| | Contents | |
| | | |
| |
| 1 | Introduction | 1 |
| 2 | Network Organization of Collaborative Research Centres for Scientific Efficiency Enhancement
Dieter Jacob, Gottfried Sachs, and Siegfried Wagner | 3 |
| 2.1 | Introduction | 3 |
| 2.2 | Organization of Collaboration | 4 |
| 2.3 | Efficiency Enhancement in Research | 4 |
| 2.4 | Efficiency Enhancement in Teaching and Education | 5 |
| 2.5 | Internationalization | 6 |
| 2.6 | Final Remarks | 7 |
| 3 | Overall Design Aspects | 9 |
| 3.1 | Conceptual Design of Winged Reusable Two-Stage-to-Orbit Space Transport Systems
Stefan Lentz, Mirko Hornung, and Werner Staudacher | 9 |
| 3.1.1 | Background and Introduction | 9 |
| 3.1.2 | Concepts for Reusable Space Transports | 11 |
| 3.1.2.1 | Single-Stage-to-Orbit SSTO | 11 |
| 3.1.2.2 | Two-Stage-to-Orbit TSTO | 12 |
| 3.1.3 | Design Procedure | 13 |
| 3.1.3.1 | Design Tools and Methods | 14 |
| 3.1.3.2 | Baseline Concept | 15 |
| 3.1.3.3 | Boundary Conditions and Requirements | 16 |
| 3.1.3.4 | Variation of Mission and Staging Mach Number | 16 |
| 3.1.3.5 | Trade Studies | 17 |
| 3.1.3.6 | Evaluation and Comparison of the Concepts | 17 |
| 3.1.4 | Variation of Mission and Mach Numbers | 18 |
| 3.1.4.1 | Mission Comparison | 20 |
| 3.1.4.2 | Comparison of Mach Number Variation | 21 |
| 3.1.4.3 | Accelerator Vehicle Concepts | 25 |
| 3.1.5 | Trade Studies | 25 |
| 3.1.5.1 | Airbreathing Second Stage | 26 |
| 3.1.5.2 | LOX-Collection | 29 |
| 3.1.6 | Comparison and Evaluation | 34 |
| 3.1.7 | Conclusion and Outlook | 35 |
| 3.2 | Evaluation and Multidisciplinary Optimization of Two-Stage-to-Orbit Space Planes with Different Lower-Stage Concepts
Thorsten Raible and Dieter Jacob | 38 |
| 3.2.1 | Introduction | 38 |
| 3.2.2 | Reference Configurations | 40 |
| 3.2.2.1 | Concept Design and Mission Requirements | 40 |
| 3.2.2.2 | Space Plane Configuration with Lifting Body Lower Stage | 40 |
| 3.2.2.3 | Space Plane Configuration with Waverider Lower Stage | 42 |
| 3.2.2.4 | Design and Optimization Parameters | 44 |
| 3.2.3 | Analysis Methods | 44 |
| 3.2.3.1 | Quality Criteria | 44 |
| 3.2.3.2 | Simulation and Optimization Software | 46 |
| 3.2.4 | Performance of Reference Space Planes | 46 |
| 3.2.4.1 | Mass Breakdown | 46 |
| 3.2.4.2 | Design Sensitivities | 48 |
| 3.2.5 | Optimization Results | 50 |
| 3.2.5.1 | Nominal Optimizations | 50 |
| 3.2.5.2 | Sensitivity-Based Optimizations | 53 |
| 3.2.6 | Summary and Conclusions | 54 |
| 4 | Aerodynamics and Thermodynamics | 57 |
| 4.1 | Low-Speed Tests with an ELAC-Model at High Reynolds Numbers
Günther Neuwerth, Udo Peiter, and Dieter Jacob | 57 |
| 4.1.1 | Introduction | 58 |
| 4.1.2 | Wind Tunnel Models | 59 |
| 4.1.3 | Pressure Distributions Influenced by Reynolds Number | 61 |
| 4.1.4 | Flow Field Influenced by Reynolds Number | 67 |
