 Technological Pathways 87
4.2.3 Biomass-based Industrial Products 87
4.2.3.1 Carbohydrates 89
4.2.3.2 Fatty Acids 90
4.2.3.3 Other 91
4.2.4 International Perspectives 92
4.2.4.1 Production 92
4.2.4.2 Integration 92
4.2.4.3 Use and Re-use 93
4.3 Biomass: Technology and Sustainability 93
4.3.1 Transition to a Bio-based Industry: Sectoral Integration in the Netherlands 93
4.3.2 Can Sustainability Drive Technology? 96
4.4 The Chemical Industry: Biomass Opportunities -- Biorefineries 97
4.4.1 Biomass Opportunities 97
4.4.2 Biorefinery Concept 98
4.4.3 Biomass Availability 100
4.4.4 Primary Refinery 101
4.4.5 Secondary Thermochemical Refinery 102
4.4.6 Secondary Biochemical Refinery -- Fermentative Processes 104
4.4.6.1 Feedstocks 105
4.4.6.2 Product Spectrum 105
4.4.6.3 Side Streams and Recycling 106
4.5 Conclusions, Outlook, and Perspectives 106
4.5.1 Biomass -- Sustainability 106
4.5.2 Biomass Refining and Pretreatment 107
4.5.3 Conversion Technology 108
4.5.4 Chemicals and Materials Design 108
4.5.5 Dutch Energy Research Strategy ("EOS") 109
References 109
Part II Biorefinery Systems  
Lignocellulose Feedstock Biorefinery  
5 The Lignocellulosic Biorefinery -- A Strategy for Returning to a Sustainable Source of Fuels and Industrial Organic Chemicals
L. Davis Clements and Donald L. Van Dyne 		115
5.1 The Situation 115
5.2 The Strategy 115
5.2.1 A Strategy Within a Strategy 116
5.2.2 Environmental Benefits 117
5.2.3 The Business Structure 117
5.2.4 Cost Estimates 118
5.3 Comparison of Petroleum and Biomass Chemistry 118
5.3.1 Petroleum Resources 118
5.3.2 Biomass Resources 119
5.3.3 Saccharides and Polysaccharides 121
5.3.4 Lignin 121
5.3.5 Triacylglycerides (or Triglycerides) 121
5.3.6 Proteins 122
5.4 The Chemistry of the Lignocellulosic Biorefinery 122
5.5 Examples of Integrated Biorefinery Applications 125
5.5.1 Production of Ethanol and Furfural from Lignocellulosic Feedstocks 125
5.5.2 Management of Municipal Solid Waste 125
5.5.3 Coupling MSW Management, Ethanol, and Biodiesel 126
5.6 Summary 127
References 127
6 Lignocellulosic Feedstock Biorefinery: History and Plant Development for Biomass Hydrolysis
Raphael Katzen and Daniel J. Schell 		129
6.1 Introduction 129
6.2 Hydrolysis of Biomass Materials 129
6.2.1 Acid Conversion 129
6.2.2 Enzymatic Conversion 130
6.3 Acid Hydrolysis Processes 130
6.3.1 Early Efforts to Produce Ethanol 130
6.3.2 Other Products 133
6.4 Enzymatic Hydrolysis Process 134
6.4.1 Early History 134
6.4.2 Enzyme-Based Plant Development 134
6.4.3 Technology Development 135
6.5 Conclusion 136
References 136
7 The Biofine Process -- Production of Levulinic Acid, Furfural, and Formic Acid from Lignocellulosic Feedstocks
Daniel J. Hayes, Steve Fitzpatrick, Michael H.B. Hayes, and Julian R.H. Ross 		139
7.1 Introduction 139
7.2 Lignocellulosic Fractionation 139
7.2.1 Acid Hydrolysis of Polysaccharides 141
7.2.2 Production of Levulinic Acid, Formic Acid and Furfural 142
7.3 The Biofine Process 144
7.3.1 Yields and Efficiencies of the Biofine Process 145
7.3.2 Advantages over Conventional Lignocellulosic Technology 146
7.3.3 Products of The Biofine Process 147
7.3.3.1 Diphenolic Acid 148
7.3.3.2 Succinic Acid and Derivatives 149
7.3.3.3 Delta-aminolevulinic Acid 149
7.3.3.4 Methyltetrahydrofuran 150
7.3.3.5 Ethyl Levulinate 152
7.3.3.6 Formic Acid 153
7.3.3.7 Furfural 154
7.3.4 Biofine Char 155
7.3.5 Economics of The Biofine Process 158
7.4 Conclusion 161
References 162
Whole Crop Biorefinery
8 A Whole Crop Biorefinery System: A Closed System for the Manufacture of Non-food Products from Cereals
Apostolis A. Koutinas, Rouhang Wang, Grant M. Campbell, and Colin Webb 		165
8.1 Intro 165
8.2 Biorefineries Based on Wheat 167
8.2.1 Wheat Structure and Composition 167
8.2.2 Secondary Processing of Wheat Flour Milling Byproducts 169
8.2.3 Advanced Wheat Separation Processes for Food and Non-food Applications 173
8.2.3.1 Pearling as an Advanced Cereal Fractionation Technology 173
8.2.3.2 Air Classification 176
8.2.4 Biorefinery Based on Novel Dry Fractionation Processes of Wheat 176
8.2.4.1 Potential Value-added Byproducts from Wheat Bran-rich Fractions 178
8.2.4.2 Exploitation of the Pearled Wheat Kernel 180
8.3 A Biorefinery Based on Oats 183
8.3.1 Oat Structure and Composition 183
8.3.2 Layout of a Potential Oat-based Fractionation Process 183
8.3.2.1 Potential Value-added Byproducts from Oat Bran-rich Fractions 185
8.4 Summary 187
References 187
Fuel-oriented Biorefineries  
9 Iogen's Demonstration Process for Producing Ethanol from Cellulosic Biomass
Jeffrey S. Tolan 		193
9.1 Introduction 193
9.2 Process Overview 193
9.3 Feedstock Selection 194
9.3.1 Feedstock Composition 194
9.3.2 Feedstock Selection 196
9.3.3 Ethanol from Starch or Sucrose 197
9.3.4 Advantages of Making Ethanol from Cellulosic Biomass 197
9.4 Pretreatment 198
9.4.1 Process 198
9.4.2 Chemical Reactions 198
9.4.3 Other Pretreatment Processes 199
9.5 Cellulase Enzyme Production 201
