Wiley-VCH - Bücher | Chemie | Biochemie u. Chemische Biologie | Handbook of Biomineralization

	Bücher \| Chemie \| Biochemie u. Chemische Biologie \| Handbook of Biomineralization \| Inhaltsverzeichnis

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	Contents


	Preface	XV
	Foreword	XIX
	List of Contributors	XXI
Part I	Biomimetic Model Systems in Biomineralization	1
1	The Polyamine Silica System: A Biomimetic Model for the Biomineralization of Silica Peter Behrens, Michael Jahns, and Henning Menzel	3
	Abstract	3
1.1	Introduction	3
1.2	Mechanisms of Biomineralization in Diatoms	4
1.3	Polyamine-Silica Systems	6
1.4	Synthesis of Linear Polyamines	9
1.5	Kinetic Investigations on Polyamine-Silica Systems	10
1.6	Investigations of the Aggregation Behavior in Polyamine-Silica Systems	13
1.7	Conclusions	16
	References	16
2	Solid-State NMR in Biomimetic Silica Formation and Silica Biomineralization Eike Brunner and Katharina Lutz	19
	Abstract	19
2.1	Introduction	19
2.2	General Remarks on Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy	20
2.3	Multinuclear NMR Studies of Diatom Cell Walls	23
2.3.1	Studies with Solid-State ²⁹Si NMR Spectroscopy	23
2.3.2	Studies of the Embedded Organic Material by NMR Spectroscopy	25
2.4	Silica Precipitation and Self-Assembly of Silaffins and Polyamines	28
2.4.1	Silica Precipitation Activity of Natural Polyamines and Silaffins	28
2.4.2	Self-Assembly of Polyamines: Poly(allylamine) as a Model Compound	30
2.4.2.1	The Dependence of PAA Aggregation on the Phosphate Concentration	31
2.4.2.2	The Dependence of PAA Aggregation on the pH Value	33
2.4.3	Microscopic Phase Separation Mediates Cell Wall Biogenesis	34
2.5	Summary	36
	References	36
3	Mesocrystals: Examples of Non-Classical Crystallization Helmut Cölfen	39
	Abstract	39
3.1	Introduction	39
3.2	Classical and Non-Classical Crystallization	40
3.3	Mesocrystals	42
3.4	Mesocrystal Formation Mechanisms	53
3.5	Conclusions	59
	References	61
4	Biologically Inspired Crystallization of Calcium Carbonate beneath Monolayers: A Critical Overview Dirk Volkmer	65
	Abstract	65
4.1	Introduction	65
4.2	Nacre Formation	66
4.3	Biomimetic Crystallization of CaCO₃ beneath Monolayers: Experimental Set-Up	71
4.4	CaCO₃ Crystallization beneath Monolayers of Macrocylic Amphiphiles	73
4.5	Formation of Tabular Aragonite Crystals via a Non-Epitaxial Growth Mechanism	81
4.6	Conclusions	83
	References	85
5	The Hierarchical Architecture of Nacre and its Mimetic Materials Hiroaki Imai and Yuya Oaki	89
	Abstract	89
5.1	Introduction	89
5.2	The Hierarchical Structures of the Nacreous Layers	91
5.3	Hierarchical Structures of Other Biominerals	93
5.4	Nacre-Mimetic CaCO₃ with Organic Polymers	96
5.4.1	Strategy for the Synthesis of CaCO₃ Planar Films with Soluble Agents and Insoluble Matrices	96
5.4.2	Reproduction of Bridged Nanocrystals with Biogenic Agents	97
5.4.3	Synthesis of Planar Films Consisting of Bridged Nanocrystals with Synthetic Polymeric Agents	98
5.5	Nacre-Mimetic Aragonite-Type Carbonate Crystals with Organic and Inorganic Polymeric Agents	100
5.6	Nacre-Mimetic Hierarchical Structure of Potassium Sulfate and PAA	101
5.7	Self-Organization of Nacre-Mimetic Crystal Growth	102
5.7.1	Bridged Nanocrystals Leading to an Oriented Architecture	102
5.7.2	Formation of Hierarchical Architectures	104
5.8	Conclusions	105
	References	105
6	Avian Eggshell as a Template for Biomimetic Synthesis of New Materials José Luis Arias, José Ignacio Arias, and María Soledad Fernandez	109
	Abstract	109
6.1	Introduction	109
6.2	Eggshell Organization and General Composition	111
6.3	The Eggshell Membrane as an Immobilization Support and Adsorbent	112
6.4	The Eggshell Membrane or Matrix as a Template for Crystal Growth	112
6.5	Composite Reinforcement with Eggshell	114
6.6	Biomedical Applications of Eggshell	114
6.7	Summary and Future Prospects	115
	References	115