| 4.1.5 | Force Coefficients Influenced by Reynolds Number | 71 |
| 4.1.6 | Conclusion | 75 |
| 4.2 | Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Supersonic Flow over the ELAC-Configuration
Anatoly Michailovich Kharitonov, Mark Davidovich Brodetsky, Andreas Henze, Wolfgang Schröder, Matthias Heller, Gottfried Sachs, Christian Breitsamter, and Boris Laschka | 77 |
| 4.2.1 | Introduction | 77 |
| 4.2.2 | Experimental Setup | 78 |
| 4.2.3 | Numerical Method | 87 |
| 4.2.4 | Results | 88 |
| 4.2.4.1 | Flow Over the Orbital Stage and the EOS/Flat Plate Configuration | 88 |
| 4.2.4.2 | Separation of ELAC1C and EOS | 96 |
| 4.2.5 | Conclusions | 100 |
| 4.3 | Stage Separation -- Aerodynamics and Flow Physics
Christian Breitsamter, Lei Jiang, and Mochammad Agoes Moelyadi | 101 |
| 4.3.1 | Introduction | 102 |
| 4.3.2 | Methodology and Vehicle Geometries | 102 |
| 4.3.3 | Numerical Simulation | 105 |
| 4.3.3.1 | Flow Solver | 105 |
| 4.3.3.2 | Grid Generation | 106 |
| 4.3.4 | Experimental Simulation | 107 |
| 4.3.4.1 | Models and Facility | 107 |
| 4.3.4.2 | Measurement Technique and Test Programme | 108 |
| 4.3.5 | Steady State Flow | 109 |
| 4.3.5.1 | Dominant Flow Phenomena | 109 |
| 4.3.5.1.1 | Inviscid Case -- 2D and 3D Simulations | 109 |
| 4.3.5.1.2 | Viscous Effects -- Laminar and Turbulent Flow | 112 |
| 4.3.5.2 | Comparison of Experimental and Numerical Results | 113 |
| 4.3.6 | Unsteady Aerodynamics | 115 |
| 4.3.6.1 | Longitudinal Motion -- Dynamic Separation | 115 |
| 4.3.6.2 | Lateral Motion -- Disturbance Effects | 117 |
| 4.3.7 | Detailed Two-Stage-to-Orbit Configuration | 119 |
| 4.3.8 | Conclusions and Outlook | 122 |
| 4.4 | DNS of Laminar-Turbulent Transition in the Low Hypersonic Regime
Axel Fezer, Markus Kloker, Alessandro Pagella, Ulrich Rist, and Siegfried Wagner | 124 |
| 4.4.1 | Introduction | 124 |
| 4.4.2 | Numerical Approach | 125 |
| 4.4.2.1 | Governing Equations | 126 |
| 4.4.2.2 | Spatial and Time Discretization | 127 |
| 4.4.2.3 | Initial and Boundary Conditions | 127 |
| 4.4.3 | Transition on Flat Plate and Sharp Cone | 128 |
| 4.4.3.1 | Application-Specific Details of the Numerical Method | 128 |
| 4.4.3.2 | Results: Simulation of a Controlled Experiment | 130 |
| 4.4.3.3 | Results: Flat Plate and Cone at M=6.8 | 131 |
| 4.4.4 | Transitional Shock-Wave/Boundary-Layer Interaction at Ma=4.8 | 135 |
| 4.4.4.1 | Application-Specific Details of the Numerical Method | 137 |
| 4.4.4.2 | Results: Impinging Shock on a Flat Plate vs. Compression Ramp at Ma=4.8 | 139 |
| 4.4.4.3 | Conclusions | 146 |
| 4.5 | Numerical Simulation of High-Enthalpy Nonequilibrium Air Flows
Farid Infed, Markus Fertig, Ferdinand Olawsky, Panagiotis Adamidis, Monika Auweter-Kurtz, Michael Resch, and Ernst W. Messerschmid | 148 |
| 4.5.1 | Aerothermodynamic Aspects of Re-Entry Flows | 148 |