9.5.1 Production of Cellulase Enzymes 201
9.5.2 Enzyme Production on the Ethanol Plant Site 202
9.5.3 Commercial Status of Cellulase 202
9.6 Cellulose Hydrolysis 202
9.6.1 Process Description 202
9.6.2 Kinetics of Cellulose Hydrolysis 203
9.6.3 Improvements in Enzymatic Hydrolysis 205
9.7 Lignin Processing 205
9.7.1 Process Description 205
9.7.2 Alternative Uses for Lignin 206
9.8 Sugar Fermentation and Ethanol Recovery 206
References 207
10 Sugar-based Biorefinery -- Technology for Integrated Production of Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate), Sugar, and Ethanol
Carlos Eduardo Vaz Rossell, Paulo E. Mantelatto, Jos A.M. Agnelli, and Jefter Nascimento 		209
10.1 Introduction 209
10.2 Sugar Cane Agro Industry in Brazil -- Historical Outline 209
10.2.1 Sugar and Ethanol Production 209
10.2.2 The Sugar Cane Agroindustry and the Green Cycle 210
10.3 Biodegradable Plastics from Sugar Cane 212
10.3.1 Poly(3-Hydroxybutyric Acid) 212
10.3.1.1 Biodegradable Plastics and the Environment 212
10.3.1.2 General Aspects of Biodegradability 213
10.3.2 Poly(3-Hydroxybutyric Acid) Polymer 214
10.3.2.1 General Characteristics of Poly(3-hydroxybutyric Acid) and its Copolymer Poly(3-hydroxybutyric Acid-co-3-hydroxyvaleric Acid) 214
10.3.2.2 Processing of Poly(Hydroxybutyrates) 215
10.4 Poly(3-Hydroxybutyric Acid) Production Process 217
10.4.1 Sugar Fermentation to Poly(3-Hydroxybutyric Acid) by Ralstonia eutropha 217
10.4.2 Downstream Processing for Recovery and Purification of Intracellular Poly(3-Hydroxybutyric Acid) 218
10.4.2.1 Processes for Extraction and Purification of Poly(hydroxyalkanoates) 218
10.4.2.2 Chemical Digestion 218
10.4.2.3 Enzymatic Digestion 219
10.4.2.4 Solvent Extraction 219
10.4.3 Integration of Poly(3-Hydroxybutyric Acid) Production in a Sugar Mill 221
10.4.4 Investment and Production Cost of Poly(3-Hydroxybutyric Acid) in a Sugar Mill 222
10.5 Outlook and Perspectives 223
References 225
Biorefineries Based on Thermochemical Processing  
11 Biomass Refineries Based on Hybrid Thermochemical-Biological Processing -- An Overview
Robert C. Brown 		227
11.1 Introduction 227
11.2 Historical Outline 228
11.2.1 Origins of Biorefineries Based on Syngas Fermentation 228
11.2.2 Origins of Biorefineries Based on Fermentation of Bio-oils 229
11.3 Gasification-Based Systems 230
11.3.1 Fundamentals of Gasification 230
11.3.2 Fermentation of Syngas 233
11.3.2.1 Production of Organic Acids 234
11.3.2.2 Production of Alcohols 235
11.3.2.3 Production of Polyesters 236
11.3.3 Biorefinery Based on Syngas Fermentation 239
11.3.4 Enabling Technology 240
11.4 Fast Pyrolysis-based Systems 241
11.4.1 Fundamentals of Fast Pyrolysis 241
11.4.2 Fermentation of Bio-oils 244
11.4.3 Biorefineries Based on Fast Pyroylsis 246
11.4.4 Enabling Technologies 248
11.5 Outlook and Perspectives 249
References 250
Green Biorefineries  
12 The Green Biorefiner Concept -- Fundamentals and Potential
Stefan Kromus, Birgit Kamm, Michael Kamm, Paul Fowler, and Michael Narodoslawsky 		253
12.1 Introduction 253
12.2 Historical Outline 254
12.2.1 The Inceptions 254
12.2.2 First Production of Leaf Protein Concentrate 254
12.2.3 First Production of Leaf Dyes 257
12.3 Green Biorefinery Raw Materials 258
12.3.1 Raw Materials 258
12.3.2 Availability of Grassland Feedstocks for Large-scale Green Biorefineries 259
12.3.3 Key Components of Green and Forage Grasses 260
12.3.3.1 Structural Cell Wall Constituents 260
12.3.3.2 Cell Contents 265
12.4 Green Biorefinery Concept 269
12.4.1 Fundamentals and Status Quo 269
12.4.2 Wet Fractionation and Primary Refinery 271
12.5 Processes and Products 273
12.5.1 The Juice Fraction 273
12.5.1.1 Green Juice 273
12.5.2 GJ Drinks/Alternative Life 275
12.5.2.1 Silage Juice 276
12.5.3 Ingredients and Specialties 277
12.5.3.1 Proteins/Polysacharides 277
12.5.3.2 Cholesterol Mediation 277
12.5.3.3 Antifeedants 277
12.5.3.4 Silica 277
12.5.3.5 Silicon Carbide 278
12.5.3.6 Filter Aids 278
12.5.3.7 Zeolites 278
12.5.4 The Press-Cake (Fiber) Fraction 278
12.5.4.1 Fibers 280
12.5.4.2 Chemicals 282
12.5.4.3 Residue Utilization 283
12.6 Green Biorefinery -- Economic and Ecological Aspects 283
12.7 Outlook and Perspectives 285
Acknowledgment 285
References 285
13 Plant Juice in the Biorefinery -- Use of Plant Juice as Fermentation Medium
Margrethe Andersen, Pauli Kiel, and Mette Hedegaard Thomsen 		295
13.1 Introduction 295
13.2 Historical Outline 295
13.3 Biobased Poly(lactic Acid) 296
13.3.1 Fermentation Processes 296
13.3.2 The Green Biorefinery 296
13.3.3 Lactic Acid Fermentation 298
13.3.4 Brown Juice as a Fermentation Medium 298
13.4 Materials and Methods 299
13.4.1 Analytical Methods 299
13.4.1.1 Sugar Analysis 299
13.4.1.2 Analysis of Organic Acids 299
13.4.1.3 Analysis of Minerals 299
13.4.1.4 Analysis of Vitamins 299
13.4.1.5 Analysis of Amino Acids 299
13.4.1.6 Analysis of Protein 299
13.4.2 Fed Batch Fermentation of Brown Juice with Lb. salivarius BC 1001 299
