1. Edition - October 2009
105.- Euro
2009. 638 Pages, Hardcover
- Practical Approach Book -
ISBN-10: 0-470-02263-9
ISBN-13: 978-0-470-02263-4 - John Wiley & Sons






Sample Chapter

Short description
Applied Digital Optics details the design, fabrication, packaging, and operation of DOEs and their use in applications at the nano and micro level. Modeling techniques are introduced and the authors provide illustrations of the design and simulation of nano-photonic devices and MEMS. The book includes material on sub-wavelength and nano-structured optics and covers the integration of MEMS and photonic crystal technology. A chapter on applications provides a chronological survey of key digital optics applications and includes information on economic impact of the latest technology developments. Aimed at professional engineers working in the microelectronics industries, this book highlights the use of digital optical elements in the expanding MEMS and nanoelectronics.

From the contents
About the Authors

Foreword by Professor Joseph Goodman

Foreword by Professor Trevor Hall

Acknowledgments

Acronyms



Introduction

Why a Book on Digital Optics?

Digital versus Analog

What are Digital Optics?

The Realm of Digital Optics


1 From Refraction to Diffraction

1.1 Refraction and Diffraction Phenomena

1.2 Understanding the Diffraction Phenomenon

1.3 No More Parasitic Effects

1.4 From Refractive Optics to Diffractive Optics

1.5 From Diffractive Optics to Digital Optics

1.6 Are Diffractives and Refractives Interchangeable Elements?

2 Classification of Digital Optics

2.1 Early Digital Optics

2.2 Guided-wave Digital Optics

2.3 Free-space Digital Optics

2.4 Hybrid Digital Optics

3 Guided-wave Digital Optics

3.1 From Optical Fibers to Planar Lightwave Circuits (PLCs)

3.2 Light Propagation in Waveguides

3.3 The Optical Fiber

3.4 The Dielectric Slab Waveguide

3.5 Channel Waveguides

3.6 PLC In- and Out-coupling

3.7 Functionality Integration

4 Refractive Micro-optics

4.1 Micro-optics in Nature

4.2 GRIN Lenses

4.3 Surface-relief Micro-optics

4.4 Micro-optics Arrays


5 Digital Diffractive Optics: Analytic Type

5.1 Analytic and Numeric Digital Diffractives

5.2 The Notion of Diffraction Orders

5.3 Diffraction Gratings

5.4 Diffractive Optical Elements

5.5 Diffractive Interferogram Lenses


6 Digital Diffractive Optics: Numeric Type

6.1 Computer-generated Holograms

6.2 Designing CGHs

6.3 Multiplexing CGHs

6.4 Various CGH Functionality Implementations

7 Digital Hybrid Optics

7.1 Why Combine Different Optical Elements?

7.2 Analysis of Lens Aberrations

7.3 Improvement of Optical Functionality

7.4 The Generation of Novel Optical Functionality

7.5 Waveguide-based Hybrid Optics

7.6 Reducing Weight, Size and Cost

7.7 Specifying Hybrid Optics in Optical CAD/CAM

7.8 A Parametric Design Example of Hybrid Optics via Ray-tracing Techniques

8 Digital Holographic Optics

8.1 Conventional Holography

8.2 Different Types of Holograms

8.3 Unique Features of Holograms

8.4 Modeling the Behavior of Volume Holograms

8.5 HOE Lenses

8.6 HOE Design Tools

8.7 Holographic Origination Techniques

8.8 Holographic Materials for HOEs

8.9 Other Holographic Techniques

9 Dynamic Digital Optics

9.1 An Introduction to Dynamic Digital Optics

9.2 Switchable Digital Optics

9.3 Tunable Digital Optics

9.4 Reconfigurable Digital Optics

9.5 Digital Software Lenses: Wavefront Coding

10 Digital Nano-optics

10.1 The Concept of 'Nano' in Optics

10.2 Sub-wavelength Gratings

10.3 Modeling Sub-wavelength Gratings

10.4 Engineering Effective Medium Optical Elements

10.5 Form Birefringence Materials

10.6 Guided Mode Resonance Gratings

10.7 Surface Plasmonics

10.8 Photonic Crystals

10.9 Optical Metamaterials


11 Digital Optics Modeling Techniques

11.1 Tools Based on Ray Tracing

11.2 Scalar Diffraction Based Propagators

11.3 Beam Propagation Modeling (BPM) Methods

11.4 Nonparaxial Diffraction Regime Issues

11.5 Rigorous Electromagnetic Modeling Techniques

11.6 Digital Optics Design and Modeling Tools Available Today

11.7 Practical Paraxial Numeric Modeling Examples


12 Digital Optics Fabrication Techniques

12.1 Holographic Origination

12.2 Diamond Tool Machining

12.3 Photo-reduction

12.4 Microlithographic Fabrication of Digital Optics

12.5 Micro-refractive Element Fabrication Techniques

12.6 Direct Writing Techniques

12.7 Gray-scale Optical Lithography

12.8 Front/Back Side Wafer Alignments and Wafer Stacks

12.9 A Summary of Fabrication Techniques


13 Design for Manufacturing

13.1 The Lithographic Challenge

13.2 Software Solutions: Reticle Enhancement Techniques

13.3 Hardware Solutions

13.4 Process Solutions


14 Replication Techniques for Digital Optics

14.1 The LIGA Process

14.2 Mold Generation Techniques

14.3 Embossing Techniques

14.4 The UV Casting Process

14.5 Injection Molding Techniques

14.6 The Sol-Gel Process

14.7 The Nano-replication Process

14.8 A Summary of Replication Technologies


15 Specifying and Testing Digital Optics

15.1 Fabless Lithographic Fabrication Management

15.2 Specifying the Fabrication Process

15.3 Fabrication Evaluation

15.4 Optical Functionality Evaluation


16 Digital Optics Application Pools

16.1 Heavy Industry

16.2 Defense, Security and Space

16.3 Clean Energy

16.4 Factory Automation

16.5 Optical Telecoms

16.6 Biomedical Applications

16.7 Entertainment and Marketing

16.8 Consumer Electronics

16.9 Summary

16.10 The Future of Digital Optics


Conclusion


Appendix A: Rigorous Theory of Diffraction

A.1 Maxwell's Equations

A.2 Wave Propagation and the Wave Equation

A.3 Towards a Scalar Field Representation


Appendix B: The Scalar Theory of Diffraction

B.1 Full Scalar Theory

B.2 Scalar Diffraction Models for Digital Optics

B.3 Extended Scalar Models


Appendix C: FFTs and DFTs in Optics

C.1 The Fourier Transform in Optics Today

C.2 Conditions for the Existence of the Fourier Transform

C.3 The Complex Fourier Transform

C.4 The Discrete Fourier Transform

C.5 The Properties of the Fourier Transform and Examples in Optics

C.6 Other Transforms


Index