| 4.5.1.1 | Inviscid Fluxes | 149 |
| 4.5.1.2 | Thermal Relaxation | 150 |
| 4.5.1.3 | Electronic Excitation | 150 |
| 4.5.1.4 | Thermochemical Relaxation | 151 |
| 4.5.1.5 | Transport Coefficients | 152 |
| 4.5.1.6 | Turbulence | 152 |
| 4.5.1.7 | Electrical Discharge | 152 |
| 4.5.1.8 | Gas-Surface Interaction Modelling | 152 |
| 4.5.1.9 | Radiative Exchange at the Surface | 153 |
| 4.5.1.10 | Heat Conduction within TPS Materials | 154 |
| 4.5.2 | Numerics and Parallelization | 155 |
| 4.5.2.1 | Conservation Equations | 155 |
| 4.5.2.2 | Solver | 156 |
| 4.5.2.3 | Multiblock | 157 |
| 4.5.2.4 | Metacomputing | 158 |
| 4.5.2.5 | Adaptive Grids | 158 |
| 4.5.3 | Results | 159 |
| 4.5.3.1 | Simulation of the Re-Entry of the X-38 | 159 |
| 4.5.3.2 | Simulation of the Plasma Source RD5 | 162 |
| 4.6 | Flow Simulation and Problems in Ground Test Facilities
Uwe Gaisbauer, Helmut Knauss, Siegfried Wagner, Georg Herdrich, Markus Fertig, Michael Winter, and Monika Auweter-Kurtz | 165 |
| 4.6.1 | Introduction | 165 |
| 4.6.2 | Validation of a Short Duration Supersonic Wind Tunnel for Natural Laminar Turbulent Transition Studies | 170 |
| 4.6.2.1 | Introduction to the Problem | 170 |
| 4.6.2.2 | The Shock Wind Tunnel at Stuttgart University | 171 |
| 4.6.2.3 | Detection Techniques for Flow Disturbance Fields | 175 |
| 4.6.2.4 | Free Stream Disturbance Measurements in the Shock Wind Tunnel„ | 178 |
| 4.6.2.5 | Transition Experiments in the Test Section Flow | 184 |
| 4.6.2.6 | Conclusion and Aspects | 189 |
| 4.6.3 | Plasma Wind Tunnels | 191 |
| 4.6.3.1 | Plasma Generators | 192 |
| 4.6.3.1.1 | Arc-Driven Plasma Generators (TPG and MPG) | 192 |
| 4.6.3.1.2 | Inductively Heated Plasma Generators (IPGs) | 195 |
| 4.6.3.2 | Heat Flux Simulation for X-38 Using PWK1 as Example for PWK Investigation | 197 |
| 4.7 | Characterization of High-Enthalpy Flows
Monika Auweter-Kurtz, Markus Fertig, Georg Herdrich, Kurt Hirsch, Stefan Löhle, Sergej Pidan, Uwe Schumacher, and Michael Winter | 199 |
| 4.7.1 | Intrusive Measurement Methods | 200 |
| 4.7.1.1 | Material Sample Support System | 202 |
| 4.7.1.2 | Heat Flux Measurements | 203 |
| 4.7.2 | Non-Intrusive Techniques | 206 |
| 4.7.2.1 | Emission Spectroscopy | 207 |
| 4.7.2.2 | Laser-Induced Fluorescence | 209 |
| 4.7.2.3 | Thomson Scattering for Electron Temperature and Density Determination | 211 |
| 4.7.2.4 | High-Resolution Spectroscopy and Fabry Perot Interferometry | 212 |
| 4.7.3 | Flight Instrumentation (PYREX, RESPECT, PHLUX, COMPARE) | 213 |
| 4.7.3.1 | Description of PYREX-KAT38 (Pyrometric Entry Experiment) | 214 |
| 4.7.3.2 | RESPECT (Re-Entry SPECTrometer) | 216 |
| 4.7.3.3 | COMPARE | 217 |
| 4.8 | Numerical Simulation of Flow Fields Past Space Transportation Systems
Andreas Henze, Wolfgang Schröder, and Matthias Meinke | 220 |