13.4.3 Pilot Scale Continuous Fermentation with Lb. salivarius BC 1001 300
13.4.4 Study of Potato Juice Quality During Aerobic and Anaerobic Storage 300
13.5 Brown Juice 300
13.5.1 Chemical Composition 300
13.5.2 Seasonal Variations 302
13.5.3 Lactic Acid Fermentation of Brown Juice 305
13.5.4 The Green Crop-drying Industry as a Lactic Acid Producer 306
13.6 Potato Juice 309
13.6.1 Potato Juice as Fermentation Medium 309
13.6.2 The Potato Starch Industry as Lactic Acid Producer 310
13.7 Carbohydrate Source 311
13.8 Purification of Lactic Acid 312
13.9 Conclusion and Outlook 313
Acknowledgments 313
References 313
Part III Biomass Production and Primary Biorefineries  
14 Biomass Commercialization and Agriculture Residue Collection
James Hettenhaus 		317
14.1 Introduction 317
14.2 Historical Outline 318
14.2.1 Case Study: Harlan, Iowa Corn Stover Collection Project 319
14.2.2 Case Study: Bagasse Storage -- Dry or Wet? 321
14.2.2.1 Dry Storage 321
14.2.2.2 Wet Storage 323
14.3 Biomass Value 324
14.3.1 Soil Quality 324
14.3.2 Farmer Value 325
14.3.3 Processor Value 327
14.4 Sustainable Removal 328
14.4.1 Soil Organic Material 328
14.4.2 Soil Erosion Control 329
14.4.3 Cover Crops 331
14.5 Innovative Methods for Collection, Storage and Transport 332
14.5.1 Collection 332
14.5.1.1 Baling 333
14.5.1.2 One-pass Collection 333
14.5.2 Storage 334
14.5.2.1 Density 335
14.5.2.2 Storage Area 335
14.5.2.3 Storage Loss 335
14.5.2.4 Foreign Matter and Solubles 337
14.5.2.5 Storage Investment 337
14.5.3 Transport 337
14.5.3.1 Harvest Transport 338
14.5.3.2 Biorefinery Supply 338
14.6 Establishing Feedstock Supply 339
14.6.1 Infrastructure 340
14.6.1.1 Infrastructure Investment 340
14.6.1.2 Organization Infrastructure 340
14.7 Perspectives and Outlook 341
References 342
15 The Corn Wet Milling and Corn Dry Milling Industry -- A Base for Biorefinery Technology Developments
Donald L. Johnson 		345
15.1 Introduction 345
15.1.1 Corn -- Wet and Dry Milling -- Existing Biorefineries 345
15.2 The Corn Refinery 346
15.2.1 Wet Mill Refinery 346
15.2.2 Dry Mill Refinery 346
15.2.3 Waste Water Treatment 347
15.3 The Modern Corn Refinery 348
15.3.1 Background and Definition 348
15.3.2 Technologies and Products 348
15.3.3 Refinery Economy 350
15.3.3.1 Refinery Economy of Scale and Location Considerations 350
15.4 Carbohydrate Refining 351
15.5 Outlook and Perspectives 352
References 352
Part IV Biomass Conversion: Processes and Technologies  
16 Enzymes for Biorefineries
Sarah A. Teter, Feng Xu, Glenn E. Nedwin, and Joel R. Cherry 		357
16.1 Introduction 357
16.2 Biomass as a Substrate 359
16.2.1 Composition of Biomass 359
16.2.1.1 Cellulose 359
16.2.1.2 Hemicellulose 360
16.2.1.3 Lignin 360
16.2.1.4 Starch 360
16.2.1.5 Protein 361
16.2.1.6 Lipids and Other Extracts 361
16.2.2 Biomass Pretreatment 361
16.2.2.1 Dilute Acid Pretreatment 362
16.2.2.2 Ammonia Fiber Explosion 362
16.2.2.3 Hot-wash Pretreatment 362
16.2.2.4 Wet Oxidation 363
16.3 Enzymes Involved in Biomass Biodegradation 363
16.3.1 Glucanases or Cellulases 364
16.3.2 Hemicellulases 364
16.3.3 Nonhydrolytic Biomass-active Enzymes 365
16.3.4 Synergism of Biomass-degrading Enzymes 365
16.4 Cellulase Development for Biomass Conversion 366
16.4.1 Optimization of the CBH-EG-BG System 366
16.4.1.1 BG Supplement 366
16.4.1.2 Novel Cellulases with Better Thermal Properties 367
16.4.1.3 Structure--Function Relationship of EG 370
16.4.2 Other Proteins Potentially Beneficial for Biomass Conversion 371
16.4.2.1 Secretome of Cellulolytic Fungi 371
16.4.2.2 Hydrolases 373
16.4.2.3 Nonhydrolytic proteins 374
16.5 Expression of Cellulases 374
16.6 Range of Biobased Products 375
16.6.1 Fuels 376
16.6.2 Fine/Specialty Chemicals 378
16.6.3 Fuel Cells 378
16.7 Biorefineries: Outlook and Perspectives 380
16.7.1 Potential of Biomass-based Material/Energy Sources 380
16.7.2 Economic Drivers Toward Sustainability 381
References 382
17 Biocatalytic and Catalytic Routes for the Production of Bulk and Fine Chemicals from Renewable Resources
Thomas Willke, Ulf Prüße, and Klaus-Dieter Vorlop 		385
17.1 Introduction 385
17.1.1 Renewable Resources 385
17.1.2 Products 386
17.1.2.1 Bulk Chemicals and Intermediates 386
17.1.2.2 Fine Chemicals and Specialties 386
17.2 Historical Outline 387
17.3 Processes 388
17.3.1 Immobilization 389
17.3.2 Biocatalytic Routes from Renewable Resources to Solvents or Fuels 390
17.3.2.1 Ethanol Production with Bacteria or Yeasts? 390
17.3.3 Biocatalytic Route from Glycerol to 1,3-Propanediol 393
17.3.3.1 Introduction 393
17.3.3.2 The Process 393
17.3.4 Biocatalytic Route from Inulin to Difructose Anhydride 397
17.3.4.1 Introduction 397
17.3.4.2 Enzyme Screening 398
17.3.4.3 Genetic Engineering 398
17.3.4.4 Fermentation of the Recombinant E. coli 399
17.3.4.5 Enzyme Immobilization and Scale-up 400
17.3.4.6 Summary 401
17.3.5 Chemical Route from Sugars to Sugar Acids 402
17.3.5.1 Introduction 402
17.3.5.2 Gold Catalysts 403
17.3.5.3 Summary 405
References 405
Subjcet Index 407
 
