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	Preface	XIII
1	Introduction	1
I	Statistical Physics of Atomic Systems	5
2	Basic Distributions in Systems of Particles	7
2.1	The Normal or Gaussian Distribution	7
2.2	Specifics of Statistical Physics	8
2.3	Temperature	10
2.4	The Gibbs Principle	11
2.5	The Boltzmann Distribution	12
2.6	Statistical Weight, Entropy and the Partition Function	14
2.7	The Maxwell Distribution	17
2.8	Mean Parameters of an Ensemble of Free Particles	18
2.9	Fermi–Dirac and Bose–Einstein Statistics	19
2.10	Distribution of Particle Density in External Fields	22
2.11	Fluctuations in a Plasma	23
3	Bose–Einstein Distribution	27
3.1	Laws of Black Body Radiation	27
3.2	Spontaneous and Stimulated Emission	29
3.3	Vibrations of Diatomic Nuclei	31
3.4	Structures of Solids	32
3.5	Structures of Clusters	35
3.6	Vibrations of Nuclei in Crystals	38
3.7	Cluster Oscillations	41
3.8	Debye Model	44
3.9	Distributions in Molecular Gas	47
3.10	Bose Condensation	50
3.11	Helium at Low Temperatures	51
3.12	Superfluidity	53
4	Fermi–Dirac Distribution	57
4.1	Degenerate Electron Gas	57
4.2	Plasma of Metals	58
4.3	Degenerate Electron Gas in a Magnetic Field	59
4.4	Wigner Crystal	60
4.5	The Thomas–Fermi Model of the Atom	61
4.6	Shell Structure of Atoms	64
4.7	Sequence of Filling of Electron Shells	65
4.8	The Jellium Model of Metallic Clusters	66
4.9	Shell Structure of Clusters	67
4.10	Clusters with Pair Interaction of Atoms as Fermi Systems	69
4.11	Partition Function of a Weakly Excited Cluster	72
5	Equilibria Between States of Discrete and Continuous Spectra	75
5.1	The Saha Distribution	75
5.2	Heat Capacity of Ionized Gases	76
5.3	Ionization Equilibrium for Metallic Particles in a Hot Gas	78
5.4	Thermoemission of Electrons	80
5.5	Autoelectron and Thermo-autoelectron Emission	81
5.6	Dissociative Equilibrium in Molecular Gases	84
5.7	Formation of Electron–Positron Pairs in a Radiation Field	86
II	Equilibrium and Excitation of Atomic Systems	89
6	Thermodynamic Values and Thermodynamic Equilibria	91
6.1	Entropy as a Thermodynamic Parameter	91
6.2	First Law of Thermodynamics	92
6.3	Joule–Thomson Process	93
6.4	Expansion of Gases	94
6.5	Carnot Cycle	96
6.6	Entropy of an Ideal Gas	97
6.7	Second Law of Thermodynamics	99
6.8	Thermodynamic Potentials	100
6.9	Heat Capacities	102
6.10	Equilibrium Conditions	104
6.11	Chemical Potential	104
6.12	Chemical Equilibrium	106
7	Equilibrium State of Atomic Systems	107
7.1	Criterion of the Gaseous State	107
7.2	Equation of the Gas State	108
7.3	Virial Theorem	109
7.4	The State Equation for an Ensemble of Particles	110
7.5	System of Repulsing Atoms	111
7.6	Van der Waals Equation	113
7.7	Liquid–Gas Equilibrium	116
7.8	The Equation of the Solid State	119
7.9	Lennard–Jones Crystals and the Character of Interactions in Solid Rare Gases	120
7.10	Equilibrium Between Phases in Rare Gases	124
8	Thermodynamics of Aggregate States and Phase Transitions	127
8.1	Scaling for Dense and Condensed Rare Gases	127
8.2	Phase Transitions at High Pressures and Temperatures	132
8.3	Scaling for Molecular Gases	135
8.4	Two-state Approximation for Aggregate States	138
8.5	Solid–Solid Cluster Phase Transition	142
8.6	Configuration Excitation of a Large Cluster	143
8.7	Lattice Model for Phase Transition	144
8.8	Lattice Model for Liquid State of Bulk Rare Gases	145
8.9	Chemical Equilibria and Phase Transitions	146
9	Mixtures and Solutions	149
9.1	Ideal Mixtures	149
9.2	Mixing of Gases	150
9.3	The Gibbs Rule for Phases	152
9.4	Dilute Solutions	152
9.5	Phase Transitions in Dilute Solutions	154
