Wiley-VCH - Books | July 2004 | Centrosomes in Development and Disease

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	Preface	XV
	List of Contributors	XVII
	Color Plates	XXIII

Part I	Microtubule Organization and Dynamics	1

1	Early Studies on Centrioles and Centrosomes Joseph G. Gall	3
1.1	Introduction	3
1.2	Pioneering Studies	4
1.3	*Self-replication versus De Novo* Formation**	7
1.4	Centrioles and Basal Bodies	7
1.5	Blepharoplasts	9
1.6	The Search for DNA	11
1.7	On to Self-assembly	12
	References	14
2	The Tubulin Superfamily Tim Stearns	17
2.1	History	17
2.2	Family Relations	18
2.3	Localization and Function	21
2.4	-Tubulin	21
2.5	-Tubulin	22
2.6	-Tubulin	22
2.7	Other Members of the Fold	23
	References	24
3	Microtubule Nucleation Michelle Moritz, Luke M. Rice and David A. Agard	27
3.1	Introduction	27
3.1.1	The Nucleation of Microtubules can occur Spontaneously In Vitro, but Requires -Tubulin In Vivo	28
3.1.2	Models for the Mechanism of -TuRC/Tub4 Complex-mediated Microtubule Nucleation	29
3.2	Kinetic Models of the Mechanism of Microtubule Nucleation	31
3.3	The Involvement of Non--TuRC Proteins in Microtubule Nucleation	36
3.4	Future Directions	37
	Acknowledgments	38
	References	38
4	The Budding Yeast Spindle Pole Body: A Centrosome Analog Suzanne van Kreeveld Naone and Mark Winey	43
4.1	Introduction	43
4.2	Molecular Composition of the Spindle Pole Body	45
4.2.1	The Central Plaque	47
4.2.2	The Inner Plaque	48
4.2.3	The Outer Plaque	49
4.2.4	Nuclear Membrane Factors	49
4.2.5	The Halfbridge	50
4.2.6	Structure Summary	50
4.3	Microtubule Nucleation	51
4.4	Assembly/Duplication of SPBs and Centrosomes	53
4.4.1	Electron Microscopic Description of Duplication	53
4.4.2	Cell Cycle Regulation of Duplication	55
4.4.3	Genetic Analysis of Duplication	55
4.5	Signaling Platform	57
4.6	Developmental Alteration of SPB Function	60
4.7	Parting Thoughts	61
	Acknowledgments	61
	References	62
5	Dissection of Basal Body and Centriole Function in the Unicellular Green Alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Susan K. Dutcher	71
5.1	Introduction	71
5.2	Why Study a Green Alga to Learn about Centrioles and Basal Bodies?	72
5.3	Structure of the Basal Body and Centriole in Chlamydomonas	72
5.4	Additional Fibers that Connect Basal Bodies and Centrioles	76
5.4.1	Contractile Fibers	76
5.4.2	Rootlet Microtubules	77
5.4.3	Non-contractile Fibers	77
5.5	Overview of the Cell Cycle of Chlamydomonas	78
5.6	Duplication of Basal Bodies in Chlamydomonas	78
5.7	Role of Tubulin Isoforms in Basal Body Duplication	82
5.8	Timing of Basal Body/Centriole Duplication in Chlamydomonas	83
5.9	Function of Basal Bodies and Centrioles in Chlamydomonas	83
5.10	What Makes a Basal Body Different from a Centriole?	84
5.10.1	Transition Zone and Docking	84
5.10.2	Transition Zone and Autonomy	84
5.10.3	Maturation of Basal Bodies	86
5.11	Conclusion	87
	Acknowledgments	87
	References	88
6	The Centrosome in Evolution Juliette Azimzadeh and Michel Bornens	93
6.1	Introduction	93
6.2	The Centriole/Basal Body Structure is a Derived Characteristic of Eukaryotes	94
6.3	The Basal Body/Axoneme is the Ancestral Structure	94
6.4	Functions Associated with the Flagellar Apparatus	96
6.4.1	Cell Locomotion	97
6.4.2	Sensory Reception	97
6.4.3	Cell Division	98
6.5	The Conservative Mode of Duplication of the Basal Body/Centriole/SPB: An Essential Clue for Cell Morphogenesis	100
6.6	The Centrosome or Central Body	102
6.7	Evolution of Centrosome-associated Gene Products	104
6.7.1	-Tubulin	104
6.7.2	Centrin	106
6.7.3	Centrin-binding Proteins	111
6.8	Conclusion: The Centrosome -- A Cell Individuation Organ?	113
6.8.1	Survival Value of Coupling Basic Functional Modules on the Same Organ	113
6.8.2	Co-Evolution of the Centrosome and the Cleavage Apparatus	114
6.8.3	The Biological Significance of Having a Cell Center	115
	Acknowledgments	116
	References	116