Volume 2  
Editor's Preface XXIII
Foreword
Henning Hopf 		XXV
Foreword
Paul T. Anastas
XXVII
List of Contributors XXIX
Part I Biobased Product Family Trees  
Carbohydrate-based Product Lines  
1 The Key Sugars of Biomass: Availability, Present Non-Food Uses and Potential Future Development Lines
Frieder W. Lichtenthaler 		3
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Availability of Mono- and Disaccharides 4
1.3 Current Non-Food Industrial Uses of Sugars 7
1.3.1 Ethanol 7
1.3.2 Furfural 8
1.3.3 D-Sorbitol (D-Glucitol) 9
1.3.4 Lactic Acid PolylacticAcid (PLA) 10
1.3.5 Sugar-based Surfactants 11
1.3.6 'Sorbitan' Esters 11
1.3.7 N-Methyl-N-acyl-glucamides (NMGA) 12
1.3.8 Alkylpolyglucosides (APG) 12
1.3.9 Sucrose Fatty Acid Monoesters 13
1.3.10 Pharmaceuticals and Vitamins 14
1.4 Toward Further Sugar-based Chemicals: Potential Development Lines 14
1.4.1 Furan Compounds 16
1.4.1.1 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) 16
1.4.1.2 5-(Glucosyloxymethyl)furfural (GMF) 17
1.4.1.3 Furans with a Tetrahydroxybutyl Side-chain 19
1.4.2 Pyrones and Dihydropyranones 20
1.4.3 Sugar-derived Unsaturated N-Heterocycles 24
1.4.1.4 Pyrroles 24
1.4.1.5 Pyrazoles 26
1.4.1.6 Imidazoles 27
1.4.1.7 3-Pyridinols 28
1.4.1.8 Quinoxalines 28
1.4.4 Toward Sugar-based Aromatic Chemicals 29
1.4.5 Microbial Conversion of Six-carbon Sugars into Simple Carboxylic Acids and Alcohols 32
1.4.5.1 Carboxylic Acids 34
1.4.5.2 Potential Sugar-based Alcohol Commodities Obtained by Microbial Conversions 36
1.4.6 Chemical Conversion of Sugars into Carboxylic Acids 37
1.4.7 Biopolymers from Polymerizable Sugar Derivatives 40
1.4.7.1 Synthetic Biopolyesters 41
1.4.7.2 Microbial Polyesters 44
1.4.7.3 Polyamides 45
1.4.7.4 Sugar-based Olefinic Polymers ("Polyvinylsaccharides") 47
1.5 Conclusion 49
References 51
2 Industrial Starch Platform Status quo of Production, Modification and Application
Dietmar R. Grüll, Franz Jetzinger, Martin Kozich, Marnik M. Wastyn, and Robert Wittenberger 		61
2.1 Introduction 61
2.1.1 History of Starch 61
2.1.2 History of Industrial Starch Production 62
2.1.3 History of Starch Modification 62
2.2 Raw Material for Starch Production 63
2.3 Industrial Production of Starch 65
2.3.1 Maize and Waxy Maize 66
2.3.2 Wheat 66
2.3.3 Potato 69
2.3.4 Tapioca 70
2.3.5 Other Starches 71
2.4 Properties of Commercial Starches 71
2.5 Modification of Starch Water 76
2.5.1 Modification Technology 76
2.5.1.1 Slurry Process (Heterogeneous Conditions) 76
2.5.1.2 Dry Reactions 77
2.5.1.3 Paste Reactions (Homogeneous Conditions) 77
2.5.1.4 Extrusion Cooking 77
2.5.2 Types of Starch Modification 78
2.5.2.1 Physical Modification 78
2.5.2.2 Degraded Starches 79
2.5.2.3 Chemical Modification 80
2.6 Application of Starch and Starch Derivatives 82
2.6.1 The Paper and Corrugating Industries 83
2.6.1.1 Use of Starch in the Paper Industry 83
2.6.1.2 Use of Starch in the Corrugating Industry 85
2.6.2 The Textile Industry 85
2.6.2.1 Sizing Agents 85
2.6.2.2 Textile-printing Thickeners 86
2.6.2.3 Finishing Agents 86
2.6.3 Adhesives 87
2.6.4 Building Chemistry 87
2.6.5 Pharmaceuticals and Cosmetics 88
2.6.6 Laundry Starches 89
2.6.7 Bioconversion of Starch 89
2.6.8 Other Applications of Starch 91
2.7 Future Trends and Developments 92
2.7.1 Tailor-made Starches by Use of Biotechnological Tools 92
2.7.2 New Modification Technologies for New Properties 93
2.7.3 New Fields of Application 94
Bibliography 95
3 Lignocellulose-based Chemical Products and Product Family Trees
Birgit Kamm, Michael Kamm, Matthias Schmidt, Thomas Hirth, and Margit Schulze 		97
3.1 Introduction 97
3.2 Historical Outline of Chemical and Technical Aspects of Utilization Lignocellulose in the 19th and 20th Century 98
3.2.1 From the Beginnings of Lignocellulose Chemistry Until 1800 98
3.2.2 Lignocellulose Chemistry in the Eighteenth Century 99
3.2.2.1 Cellulose Saccharification 99
3.2.2.2 Oxalic Acid 99
3.2.2.3 Xyloidin and Nitrocellulose 99
3.2.2.4 Cellulose 100
3.2.2.5 Levulinic Acid 100
3.2.2.6 Lignin 101
3.2.2.7 Hemicellulose (Polyoses) and Furfural 101
3.2.2.8 Lignocellulose 102
3.2.3 Industrial Lignocellulose Utilization in the 19th and Beginning of the 20th Century 102
3.3 Lignocellulosic Raw Material 103
3.3.1 Definition 103
3.3.2 Sources and Composition 105
3.3.2.1 Sources 105
3.3.2.2 Chemical Composition of Lignocelluloses 106
3.3.2.3 Carbohydrates in Lignocelluloses 108
3.4 Lignocelluloses in Biorefineries 110
3.4.1 Background 110
3.4.1.1 Example 1 110
3.4.1.2 Example 2 110
3.4.2 LCF Biorefinery 111
3.4.3 LCF Conversion Methods 113
3.4.3.1 Pretreatment Methods 113
3.4.3.2 Chemical Pulping Methods 114
3.4.3.3 Enzymatic Methods 115
3.5 Lignin-based Product Lines 116
3.5.1 Isolation and Application Areas 116
3.5.2 A Lignin-based Product Family Tree 117
3.6 Hemicellulose-based Product Lines 119
3.6.1 Isolation and Application Areas 119