9.6	Lattice Model for Mixtures	156
9.7	Stratification of Solutions	158
9.8	Phase Diagrams of Binary Solutions	161
9.9	Thermodynamic Parameters of Plasma	163
9.10	Electrolytes	167
10	Phase Transition in Condensed Systems of Atoms	169
10.1	Peculiarities of the Solid–liquid Phase Transition	169
10.2	Configuration Excitation of a Solid	173
10.3	Modified Lattice Model for Configuration Excitation of a Bulk System of Bound Atoms	174
10.4	Liquid State of Rare Gases as a Configurationally Excited State	176
10.5	The Role of Thermal Excitation in the Existence of the Liquid State	180
10.6	Glassy States and Their Peculiarities	182
III	Processes and Non-equilibrium Atomic Systems	187
11	Collision Processes Involving Atomic Particles	189
11.1	Elementary Collisions of Particles	189
11.2	Elastic Collisions of Particles	190
11.3	Hard Sphere Model	193
11.4	Cross Section of Capture	193
11.5	Liquid Drop Model	194
11.6	Association of Clusters in Dense Buffer Gas	196
11.7	The Resonant Charge Exchange Process	197
11.8	The Principle of Detailed Balance for Direct and Inverse Processes	200
11.9	Three-body Processes and the Principle of Detailed Balance	204
11.10	The Principle of Detailed Balance for Processes of Cluster Growth	206
12	Kinetic Equation and Collision Integrals	209
12.1	The Boltzmann Kinetic Equation	209
12.2	Collision Integral	210
12.3	Equilibrium Gas	212
12.4	The Boltzmann H-Theorem	212
12.5	Entropy and Information	213
12.6	The Irreversibility of the Evolution of Physical Systems	214
12.7	Irreversibility and the Collapse of Wave Functions	217
12.8	Attractors	218
12.9	Collision Integral for Electrons in Atomic Gas	220
12.10	The Landau Collision Integral	223
12.11	Collision Integral for Clusters in Parent Vapor	226
13	Non-equilibrium Objects and Phenomena	229
13.1	Non-equilibrium Molecular Gas	229
13.2	Violation of the Boltzmann Distribution Due to Radiation	231
13.3	Processes in Photoresonant Plasma	233
13.4	Equilibrium Establishment for Electrons in an Ideal Plasma	234
13.5	Electron Drift in a Gas in an External Electric Field	235
13.6	Diffusion Coefficient of Electrons in a Gas	237
13.7	Distribution Function of Electrons in a Gas in an External Electric Field	239
13.8	Atom Excitation by Electrons in a Gas in an Electric Field	240
13.9	Excitation of Atoms in Plasma	244
13.10	Thermal Equilibrium in a Cluster Plasma	247
IV	Transport Phenomena in Atomic Systems	249
14	General Principles of Transport Phenomena	251
14.1	Types of Transport Phenomena	251
14.2	Diffusion Motion of Particles	252
14.3	The Einstein Relation	255
14.4	Heat Transport	255
14.5	Thermal Conductivity Due to Internal Degrees of Freedom	257
14.6	Momentum Transport	258
14.7	Thermal Conductivity of Crystals	259
14.8	Diffusion of Atoms in Condensed Systems	260
14.9	Diffusion of Voids as Elementary Configuration Excitations	264
14.10	Void Instability	265
14.11	Onsager Symmetry of Transport Coefficients	266
15	Transport of Electrons in Gases	271
15.1	Conductivity of Weakly Ionized Gas	271
15.2	Electron Mobility in a Gas	272
15.3	Conductivity of Strongly Ionized Plasma	272
15.4	Thermal Diffusion of Electrons in a Gas	274
15.5	Electron Thermal Conductivity	276
15.6	The Hall Effect	278
15.7	Deceleration of Fast Electrons in Plasma	280
16	Transport of Electrons in Condensed Systems	283
16.1	Electron Gas of Metals	283
16.2	Electrons in a Periodical Field	285
16.3	Conductivity of Metals	288
16.4	Fermi Surface of Metals	289
16.5	Drift of an Excess Electron in Condensed Systems	291
16.6	The Tube Character of Electron Drift in Condensed Inert Gases	296