| 4.8.1 | Introduction | 221 |
| 4.8.2 | Numerical Scheme | 221 |
| 4.8.2.1 | Basic Equations | 221 |
| 4.8.2.2 | Initial and Boundary Conditions | 222 |
| 4.8.2.3 | Spatial Discretization in Structured Grids | 223 |
| 4.8.2.4 | Spatial Discretization in Unstructured Grids | 224 |
| 4.8.2.5 | Structured/Unstructured Coupling | 225 |
| 4.8.2.6 | Temporal Integration | 225 |
| 4.8.3 | Results | 226 |
| 4.8.3.1 | Geometry of the Two-Stage System | 226 |
| 4.8.3.2 | Flow Past ELAC | 228 |
| 4.8.3.3 | Flow Past ELAC-1c | 233 |
| 4.8.3.4 | Simplified Stage Separation | 240 |
| 4.8.4 | Conclusions | 241 |
| 4.9 | High-Speed Aerodynamics of the Two-Stage ELAC/EOS-Configuration for Ascend and Re-entry
Martin Bleilebens, Christoph Glößner, and Herbert Olivier | 242 |
| 4.9.1 | Introduction and Experimental Conditions | 242 |
| 4.9.2 | Measurement Equipment | 244 |
| 4.9.2.1 | Pressure Measurement | 244 |
| 4.9.2.2 | Temperature and Heatflux Measurement | 244 |
| 4.9.2.3 | Force and Moment Measurement | 244 |
| 4.9.2.4 | Flow Visualization | 245 |
| 4.9.3 | Measurements on the ELAC- and EOS-Configurations | 246 |
| 4.9.3.1 | Pressure and Heat Flux Measurements on the ELAC-Configuration„ | 246 |
| 4.9.3.2 | Force and Moment Measurements on the ELAC-Configuration | 247 |
| 4.9.3.3 | Pressure and Heat Flux Measurements on the EOS-Configuration | 249 |
| 4.9.3.4 | Force and Moment Measurements on the EOS-Configuration | 251 |
| 4.9.4 | Detailed Measurements on Ramp-Configurations | 254 |
| 4.9.4.1 | Laminar and Turbulent Shock-Wave/Boundary-Layer Interactions | 254 |
| 4.9.4.2 | Theoretical Considerations | 255 |
| 4.9.4.3 | Ramp Flows with Variation of Surface Temperature | 256 |
| 4.9.4.4 | Description of Ramp Model | 258 |
| 4.9.4.5 | Schlieren Pictures and Position of Separation | 260 |
| 4.9.4.6 | Determination of Pressure Coefficients | 262 |
| 4.9.4.7 | Determination of Stanton Numbers | 264 |
| 4.9.5 | Conclusions | 267 |
| 5 | Propulsion | 269 |
| 5.1 | PDF/FDF-Methods for the Prediction of Supersonic Turbulent Combustion
Stefan Heinz and Rainer Friedrich | 269 |
| 5.1.1 | Introduction | 269 |
| 5.1.2 | Methods for Turbulent Reacting Flow Calculations | 270 |
| 5.1.2.1 | Basic Methods | 271 |
| 5.1.2.2 | Hybrid PDF/FDF-Methods | 272 |
| 5.1.3 | Some Deficiencies of Existing Hybrid PDF-Methods | 272 |
| 5.1.3.1 | The Transport Problem | 273 |
| 5.1.3.2 | The Mixing Problem | 273 |
| 5.1.3.3 | The Energy Problem | 274 |
| 5.1.4 | New Theoretical Concepts | 275 |
| 5.1.4.1 | The Transport Problem | 276 |
| 5.1.4.2 | The Mixing Problem | 276 |
| 5.1.4.3 | The Energy Problem | 276 |
| 5.1.5 | The Use of PDF Combustion Codes | 277 |
| 5.1.5.1 | The Current Use of PDF/FDF-Methods | 277 |
| 5.1.5.2 | New Developments | 279 |
| 5.1.5.3 | Common Activities to Develop a New Combustion Code | 279 |