3.6.2 A Hemicellulose-based Product Family Tree 119
3.6.2.1 Mannan/Mannose Product Lines 119
3.6.2.2 Xylan/Xylose Product Line 120
3.6.3 Furfural and Furfural-based Products 122
3.6.3.1 Furfural 122
3.6.3.2 A Furfural-based Family Tree 127
3.7 Cellulose-based Product Lines 127
3.7.1 Isolation, Fractionation and Application Areas 127
3.7.2 Cellulose-based Key Chemicals 128
3.7.2.1 Glucose 128
3.7.2.2 Sorbitol 129
3.7.2.3 Glucosides 130
3.7.2.4 Fructose 131
3.7.2.5 Ethanol 132
3.7.2.6 Hydroxymethylfurfural 133
3.7.2.7 Levulinic Acid 134
3.7.3 An HMF and Levulinic Acid-based Family Tree 135
3.8 Outlook and Perspectives 138
References 139
Lignin Line and Lignin-based Product Family Trees  
4 Lignin Chemistry and its Role in Biomass Conversion
Gösta Brunow 		151
4.1 Introduction 151
4.2 Historical Overview 152
4.3 The Structure of Lignin 152
4.3.1 Definition 152
4.3.2 The Bonding of the Phenylpropane Units 153
4.3.3 Bonding Patterns and Functional Groups 156
4.3.3.1 General 156
4.3.3.2 Survey of Different Types of Lignin Unit 156
4.4 Role of Lignin in Biomass Conversion 159
4.4.1 Introduction 159
4.4.2 Low-molecular-weight Chemicals from Lignin 160
4.4.3 Polymeric Products 160
4.4.4 Biodegradation 160
References 160
5 Industrial Lignin Production and Applications
E. Kendall Pye 		165
5.1 Introduction 165
5.2 Historical Outline of Lignin Production and Applications 168
5.2.1 Lignosulfonates from the Sulfite Pulping Industry 168
5.2.2 Lignin from the Kraft Pulping Industry 169
5.2.3 Lignin from the Soda Pulping Industry 170
5.3 Existing Industrial Lignin Products 172
5.3.1 Lignosulfonates 172
5.3.1.1 Chemical Characteristics of Lignosulfonates 172
5.3.1.2 Lignosulfonate Producers 173
5.3.1.3 Markets for Lignosulfonates 174
5.3.2 Kraft Pulping and Kraft Lignin Recovery 175
5.3.2.1 Producers of Kraft Lignin 175
5.3.2.2 Markets for Kraft Lignin 175
5.3.3 Lignins Produced from the Soda Process 176
5.3.4 Lignin from Other Biomass Processing Operations 176
5.3.5 Comparisons of the Physical and Chemical Properties of Commercially Available Lignins 176
5.4 Lignin from Biorefineries 177
5.4.1 Advantages of Lignin and Hemicellulose Removal on Saccharification and Fermentation of Cellulose 177
5.4.2 Lignin from an Organosolv Biorefinery 179
5.5 Applications and Markets for Lignin 181
5.5.1 Phenol--Formaldehyde Resin Applications 181
5.5.2 The Potential Use of Biorefinery Lignin in Phenolic Resins 181
5.5.3 Panelboard Adhesives 183
5.5.4 Thermoset Resins for Molded Products 184
5.5.5 Friction Materials 184
5.5.6 Foundry Resins 184
5.5.7 Insulation Materials 185
5.5.8 Decorative Laminates 185
5.5.9 Panel and Door Binders 185
5.5.10 Rubber Processing 186
5.5.11 The Opportunity for Lignin in Phenol--Formaldehyde Resin Markets 187
5.6 Lignin as an Antioxidant 187
5.6.1 Antioxidants in Animal Feed Supplements 188
5.6.2 Antioxidants in the Rubber Industry 188
5.6.3 Antioxidants in the Lubricants Industry 188
5.7 Applications for Water-soluble, Derivatized Lignins 189
5.7.1 Concrete Admixtures 189
5.7.2 Dye Dispersants 190
5.7.3 Asphalt Emulsifiers 192
5.7.4 Agricultural Applications 192
5.7.5 Dispersants for Herbicides, Pesticides and Fungicides 193
5.8 New and Emerging Markets for Lignin 194
5.8.1 Printed Circuit Board Resins 194
5.8.2 Animal Health Applications 195
5.8.3 Animal Feed Supplement 196
5.8.4 Carbon Fibers for Mass-produced Vehicles 196
5.9 Conclusions and Perspectives 198
References 199
Protein Line and Amino Acid-based Product Family Trees  
6 Towards Integration of Biorefinery and Microbial Amino Acid Production„
Achim Marx, Volker F. Wendisch, Ralf Kelle, and Stefan Buchholz 		201
6.1 Introduction 201
6.2 Present State of the Industry 202
6.2.1 Microbial Amino Acid Production 202
6.2.2 Biorefinery and the Building-block Concept 202
6.2.3 Metabolic Engineering and the Building-block Concept 204
6.3 Environmental and Commercial Consideration of Microbial Amino Acid Production Integrated in a Biorefinery 205
6.4 Technical Constraints for Integration of Microbial Amino Acid Fermentation into a Biorefinery 209
6.4.1 Mono-septic Operation 209
6.4.2 Carbon Sources 209
6.4.3 Nitrogen Source 211
6.4.4 Phosphorus Source 211
6.4.5 Mixing and Oxygen Supply 212
6.4.6 Toxicity 212
6.4.7 Cultivation Temperature 213
6.5 Outlook and Perspectives 213
Acknowledgment 214
References 215
7 Protein-based Polymers: Mechanistic Foundations for Bioproduction and Engineering
Dan W. Urry 		217
7.1 Introduction 217
7.1.1 Definitions 217
7.1.1.1 Proteins and Protein-based Polymers 217
7.1.1.2 Two Basic Principles for Protein-based Polymer Engineering 217
7.1.2 Proteins in Aqueous Media 218
7.1.3 Thermodynamics of Proteins in Water 218
7.1.3.1 Exothermic Hydration of Apolar Groups 218
7.1.3.2 The Change in Gibbs Free Energy of Hydrophobic Association 218
7.1.3.3 The ApolarPolar Repulsive Free Energy of Hydration, Gap 218