16.7	Electron Mobility in Condensed Systems	298
17	Transport of Ions and Clusters	301
17.1	Ambipolar Diffusion	301
17.2	Electrophoresis	302
17.3	Macroscopic Equation for Ions Moving in Gas	303
17.4	Mobility of Ions	305
17.5	Mobility of Ions in Foreign Gas	305
17.6	The Chapman–Enskog Method	306
17.7	Mobility of Ions in the Parent Gas	307
17.8	Mobility of Ions in Condensed Atomic Systems	309
17.9	Diffusion of Small Particles in Gas or Liquid	311
17.10	Cluster Instability	312
V	Structures of Complex Atomic Systems	315
18	Peculiarities of Cluster Structures	317
18.1	Clusters of Close-packed Structure with a Short-range Interaction Between Atoms	317
18.2	Energetics of Icosahedral Clusters	321
18.3	Competition of Cluster Structures	324
18.4	Configuration Excitation of Clusters	328
18.5	Electron Energy Surface of Three Hydrogen Atoms	332
18.6	Peculiarity of the Potential Energy Surface for Ensembles of Bound Atoms	339
19	Structures of Bonded Large Molecules	341
19.1	Structures of Atomic and Molecular Systems	341
19.2	Solutions of Amphiphiles	342
19.3	Structures of Amphiphilic Molecules	344
19.4	Polymers	346
19.5	Gels	349
19.6	Charging of Particles in Suspensions	349
19.7	Association in Electric Fields and Chain Aggregates	351
20	Fractal Systems	357
20.1	Fractal Dimensionality	357
20.2	Fractal Aggregates	362
20.3	Fractal Objects Similar to Fractal Aggregates	364
20.4	Percolation Clusters	366
20.5	Aerogel	370
20.6	Fractal Fiber	371
VI	Nucleation Phenomena	375
21	Character of Nucleation in Gases and Plasma	377
21.1	Peculiarities of Condensation of Supersaturated Vapor	377
21.2	Nuclei of Condensation	380
21.3	Instability of Uniform Nucleating Vapor	381
21.4	Classical Theory of Growth of Liquid Drops in Supersaturated Vapor	383
21.5	Nucleation at Strong Supersaturation	386
21.6	Nucleation under Solid–liquid Phase Transition	388
22	Processes of Cluster Growth	391
22.1	Mechanisms of Cluster Growth in Gases	391
22.2	Kinetics of Cluster Coagulation	393
22.3	The Coalescence Stage of Cluster Growth	396
22.4	Growth of Grains in a Solid Solution	397
22.5	Character of Growth of Charged Clusters in a Plasma	399
22.6	Peculiarities of Nucleation on Surfaces	402
23	Cluster Growth in Expanding Gases and Plasmas	407
23.1	Transformation of AtomicVapor in Clusters in an Expanding Gas	407
23.2	Heat Regime of Cluster Growth in Expanding Gas	412
23.3	Mechanisms of Nucleation in Free Jet Expansion	416
23.4	Nucleation in Free Jet Expansion in Pure Gas	417
23.5	Hagena Approximation for Nucleation Rate	419
23.6	Character of Nucleation in Pure Gas	420
23.7	Instability of Clusters in a Nonhomogeneous Vapor	421
24	Conclusions	425
	Appendix
A	Physical Constants and Units	427
A.1	Some Physical Constants	427
A.2	Conversion Factors for Energy Units	427
A.3	Numerical Coefficients in Some Relationships of Physics	428
B	Physical Parameters in the Form of the Periodical Table of Elements	429
B.1	Mobilities of Atomic Ions in Parent Gases	429
B.2	Ionization Potentials for Atoms and Their Ions	430
B.3	Electron Binding Energies in Negative Ions of Atoms	432
B.4	Parameters of Diatomic Molecules	434
B.5	Parameters of Positively Charged Diatomic Molecules	436
B.6	Parameters of Negatively Charged Diatomic Molecules	438
B.7	Cross Sections of Resonant Charge Exchange	440
B.8	Parameters of Evaporation for Metallic Liquid Clusters	442
B.9	Parameters of Metals at Room Temperatures	444
B.10	Parameters of Crystal Structures of Elements at low Temperatures	446
	References	449
	Index	455

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