| 5.1.6 | Prospects for Further Developments | 280 |
| 5.1.6.1 | The Current and Future Use of Computational Methods | 280 |
| 5.1.6.2 | Some Challenges | 281 |
| 5.2 | Design and Testing of Gasdynamically Optimized Fuel Injectors for the Piloting of Supersonic Flames with Low Losses
Anatoliy Lyubar, Tobias Sander, and Thomas Sattelmayer | 284 |
| 5.2.1 | Introduction | 284 |
| 5.2.2 | Experimental Setup | 285 |
| 5.2.2.1 | Model SCRamjet Combustor | 285 |
| 5.2.2.2 | Preheater | 285 |
| 5.2.2.3 | Combustion Chamber | 286 |
| 5.2.2.4 | Injectors | 288 |
| 5.2.3 | Investigation Tools | 289 |
| 5.2.3.1 | Shadowgraph Method | 289 |
| 5.2.3.2 | Rayleigh Scattering | 289 |
| 5.2.3.3 | Raman Scattering | 289 |
| 5.2.3.4 | OH-LIF Measurements | 290 |
| 5.2.3.5 | Self-Fluorescence Measurements (Chemiluminescence) | 290 |
| 5.2.4 | Numerical Modelling | 291 |
| 5.2.4.1 | Numerical Simulation with the CFD-Code Fluent 5.5 | 291 |
| 5.2.4.2 | Special Features of the Modelling of the Supersonic Combustion | 291 |
| 5.2.4.3 | Reducing the Number of Species | 292 |
| 5.2.4.4 | Reaction Mapping by Using of the Polynomials | 294 |
| 5.2.4.5 | Validation of the Modelling Approach with Polynomials | 295 |
| 5.2.5 | Two Stage Injector | 297 |
| 5.2.5.1 | Theoretical Considerations | 297 |
| 5.2.5.2 | Shock Stabilization | 300 |
| 5.2.5.3 | Combustion | 303 |
| 5.2.6 | Conclusions | 305 |
| 5.3 | Hypersonic Propulsion Systems: Design, Dual-Mode Combustion and Systems Off-Design Simulation | 308 |
| 5.3.1 | Combustion Stability of a Dual-Mode Scramjet Configuration with Strut Injector
Sara Rocci-Denis, Armin Brandstetter, Dieter Rist, and Hans-Peter Kau | 308 |
| 5.3.1.1 | Introduction | 308 |
| 5.3.1.2 | Experimental Setup | 310 |
| 5.3.1.3 | Results and Discussion | 315 |
| 5.3.1.4 | Conclusions | 324 |
| 5.3.2 | Hypersonic Highly Integrated Propulsion Systems Design and Off-Design Simulation
Hans Rick, Andreas Bauer, Thomas Esch, Sebastian Hollmeier, Hans-Peter Kau, Sven Kopp, and Andreas Kreiner | 327 |
| 5.3.2.1 | Introduction | 327 |
| 5.3.2.2 | Reference Propulsion System for the TSTO Concept | 330 |
| 5.3.2.3 | Engine Integration | 330 |
| 5.3.2.4 | Core Engine | 336 |
| 5.3.2.5 | Numerical Engine Simulation | 337 |
| 5.3.2.6 | Thrust Vectoring | 338 |
| 5.3.2.7 | Real Time Flight Simulation | 344 |
| 5.3.2.8 | Conclusion | 345 |
| 5.4 | Experimental Investigation about External Compression of Highly Integrated Airbreathing Propulsion Systems
Uwe Gaisbauer, Helmut Knauss, and Siegfried Wagner | 347 |
| 5.4.1 | Introduction | 347 |
| 5.4.1.1 | Focus on the Problem | 348 |
| 5.4.1.2 | Preliminary Measurements | 349 |
| 5.4.2 | Experimental Facility | 350 |
| 5.4.3 | Wind Tunnel Models and Instrumentation | 351 |
| 5.4.3.1 | Model 1 | 351 |
| 5.4.3.2 | Model 2 | 352 |
| 5.4.3.3 | Model 3 | 353 |
| 5.4.4 | Numerical Model | 354 |