7.1.4 The Inverse Temperature Transition for Hydrophobic Association 219
7.1.5 The Role of Elasticity in the Engineering of Protein-based Polymers 219
7.1.5.1 Near Ideal Elasticity Provides for Efficient Energy Conversion 219
7.1.5.2 Mechanism of Near Ideal Elasticity 220
7.1.6 Many of the Advantages of Protein-based Polymeric Materials 220
7.2 Historical Outline 221
7.2.1 Historical Beginnings of (Elastic) Protein-based Polymer Development 221
7.2.2 Mechanistic Foundations: Fundamental Engineering Principles 222
7.2.2.1 The Hydrophobic Consilient Mechanism 222
7.2.2.2 The Elastic Consilient Mechanism 223
7.2.3 Highlights of Bioproduction 223
7.3 Bioproduction 224
7.3.1 Gene Construction using Recombinant DNA Technology 225
7.3.1.1 Preparation of Monomer Genes and the PCR Technique 225
7.3.1.2 Transformation, Monomer Gene Production and Sequence Verification 226
7.3.1.3 Monomer Gene Concatenation Produces Multimer Genes of Monomer 226
7.3.2 E. coli Transformation for Protein-based Polymer Expression 227
7.3.3 Fermentation using Transformed E. coli 227
7.4 Purification of Protein-based Polymers 227
7.4.1 Use of the Inverse Temperature Transition as a Method of Purification 228
7.4.1.1 Purification by Phase Separation as Demonstrated by SDSPAGE 228
7.4.1.2 Purification by Phase Separation Shown by Carbon-14-labeled E. coli 228
7.4.2 Physical Characterization and Verification of Product Integrity 229
7.4.2.1 Gross Visualization of the Phase Separated Product 229
7.4.2.2 Sequence Integrity and Purity Evaluated by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 229
7.4.2.3 Mass Spectra Reaffirm Size of Expressed Polymer 229
7.4.3 Biocompatibility 230
7.4.3.1 The Challenge of Using E. coli-produced Protein as a Biomaterial 230
7.4.3.2 Removal of Endotoxins and Determination of Levels 230
7.4.3.3 Western Immunoblot Technique to Demonstrate Level of Purity 230
7.4.3.4 Western Immunodotblot Technique to Demonstrate Medical Grade Purity 231
7.4.3.5 Subcutaneous Injection in the Guinea-pig 231
7.4.3.6 ASTM Tests 232
7.5 Mechanistic Foundations for Engineering Protein-based Polymers 232
7.5.1 Phenomenological Axioms 232
7.5.2 The Change in Gibbs Free Energy for Hydrophobic Association, GHA 232
7.5.2.1 The Change in Gibbs Free Energy Attending a Phase Transition, Gt(./.) 234
7.5.2.2 The GHA-based Hydrophobicity Scale for Amino Acid Residues 234
7.5.2.3 GHA-based Hydrophobicity Scale of Prosthetic Groups, etc. 235
7.5.2.4 Comprehensive Hydrophobic Effect: GHA Responds to all Variables 237
7.5.2.5 The ApolarPolar Repulsive Free Energy of Hydration, Gap 237
7.5.3 The Coupling of Hydrophobic and Elastic Mechanisms 237
7.6 Examples of Applications 238
7.6.1 Soft Tissue Restoration 238
7.6.1.1 Prevention of Post-surgical Adhesions 238
7.6.1.2 Soft Tissue Augmentation 238
7.6.1.3 Soft Tissue Reconstruction: The Concept of Temporary Functional Scaffoldings 239
7.6.2 Controlled Release Devices for Amphiphilic Drugs and Therapeutics 240
7.6.2.1 The Use of Gap in the Design of Controlled-release Devices 240
7.6.2.2 Prevention of Pressure Ulcers by Means of Elastic Patches for Drug Delivery 240
7.6.3 Fibers of Improved Elastic Moduli and Break Stresses and Strains 241
7.6.4 Programmably Biodegradable Thermoplastics 241
7.6.5 Acoustic Absorption 242
7.7 Outlook and Perspectives 242
7.7.1 List of Gene Constructions and Expressed Protein-based Polymers 242
7.7.2 Efforts Toward Low-cost Production in other Microbes and in Plants 242
7.8 Patents 245
7.8.1 Patents of D.W. Urry on Protein-based Polymers 245
7.8.2 Result of Ex Parte Patent Reexamination Request to the USPTO 245
Acknowledgment 249
References 249
Biobased Fats (Lipids) and Oils
8 New Syntheses with Oils and Fats as Renewable Raw Materials for the Chemical Industry
Ursula Biermann, Wolfgang Friedt, Siegmund Lang, Wilfried Lühs, Guido Machmüller, Jürgen O. Metzger, Mark Rüsch gen. Klaas, Hans J. Schäfer, Manfred P. Schneider 		253
8.1 Introduction 253
8.2 Reactions of Unsaturated Fatty Compounds 254
8.2.1 Oxidations 254
8.2.1.1 New Methods for the Epoxidation of Unsaturated Fatty Acids 254
8.2.1.2 Oxidation to vic-Dihydroxy Fatty Acids 257
8.2.1.3 Oxidative Cleavage 258
8.2.2 Transition Metal-Catalyzed Syntheses of Aromatic Compounds 259
8.2.3 Olefin Metathesis 259
8.2.4 Pericyclic Reactions 260
8.2.5 Radical Additions 261
8.2.5.1 Solvent-Free, Copper-Initiated Additions of 2-Halocarboxylates 262
8.2.5.2 Addition of Perfluoroalkyl Iodides 263
8.2.5.3 Thermal Addition of Alkanes 264
8.2.6 Lewis Acid-Induced Cationic Addition 264
8.2.7 Nucleophilic Addition to Reversed-Polarity Unsaturated Fatty Acids 265
8.3 Reactions of Saturated Fatty Compounds 266
8.3.1 Radical C--C Coupling 266
8.3.1.1 Oxidative Coupling of C2 Anions of Fatty Acids 266
8.3.1.2 Anodic Homo- and Heterocoupling of Fatty Acids (Kolbe Electrolysis) 267
