Cryogenic Technology





SectionTitle
1.Introduction
2.Uses
3.Liquefaction Systems
3.1.Joule - Thomson Effect
3.2.Basic Linde - Hampson System
3.3.Precooled Linde - Hampson System
3.4.Linde Dual-Pressure System
3.5.Claude Liquefier
3.6.Liquefaction Systems for Natural Gas
3.7.Collins Helium-Liquefaction System
3.8.Miniature Liquefaction Systems
3.9.Comparison of Liquefaction Systems
4.Cryogenic Refrigeration Systems
4.1.Thermodynamically Ideal Refrigerator
4.2.Joule - Thomson Refrigerators
4.3.CVI Cold-Gas Refrigerator
4.4.Stirling Refrigerator
4.5.Vuilleumier Refrigerator
4.6.Solvay Refrigerator
4.7.Gifford - McMahon Refrigerator
4.8.Magnetic Refrigerators
4.9.Dilution Refrigerator
5.Components of Liquefiers and Cryocoolers
5.1.Cryogenic Heat Exchangers
5.1.1.Types of Cryogenic Heat Exchangers
5.1.2.Heat Exchangers for Dilution Refrigerators
5.1.3.Heat Exchanger Design Problems
5.1.4.Regenerators
5.2.Compressors
5.3.Expanders
6.Low-Temperature Separation Systems
6.1.Minimum Work of Separation
6.2.Properties of Mixtures
6.3.Flash Calculation
6.4.Principles of Cryogenic Rectification
6.5.Linde Single-Column System
6.6.Linde Double-Column System
6.7.Heylandt System
6.8.Argon Separation
6.9.Neon Separation
6.10.Physical Adsorption
7.References