| 5.4.5 | Measurements and Results | 354 |
| 5.4.5.1 | Determination of the Boundary-Conditions | 355 |
| 5.4.5.2 | Measurements in the Field of Shock Boundary Layer Interaction | 358 |
| 5.4.6 | Conclusion and Outlook | 362 |
| 5.5 | Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Lobed Strut Injectors for Supersonic Combustion
Peter Gerlinger, Peter Kasal, Fernando Schneider, Jens von Wolfersdorf, Bernhard Weigang, and Manfred Aigner | 365 |
| 5.5.1 | Introduction | 365 |
| 5.5.2 | Experimental Setup and Measurement Techniques | 366 |
| 5.5.3 | Governing Equations and Numerical Simulation | 369 |
| 5.5.3.1 | Multigrid Convergence Acceleration | 370 |
| 5.5.4 | Strut Design and Performance Parameters | 371 |
| 5.5.5 | Supersonic Mixing | 373 |
| 5.5.6 | Supersonic Combustion | 374 |
| 5.5.6.1 | Investigation of Different Lobed Strut Injectors | 375 |
| 5.5.7 | Conclusions | 380 |
| 5.6 | Experimental Studies of Viscous Interaction Effects in Hypersonic Inlets and Nozzle Flow Fields
Andreas Henckels and Patrick Gruhn | 383 |
| 5.6.1 | Introduction | 383 |
| 5.6.2 | Experimental Techniques | 385 |
| 5.6.2.1 | Facility and Flow Diagnostics | 385 |
| 5.6.2.2 | Wind Tunnel Models | 386 |
| 5.6.3 | Inlet Studies | 388 |
| 5.6.4 | Nozzle Studies | 395 |
| 5.6.5 | Conclusion | 400 |
| 5.7 | Intake Flows in Airbreathing Engines for Supersonic and Hypersonic Transport
Birgit Ursula Reinartz, Joern van Keuk, Josef Ballmann, Carsten Herrmann, and Wolfgang Koschel | 403 |
| 5.7.1 | Introduction | 404 |
| 5.7.2 | Physical Model | 405 |
| 5.7.3 | Numerical Method | 406 |
| 5.7.4 | Results | 408 |
| 5.7.4.1 | Turbulent 2D Supersonic Intake Flows with Internal Compression | 408 |
| 5.7.4.2 | Laminar 3D Hypersonic Corner Flows | 411 |
| 5.7.4.3 | Turbulent 3D Hypersonic Flows through Symmetric/Asymmetric Double-Fin Configurations | 414 |
| 5.7.4.4 | Laminar 2D Shock Interactions in Hypersonic Flows with Chemical Non-Equilibrium | 415 |
| 5.7.5 | Conclusions | 418 |
| 6 | Flight Mechanics and Control | 421 |
| 6.1 | Safety Improvement for Two-Stage-to-Orbit Vehicles by Appropriate Mission Abort Strategies
Michael Mayrhofer, Otto Wagner, and Gottfried Sachs | 421 |
| 6.1.1 | Introduction | 422 |
| 6.1.2 | Dynamics Model of Two-Stage-to-Orbit Vehicle | 423 |
| 6.1.3 | Optimization Problem | 427 |
| 6.1.4 | Safety Improved Nominal Trajectory | 428 |
| 6.1.5 | Mission Aborts of Carrier Stage | 430 |
| 6.1.6 | Mission Aborts of Orbital Stage | 432 |
| 6.1.7 | Mission Abort Plan | 435 |
| 6.1.8 | Conclusions | 436 |
| 6.2 | Optimal Trajectories for Hypersonic Vehicles with Predefined Levels„ of Inherent Safety
Rainer Callies | 438 |
| 6.2.1 | Introduction | 439 |
| 6.2.2 | Theoretical Background | 440 |
| 6.2.2.1 | Classical Problem | 440 |
| 6.2.2.2 | Related Boundary Value Problem | 440 |