8.3.2 Functionalization of C--H Bonds 269
8.3.2.1 Oxidation of Nonactivated C--H Bonds 269
8.3.2.2 Oxidation of Allylic C--H Bonds 269
8.4 Enzymatic Reactions 270
8.4.1 Lipase Catalyzed Transformations 270
8.4.1.1 Lipase-Catalyzed Syntheses of Monoglycerides and Diglycerides 270
8.4.1.2 Lipase-Catalyzed Syntheses of Carbohydrate Esters 272
8.4.2 Microbial Transformations 272
8.4.2.1 Microbial Hydration of Unsaturated Fatty Acids 272
8.4.2.2 Microbial - and -Oxidation of Fatty Acids 273
8.4.3 Microbial Conversion of Oils/Fats and Glucose into Glycolipids 274
8.5 Improvement in Natural Oils and Fats by Plant Breeding 275
8.5.1 Gene Technology as an Extension of the Methodological Repertoire of Plant Breeding 275
8.5.2 New Oil Qualities by Oil Designed with Available Agricultural Varieties 276
8.5.3 Overview of Renewable Raw Materials Optimized by Breeding 277
8.5.3.1 Soybean 277
8.5.3.2 Rapeseed 277
8.5.3.3 Sunflower 280
8.5.3.4 Peanut 281
8.5.3.5 Linseed 281
8.5.4 Concluding Remarks on the Use of Gene Technology 281
8.6 Future Prospects 282
Acknowledgments 282
References 282
9 Industrial Development and Application of Biobased Oleochemicals
Karlheinz Hill 		291
9.1 Introduction 291
9.2 The Raw Materials 292
9.3 Ecological Compatibility 293
9.4 Examples of Products 294
9.4.1 Oleochemicals for Polymer Applications 295
9.4.1.1 Dimerdiols Based on Dimer Acid 297
9.4.1.2 Polyols Based on Epoxides 298
9.4.2 Biodegradable Fatty Acid Esters for Lubricants 299
9.4.3 Surfactants and Emulsifiers Derived from Vegetable Oil 301
9.4.3.1 Fatty Alcohol Sulfate (FAS) 303
9.4.3.2 Acylated Proteins and Amino Acids (ProteinFatty Acid Condensates) 304
9.4.3.3 Carbohydrate-based Surfactants Alkyl Polyglycosides 305
9.4.3.4 Alkyl Polyglycoside Carboxylate 307
9.4.3.5 Polyol Esters 307
9.4.3.6 Multifunctional Care Additives for Skin and Hair 309
9.4.4 Emollients 310
9.4.4.1 Introduction 310
9.4.4.2 Dialkyl Carbonate 311
9.4.4.3 Guerbet Alcohols 311
9.5 Perspectives 312
9.6 Trademarks 312
References 312
Special Ingredients and Subsequent Products  
10 Phytochemicals, Dyes, and Pigments in the Biorefinery Context
George A. Kraus 		315
10.1 Introduction 315
10.2 Historical Outline 316
10.3 Phytochemicals from Corn and Soybeans 317
10.3.1 Phytosterols 317
10.3.2 Lecithin 318
10.3.3 Tocopherols 319
10.3.4 Carotenoids 320
10.3.5 Phytoestrogens 321
10.3.6 Saponins 321
10.3.7 Protease Inhibitors 322
10.4 Outlook and Perspectives 323
References 323
11 Adding Color to Green Chemistry?
An Overview of the Fundamentals and Potential of Chlorophylls
Mathias O. Senge and Julia Richter 		325
11.1 Introduction 325
11.2 Historical Outline 325
11.3 Chlorophyll Fundamentals 326
11.3.1 Occurrence and Basic Structures 326
11.3.2 Principles of Chlorophyll Chemistry 327
11.3.3 Isolation of Chlorophylls 328
11.4 Chlorophyll Breakdown and Chemical Transformations 330
11.4.1 Biological Chlorophyll Catabolism 330
11.4.2 Geological Chlorophyll Degradation -- Petroporphyrins 331
11.4.3 Chemical Degradation of Chlorophylls 333
11.5 Industrial Uses of Chlorophyll Derivatives 335
11.6 A Look at "Green" Chlorophyll Chemistry 337
11.7 Outlook and Perspectives 339
Acknowledgment 341
References and Notes 341
Part II Biobased Industrial Products, Materials and Consumer Products  
12 Industrial Chemicals from Biomass -- Industrial Concepts
Johan Thoen and Rainer Busch 		347
12.1 Introduction 347
12.2 Historical Outline 347
12.3 Basic Principles 349
12.3.1 Primary Conversion Technologies of Biomass 350
12.3.1.1 Gasification 350
12.3.1.2 Hydrothermolysis 351
12.3.1.3 Fermentation to Ethanol 351
12.4 Current Status 351
12.4.1 Europe 351
12.4.2 United States 352
12.4.3 Products 353
12.5 Industrial Concepts 354
12.5.1 Introduction 354
12.5.2 Biorefinery Concepts 355
12.5.3 Classes of Bioproduct 356
12.5.4 Opportunities for Industrial Bioproducts 357
12.5.5 Product Categories Based on C6-Carbon Sugars to Bioproducts 358
12.5.6 Product Categories Based on C5-Carbon Sugars to Bioproducts 358
12.5.7 Thermochemical Conversion of Sugars to Bioproducts 360
12.5.8 Thermochemical Conversion of Oils and Lipid Based Bioproducts 361
12.5.9 Bioproducts via Gasification 361
12.5.10 Bioproducts via Pyrolysis 362
12.5.11 Biocomposites 362
12.6 Outlook and Perspectives 362
References 364
13 Succinic Acid - A Model Building Block for Chemical Production from Renewable Resources
Todd Werpy, John Frye, and John Holladay 		367
13.1 Introduction 367
13.2 Economics of Feedstock Supply 368
13.3 Succinic Acid Fermentation 369
13.4 Succinic Acid Catalytic Transformations 372
13.5 Current Petrochemical Technology 373
13.5.1 1,4-BDO, THF, GBL, and NMP 373
13.6 Current Biobased Technology 375
13.6.1 1,4-BDO, GBL, and NMP 375
13.6.2 Derivatives of Diammonium Succinate 376
13.7 Conclusions 378
References 378
14 Polylactic Acid from Renewable Resources
Patrick Gruber, David E. Henton, and Jack Starr 		381