Part II	The Integration of Centrosome and Chromosome Cycles	123

7	A Proteomic Approach to the Inventory of the Human Centrosome Christopher J. Wilkinson, Jens S. Andersen, Matthias Mann and Erich A. Nigg	125
7.1	Introduction	125
7.2	What is a Centrosome Component?	126
7.3	Composition of the Human Centrosome: A Proteomic Approach	127
7.4	Inspection of Novel Centrosome Proteins by Sequence Analysis	132
7.5	Cell Cycle Changes in Centrosome Composition	135
7.6	The Impact of MS on Centrosome Analysis during Cell Cycle and Development	137
7.7	Expanding Proteomic Information into Knowledge about Function	138
7.8	Conclusion and Prospects	138
	Acknowledgments	139
	References	139
8	The Role of the Centrosome in Cell Cycle Progression Andrew M. Fry and Rebecca S. Hames	143
8.1	Introduction	143
8.2	Cell Cycle Dynamics of Centrosome Structure	144
8.3	Old and New Functions of the Centrosome	145
8.4	The Centrosome in G2/M Control	146
8.5	Initiation of Cyclin B Destruction at the Centrosome	149
8.6	The Contribution of Centrosomes to Cytokinesis	153
8.7	A Role for Centrosomes in G1/S Progression?	157
8.8	In Conclusion	159
	Acknowledgments	159
	References	160
9	Centrosome Duplication and its Regulation in the Higher Animal Cell Greenfield Sluder	167
9.1	Introduction	167
9.2	The Events of Centrosome Reproduction	168
9.2.1	Centriole Disorientation	168
9.2.2	Centriole Duplication	169
9.2.3	Centrosome Disjunction	170
9.2.4	Centrosome Separation	170
9.2.5	Some Proteins Needed for Centrosome Reproduction	172
9.3	Control of Centrosome Duplication	173
9.3.1	Control of Centrosome Number: Intrinsic Mechanisms	173
9.3.2	Block to Re-replication	175
9.3.3	Time of Centrosome Duplication: Extrinsic Controls	176
9.3.4	Cyclin-dependent Kinases in the Control of Centrosome Reproduction	176
9.3.4.1	Zygote Systems	177
9.3.4.2	Mammalian Somatic Cells	177
9.3.5	Targets of Cdk2--Cyclin E Kinase	179
9.3.6	Other Kinases Involved in Centrosome Duplication	180
9.3.7	Ubiquitin-mediated Proteolysis in the Control of Centrosome Duplication	181
9.4	Closing Remarks	183
	Acknowledgments	183
	References	183
10	A Synergy of Technologies: Using Green Fluorescent Protein Tagging and Laser Microsurgery to Study Centrosome Function and Duplication in Vertebrates Alexey Khodjakov and Conly L. Rieder	191
10.1	Introduction	191
10.2	Laser Microsurgery	193
10.2.1	A Brief History of Development	193
10.2.2	Utility for Removing the Centrosome	195
10.3	Roles of the Centrosome during Cell Division	199
10.3.1	Role of the Centrosome during Spindle Assembly	199
10.3.2	Role of the Centrosome during Cytokinesis	202
10.4	The Centrosome in the Cell Cycle	203
10.4.1	Role of the Centrosome in Progression through the Cell Cycle	203
10.4.2	De Novo Centrosome Formation	205
10.5	For the Future	208
	Acknowledgments	208
	References	209
11	Centrosome Regulation in Response to Environmental and Genotoxic Stress Ody C. M. Sibon and William E. Theurkauf	211
11.1	Introduction	211
11.2	Heat Shock	211
11.3	Centrosomes and the Unfolded Protein Response	213
11.4	Centrosome Disruption in Response to Genotoxic Stress	215
11.4.1	Centrosome Inactivation in Early Embryos	215
11.4.2	Chk2 is Required for DNA Damage-induced Mitotic Catastrophe	216
11.4.3	DNA Damage and Mitosis in Mammalian Cells	218
11.5	Final Thoughts	219
	References	221