| 6.2.2.3 | Extended Problem (A) | 441 |
| 6.2.2.4 | Extended Problem (B) | 444 |
| 6.2.3 | Numerical Method | 446 |
| 6.2.4 | Model System | 449 |
| 6.2.4.1 | Overview | 449 |
| 6.2.4.2 | Thrust Model | 449 |
| 6.2.4.3 | Atmospheric and Aerodynamic Model | 450 |
| 6.2.4.4 | Equations of Motion | 451 |
| 6.2.4.5 | Primary Problem | 452 |
| 6.2.4.6 | Secondary Problem | 453 |
| 6.2.4.7 | Extended Problem (B) | 454 |
| 6.2.4.8 | Numerical Results | 455 |
| 6.2.5 | Conclusion | 456 |
| 6.3 | Hypersonic Trajectory Optimization for Thermal Load Reduction
Michael Dinkelmann, Markus Wächter, and Gottfried Sachs | 458 |
| 6.3.1 | Introduction | 459 |
| 6.3.2 | Modelling of Vehicle Dynamics | 460 |
| 6.3.3 | Modelling of Heat Input | 464 |
| 6.3.4 | Optimization Problem | 467 |
| 6.3.5 | Results | 469 |
| 6.3.5.1 | Range Cruise | 469 |
| 6.3.5.2 | Return-to-Base Cruise | 471 |
| 6.3.6 | Conclusions | 473 |
| 6.4 | Flight Dynamics and Control Problems of Two-Stage-to-Orbit Vehicles | 476 |
| 6.4.1 | Flight Tests and Simulation Experiments for Hypersonic Long-Term Dynamics Flying Qualities
Robert Stich, Timothy H. Cox, and Gottfried Sachs | 476 |
| 6.4.1.1 | Introduction | 477 |
| 6.4.1.2 | Hypersonic Flight Dynamics | 478 |
| 6.4.1.3 | Research Aircraft and Flight Simulator | 480 |
| 6.4.1.4 | Results | 482 |
| 6.4.1.5 | Conclusions | 487 |
| 6.4.2 | Wind Tunnel Tests for Modelling the Separation Dynamics of a Two-Stage-to-Orbit Vehicle
Christian Zähringer and Gottfried Sachs | 489 |
| 6.4.2.1 | Introduction | 489 |
| 6.4.2.2 | Test Facility and Wind Tunnel Models | 490 |
| 6.4.2.3 | Results | 492 |
| 6.4.2.4 | Conclusions | 497 |
| 7 | High-Temperature Materials and Hot Structures | 499 |
| 7.1 | Ceramic Matrix Composites the Key Materials for Re-Entry from Space to Earth
Martin Frieß, Walter Krenkel, Richard Kochendörfer, Rüdiger Brandt, Günther Neuer, and Hans-Peter Maier | 499 |
| 7.1.1 | Introduction and Overview | 499 |
| 7.1.2 | Liquid Silicon Infiltration: Process Development | 500 |
| 7.1.3 | Microstructural Design of C/C-SiC Composites | 502 |
| 7.1.3.1 | C/C-SiC Composites Derived from As-Received Carbon Fibres | 502 |
| 7.1.3.2 | C/C-SiC Composites Derived from Thermally Pre-Treated Carbon Fibres | 503 |
| 7.1.3.3 | Graded C/C-SiC Composites | 504 |
| 7.1.3.4 | C/C-SiC Composites Derived from Graphitized C/C | 508 |
| 7.1.4 | Macroscopic Design Aspects | 509 |
| 7.1.4.1 | Dimensional Stability | 509 |
| 7.1.4.2 | Modular Construction by In-Situ Joining | 511 |
| 7.1.5 | Thermophysical Characterization of C/C-SiC | 512 |
| 7.1.5.1 | Methods to Measure Thermophysical Properties | 512 |
| 7.1.5.2 | Materials and Specimen Preparation | 512 |
| 7.1.5.3 | Specific Heat Capacity | 514 |
| 7.1.5.4 | Thermal Conductivity | 515 |
| 7.1.5.5 | Spectral and Total Emissivity | 518 |