14.1 Introduction 381
14.2 Lactic Acid 382
14.2.1 Lactic Acid Production Routes 382
14.2.1.1 Chemical Synthesis 382
14.2.1.2 Fermentation 383
14.2.2 Production by Fermentation 384
14.2.2.1 Microorganisms 384
14.2.2.2 Sugar Feedstock 385
14.2.2.3 Nutrients 385
14.2.2.4 Neutralizing Agent 385
14.2.3 Acidification 386
14.2.3.1 Strong Acid Addition 386
14.2.3.2 Salt Splitting Technology 387
14.2.4 Purification 388
14.2.4.1 Cell Removal 388
14.2.4.2 Separation of Residual Sugars, Nutrients and Fermentation By-products 388
14.3 PLA Production 390
14.3.1 Polymerization of Lactide 392
14.4 Control of Crystalline Melting Point 394
14.5 Rheology Control by Molecular Weight and Branching 396
14.5.1 Melt Rheology of Linear PLA 397
14.5.2 Melt Rheology of Branched PLA 397
14.5.3 Branching Technology 398
14.5.3.1 Multi-functional Polymerization Initiators 398
14.5.3.2 Hydroxy Cyclic Ester and/or Carbonate Polymerization Initiators 398
14.5.3.3 Multi-cyclic Ester, Multi-cyclic Carbonate and/or Multi-cyclic Epoxy Comonomers 398
14.5.3.4 Free Radical Cross-linking 399
14.6 Melt Stability 399
14.7 Applications and Performance 400
14.8 PLA Stereocomplex 401
14.9 Fossil Resource Use and Green House Gases 402
14.10 Summary 402
Abbreviations 403
References 404
15 Biobased Consumer Products for Cosmetics
Thomas C. Kripp 		409
15.1 Introduction and Historical Outline 409
15.1.1 Cosmetics Past and Present 409
15.1.2 Bionics: Learning from Nature 410
15.2 Betaine, The Conditioner Made from Sugar Beet 410
15.2.1 Occurrence 410
15.2.2 Chemical Properties 411
15.2.3 Production 411
15.2.4 Use and Fields of Application 412
15.2.5 Innovation Through Combination: Betaine Esters 414
15.2.6 Summary and Prospects 415
15.3 Chitosan, Hair-setting Agent from the Ocean 415
15.3.1 Chitin, a Precursor of Chitosan 415
15.3.2 Occurrence of Chitin 415
15.3.3 Production 416
15.3.3.1 Purification of Chitin 416
15.3.3.2 Production of Chitosan 417
15.3.4 Chitosan in cosmetic products 419
15.3.5 Summary and Prospect 421
15.4 From Energy Reserve to Shampoo Bottle: Biopol 422
15.4.1 Biodegradable Packages 422
15.4.2 What is "Biopol"? 423
15.4.3 Biodegradability of Biopol 424
15.4.4 The Long Way to the Shampoo Bottle 426
15.4.4.1 Product Development 426
15.4.4.2 Market Launch 427
15.4.5 Quo vadis, Biopol? 428
15.5 Natural Apple-peel Wax: Protection for Hair and Skin 429
15.5.1 Raw Material Source 429
15.5.2 Apple-peel Wax 430
15.5.3 Observations 430
15.5.4 Production of Apple-peel Wax 432
15.5.5 Chemical Composition 433
15.5.6 Mode of Action and Uses 433
15.5.6.1 Skin Cosmetics 434
15.5.6.2 Hair Care 434
15.5.7 Market Launch 436
15.5.8 Summary and Prospects 436
15.6 Ilex Resin: From Shiny Leaves to Shiny Hair 437
15.6.1 Holly 437
15.6.2 Extraction of a Resin Fraction 438
15.6.3 Effects in Cosmetics 439
15.6.3.1 Skin Care 439
15.6.3.2 Hair Care 439
15.6.3.3 Styling 440
15.6.4 Summary and Prospects 440
References 441
Part III Biobased Industry:
Economy, Commercialization and Sustainability 		 
16 Industrial Biotech - Setting Conditions to Capitalize on the Economic Potential
Rolf Bachmann and Jens Riese 		445
16.1 Introduction 445
16.2 Time to Exploit the Potential 446
16.2.1 How Far Can it Go? 446
16.2.2 Better Technology, Faster Results 447
16.2.3 Environmentally and Balance-sheet Friendly 448
16.2.4 Rekindling Chemicals Innovation 450
16.2.5 Increasing Corporate Action in all Segments 451
16.3 The Importance of Residual Biomass 452
16.3.1 Why Waste Biomass Works 452
16.3.2 Economic Benefits and Regulation 452
16.3.3 Still a Long Way to Go 454
16.3.4 Collaboration Will Push Biomass Conversion Forward 454
16.4 Overcoming the Challenges Ahead 455
16.4.1 Internal Obstacles 455
16.4.2 External Challenges 456
16.5 Overcoming Challenges 457
16.5.1 Case 1: Building a Biotech Strategy 457
16.5.2 Case 2: Identifying the Right Opportunities 458
16.5.3 Case 3: Managing Uncertainties 459
16.5.4 Case 4: Preparing the Launch and Market Development 460
16.5.5 Case 5: Building a Favorable External Environment 461
16.6 More Needs to be Done 461
Subject Index 463

 
Order
Online book
Table of contents
Short description
Detailed description
Reviews
Author information
Author affiliation
Bookmark and Share

Related Books

Modern Drying Technology
5 Volume Set

Membrane Technology
6 Volume Set

Process Systems Engineering
7 Volume Set


[more >>]

Related Journals

Angewandte Chemie

Angewandte Chemie International Edition

Chemie Ingenieur Technik


[more>>]

Special Offers

Weiner, Irving B. / Craighead, W. Edward

The Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology
495.- Euro
valid until
3 May 2010

[more offers >>]


 

Tell a friend          RSS Feeds             Print-Version

©2010 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA - Provider
http://www.wiley-vch.de - mailto: info@wiley-vch.de
Data Protection