Part III	The Centrosome in Development and Tissue Architecture	225

12	The C. elegans Centrosome during Early Embryonic Development Laurence Pelletier, Thomas Müller-Reichert, Martin Srayko, Nurhan Özlü, Anne-Lore Schlaitz and Anthony A. Hyman	227
	Abbreviations	227
12.1	Introduction	227
12.1.1	C. elegans as a Tool to Study Centrosome Biogenesis	227
12.1.2	The First Cell Division of the C. elegans Embryo	228
12.2	*The C. elegans* Centrosome**	230
12.2.1	The Centrioles	231
12.2.2	The Pericentriolar Material (PCM)	233
12.3	*The Centrosome Cycle in C. elegans* Embryos**	234
12.3.1	Centriole Duplication	236
12.3.2	PCM Recruitment	237
12.3.3	Centrosome Maturation	238
12.4	Centrosome Functions	240
12.4.1	Spindle Assembly and Microtubule Nucleation	240
12.4.2	Determination of Anterior--Posterior Polarity	242
12.4.3	Spindle Positioning	243
12.5	Concluding Remarks	244
	Acknowledgments	245
	References	245
13	Centrosomes in a Developing Organism: Lessons from Drosophila Jordan W. Raff	251
13.1	Introduction	251
13.2	*Centrosome and Microtubule Organisation during the Drosophila* Life Cycle**	251
13.2.1	Oogenesis	251
13.2.2	Spermatogenesis	253
13.2.3	Early Embryogenesis	254
13.2.4	Asymmetric Divisions of Embryonic Neuroblasts	255
13.2.5	Larval Development	256
13.3	Drosophila Centrosomal Proteins	257
13.3.1	Microtubule Nucleation from Centrosomes: -Tubulin and the -TuRC	257
13.3.2	The Recruitment of the -TuRC to Centrosomes: The Potential Roles of Asp, Polo, CNN, Aurora A, and CP309/D-PLP	258
13.3.3	The Interaction between Centrosomes and Microtubules: The Role of D-TACC and Msps	259
13.3.4	Centrosomes and the Organization of the Actin/Myosin Cytoskeleton in Early Fly Embryos: The Role of Scrambled, Nuf, and CP190	260
13.3.5	Centrosomes and Cytokinesis: Studies on asl, cnn, and -Tubulin Mutant Spermatocytes	262
13.3.6	Centrosomes and the Cell Cycle	263
13.3.7	Centrosome Dynamics: Inactivation and Flares	264
13.3.8	Microtubule Motors and Plus-end Tracking Proteins at the Centrosome	265
13.3.9	The Interphase Centrosome in Flies: Missing in Action?	265
13.4	The Role of Centrosomes and Centrosomal Proteins In Vivo	266
13.4.1	The Essential Role of Centrosomes In Drosophila	266
13.4.2	The Role of Centrosomal Proteins in Oogenesis	268
13.5	Summary	270
	Acknowledgments	270
	References	270
14	Centrosome Inheritance during Human Fertilization and “Therapeutic” Cloning: Reproductive and Developmental Diseases and Disorders Caused by Centrosome Dysfunction C. S. Navara, C. Simerly and G. Schatten	279
14.1	Introduction	279
14.2	Centrosomes during Human Fertilization	281
14.3	Centrosome Dysfunction as Causes of Human Infertility	281
14.4	Centrosome Functional Assays for Diagnosing Male Infertility	284
14.5	Polyspermy in Humans	285
14.6	„Dispermy Hypothesis“ for the Origins of Genomic Imprinted Disorders	287
14.7	Maternal Centrosome Anomalies and Birth Defects	288
14.8	Resolving the Special Problem of Parthenogenesis: Roles of Cytoplasmic Motors and NuMA	289
14.9	Centrosomes during Cloning, and Centrosomes in Embryonic Stem Cells Derived after Nuclear Transfer	290
14.10	Research Challenges for Centrosome Developmental Biologists: Developmental Centrosomopathies	292
	References	293
15	Microtubule Organizing Centers in Polarized Epithelial Cells Mette M. Mogensen	299
15.1	Introduction	299
15.2	Centrosomal Microtubule Nucleation	300
15.3	Non-centrosomal Microtubule Arrays	301
15.4	Microtubule Minus-end Anchorage at Centrosomal and Non-centrosomal Sites	305
15.5	Centrosomal Release of Microtubules and Anchoring Complexes	307
15.6	Stabilization of Non-centrosomal Microtubules	308
15.7	Release and Capture	310
	Acknowledgments	312
	References	312