| 7.1.6 | Thermomechanical Characterization of C/C-SiC | 520 |
| 7.1.6.1 | Failure Mechanism of C/C-SiC Materials | 520 |
| 7.1.6.2 | Influence of the Temperature on the Stress-Strain Behaviour | 520 |
| 7.2 | Behaviour of Reusable Heat Shield Materials under Re-Entry Conditions
Fritz Aldinger, Monika Auweter-Kurtz, Markus Fertig, Georg Herdrich, Kurt Hirsch, Peter Lindner, Dirk Matusch, Günther Neuer, Uwe Schumacher, and Michael Winter | 527 |
| 7.2.1 | Principles and Modelling of Heterogeneous Reactions | 528 |
| 7.2.1.1 | Heterogeneous Catalysis | 528 |
| 7.2.1.2 | Redox Reactions Including Active and Passive Oxidation | 531 |
| 7.2.1.3 | Surface Reaction Model Applied to MIRKA Re-Entry Flow | 533 |
| 7.2.2 | Characterization of High-Temperature Oxidation and Catalytic Behaviour of TPS Materials | 535 |
| 7.2.2.1 | Experimentally Observed Influence of Catalytic Efficiency | 535 |
| 7.2.2.2 | Oxidation Behaviour | 537 |
| 7.2.3 | Developments and Investigations of Protection Layers for Reusable Heat Shield Materials | 541 |
| 7.2.3.1 | Production and Characteristics of Protection Layers | 541 |
| 7.2.3.2 | Diagnostics for the Tests of the Protection Layers in the Plasma Wind Tunnel | 542 |
| 7.2.3.3 | Protection Material Tests and Results | 543 |
| 7.3 | Design and Evaluation of Fibre Ceramic Structures
Bernd-Helmut Kröplin, Richard Kochendörfer, Thomas Reimer, Thomas Ullmann, Ralf Kornmann, Roger Schäfer, and Thomas Wallmersperger | 549 |
| 7.3.1 | Introduction | 549 |
| 7.3.1.1 | Concept Design and Manufacturing Studies | 551 |
| 7.3.1.2 | Manufacturing | 553 |
| 7.3.1.3 | Test | 554 |
| 7.3.1.4 | Plasma Sprayed Yttrium Silicates for Oxidation Protection of C/C-SiC Panels | 555 |
| 7.3.1.5 | Flight Experiment | 557 |
| 7.3.2 | Measuring Model Deflections by Thermo-Mechanical Loads in a Plasma Wind Tunnel | 559 |
| 7.3.2.1 | Overview | 559 |
| 7.3.2.2 | Model Design | 561 |
| 7.3.2.3 | Adaptation of the HTGM to the L3K Facility | 562 |
| 7.3.2.4 | Results | 565 |
| 7.3.3 | Material Description of Fibre Ceramics | 569 |
| 7.3.3.1 | Phenomena in C/C-SiC Materials | 569 |
| 7.3.3.2 | Phenomenological Model | 571 |
| 7.3.3.3 | Micromechanically Based Phenomenological Model | 573 |
| 7.3.3.4 | Functionally Graded Materials | 575 |
| 7.3.4 | Conclusions | 578 |
| 8 | Cooperation with Industry and Research Establishments, Participation in National and International Research Programmes
Dieter Jacob, Gottfried Sachs, and Siegfried Wagner | 581 |
| 9 | Conclusions and Perspectives
Dieter Jacob, Gottfried Sachs, and Siegfried Wagner | 585 |
| 10 | Appendix | 587 |
| 10.1 | Publications | 587 |
| 10.2 | Dissertations | 639 |
| 10.3 | Habilitations | 648 |
| 10.4 | Patents | 649 |
| 10.5 | Number of Diploma Theses | 649 |
| 10.6 | Visiting Researchers | 649 |
| 10.7 | Organization and Projects | 656 |