Part IV	Centrosomes in Disease	321

16	Centrosome Anomalies in Cancer: From Early Observations to Animal Models Thea M. Goepfert and William R. Brinkley	323
16.1	Early Observations	323
16.2	Origin of Centrosome Anomalies	326
16.2.1	Deregulation of Centrosome Duplication	326
16.2.2	De Novo Formation of Centrioles or Uncontrolled Separation of Centriole Pairs	327
16.2.3	Failure to Undergo Cytokinesis	327
16.2.4	Fusion of Cells	327
16.3	Animal Models	328
16.3.1	Centrosome Anomalies and the p53 Pathway	328
16.3.2	Centrosome Anomalies and BRCA 1	329
16.3.3	Centrosome Anomalies and Aurora A	330
	Acknowledgments	333
	References	333
17	Radiation Therapy and Centrosome Anomalies in Pancreatic Cancer Norihiro Sato, Kazuhiro Mizumoto, and Masao Tanaka	337
	Abstract	337
17.1	Introduction	337
17.2	Radiation-induced Cell Death: Apoptosis or Mitotic Cell Death?	338
17.3	Centrosome Anomalies Induced by Radiation	339
17.4	The Mechanism(s) Leading to Centrosome Anomalies after Radiation Treatment	341
17.5	The Consequence of Centrosome Anomalies after Irradiation	343
17.6	Factors Affecting Centrosome Anomalies after Irradiation	345
17.7	Conclusions and Future Directions	346
	References	347
18	Human Papillomavirus Infection and Centrosome Anomalies in Cervical Cancer Karl Münger and Stefan Duensing	353
18.1	Genomic Instability and Malignant Progression	353
18.2	Human Papilloma viruses	354
18.3	Biological Activities of HPV E6/E7 Oncogenes	355
18.4	HPV-mediated Cervical Carcinogenesis as a Model System to Study Genomic Instability and Malignant Progression	357
18.5	Centrosome Abnormalities and Genomic Instability: Cause or Effect?	358
18.6	Induction of Centrosome Abnormalities by HPV Oncoproteins: Boveri’s Model Revisited	359
18.7	Do HPV E7-induced Centrosome Anomalies Contribute to Carcinogenic Progression?	362
18.8	Mechanistic Considerations	363
18.9	Concluding Remarks	365
	Acknowledgments	366
	References	367
19	Manipulation of Centrosomes and the Microtubule Cytoskeleton during Infection by Intracellular Pathogens Niki Scaplehorn and Michael Way	371
19.1	Introduction	371
19.2	Microtubule-directed Movement of Viruses and Membrane Compartments during Viral Infection	372
19.2.1	Targeting the Nucleus using Motor-proteins and the Microtubule Network: Herpes Simplex Virus, Poliovirus and Retroviruses	373
19.2.2	Hijacking Motor Proteins to Promote Cytoplasmic Assembly and Spread: Vaccinia Virus and African Swine Fever Virus	375
19.2.3	Conclusion	379
19.3	Virus-mediated Damage to the Centrosome and Microtubule Network	380
19.3.1	Viral Disruption of Microtubule Organization	380
19.3.2	Virus-mediated Centrosomal Damage	381
19.3.3	Summary	383
19.4	Viral Disruption of the Centrosome Duplication Cycle and Spindle Checkpoints	383
19.4.1	Early Studies on Centrosome Number: Paramyxoviral Syncytia	384
19.4.2	Multiple Centrosomes: Human Immunodeficiency Virus and the DNA Damage Checkpoint	385
19.4.3	Multiple Centrosomes: DNA Tumor Viruses, Retinoblastoma and Ran GTPase	387
19.4.4	Targeting the Spindle Assembly Checkpoint: Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus-1	388
19.4.5	Summary	389
19.5	Bacterial Manipulation of the Centrosome and Microtubules	390
19.5.1	Bacterial Manipulation of the Microtubule Network	390
19.5.2	Interactions between Bacteria and the Centrosome	393
19.5.3	Summary	394
19.6	Conclusion	394
	Acknowledgments	394
	References	395
20	Basal Bodies and Microtubule Organization in Pathogenic Protozoa Keith Gull, Laura Briggs and Sue Vaughan	401
20.1	Introduction and Appreciation	401
20.2	The „Dispersed“ MTOC Complement of Protozoal Cells	403
20.3	*The Trypanosoma brucei* Microtubule Biology**	403
20.3.1	The Spindle and Cell Division	404
20.3.2	Basal Bodies	407
20.4	The Microtubule Biology of the Apicomplexa	408
20.4.1	The Apical Polar Ring: A Unique Cytoplasmic MTOC	408
20.4.2	The Conoid	409
20.4.3	Apicomplexan Basal Bodies	410
20.4.4	The Spindle MTOC	411
20.4.5	Apicomplexan Cell Division and Cell Morphogenesis	411
20.5	Basal Bodies Are More than Just Microtubule Organizers: The Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Cytoskeleton!	414
20.6	Cytoskeletal Adaptations to Parasitism	416
20.7	Conclusion	419
	Acknowledgments	420
	References	420

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