7	Biomimetic Mineralization and Shear Modulation Force Microscopy of Self-Assembled Protein Fibers Elaine DiMasi, Seo-Young Kwak, Nadine Pernodet, Xiaolan Ba, Yizhi Meng, Vladimir Zeitsev, Karthikeyan Subburaman, and Miriam Rafailovich	119
	Abstract	119
7.1	Introduction	119
7.2	Self-Assembled ECM Protein Networks	124
7.3	Shear Modulation Force Microscopy	124
7.4	Comparative CaCO₃ Mineralization of Elastin and Fibronectin Networks	126
7.5	Mineralization of ECM Produced by Cells	129
7.6	Outlook	131
	References	132
8	Model Systems for Formation and Dissolution of Calcium Phosphate Minerals Christine A. Orme and Jennifer L. Giocondi	135
	Abstract	135
8.1	Introduction	135
8.2	Calcium Phosphate Phases Found in Biology	136
8.3	Solution Chemistry in the Body	139
8.3.1	Solution Speciation	139
8.3.2	Crystal Growth Parameters	140
8.3.2.1	Supersaturation	141
8.3.2.2	pH	142
8.3.2.3	Ionic Strength	143
8.3.2.4	Temperature	143
8.3.2.5	Cation to Anion Ratios	143
8.3.3	The Speciation of Body Fluids	144
8.3.4	Limitations of Speciation Modeling	147
8.4	Measuring Crystal Growth	148
8.4.1	Bulk Crystallization	148
8.4.2	Scanning Probe/Atomic Force Microscopy	149
8.5	Impurity Interactions	151
8.5.1	Inhibition Through Step Pinning	152
8.5.2	Inhibition by Reduction of Step Density	153
8.6	Outlook	155
	References	156
9	Biomimetic Formation of Magnetite Nanoparticles Damien Faivre	159
	Abstract	159
9.1	The Ubiquitous Interest for Magnetite Nanoparticles	160
9.2	Biogenic Magnetite Nanocrystals	160
9.3	Biomimetics	164
9.4	Abiomimetics	165
9.5	Future Considerations	168
	References	169
Part II	Bio-Inspired Materials Synthesis	173
10	Using Ice to Mimic Nacre: From Structural Applications to Artificial Bone Sylvain Deville, Eduardo Saiz, and Antoni P. Tomsia	175
	Abstract	175
10.1	Nacre as a Blueprint	175
10.1.1	Biomineralized Natural Structures	175
10.1.2	Structure of Nacre	177
10.1.3	Toughening Mechanisms in Nacre	178
10.1.4	Why Mimic Nacre?	179
10.1.5	Currently Available Techniques for Mimicking Nacre	180
10.2	A Natural Segregation Principle	180
10.2.1	Basics of the Technique	181
10.2.2	Previous Achievements	182
10.2.2.1	Ceramics	182
10.2.2.2	Polymers	182
10.2.2.3	Composites	183
10.2.2.4	Hydrogels (Silica)	183
10.2.3	Underlying Physical Principles	183
10.3	Type of Materials Processed and Mechanical Properties	184
10.3.1	Scaffolds and Composites	185
10.3.2	Preliminary Reports of Properties of Ice-Templated Materials	186
10.4	Control of the Structure: Influence of Processing Parameters	188
10.4.1	Mesostructural Gradients	188
10.4.2	Porosity or Relative Importance of the Two Phases	189
10.4.3	Lamellae Characteristics	189
10.4.4	Grain Size	190
10.4.5	Interface	190
10.5	Conclusions	191
	References	192
11	Bio-Inspired Construction of Silica Surface Patterns Olaf Helmecke, Peter Behrens, and Henning Menzel	193
	Abstract	193
11.1	Bioorganic Molecules and their Influence on Silica Condensation	193
11.2	Structure Formation Models	195
11.3	Silica Deposition on Patterned Surfaces	195
11.3.1	Influence of Additives in the Silicic Acid Solution	201
11.3.2	Influence of the Polymer at the Reaction Area	201
11.3.3	Influence of the Polymer at the Reaction Area	203
11.4	Summary	205
	References	206
12	Template Surfaces for the Formation of Calcium Carbonate Wolfgang Tremel, Jörg Küther, Mathias Balz, Niklas Loges, and Stephan E. Wolf	209
	Abstract	209
12.1	Introduction	210
12.2	In-Vitro Models	210
12.3	Control of Polymorphism in Homogeneous Crystallization	211
12.4	Control of Nucleation and Structure Formation Processes at Interfaces: Langmuir Monolayers	212
12.5	Control of Nucleation and Structure Formation Processes at Interfaces: Self-Assembled Monolayers	214
12.5.1	Surface Polarity	215
12.5.2	Surface Ordering	218
12.5.3	Surface Geometry/Symmetry	220
12.5.4	Head Group Orientation Due to Even/Odd Chains	224
12.6	Mechanistic Studies of the Crystallization on SAMs	225
12.7	Studies of Cooperative Interactions in Template-Induced Crystallization Processes	226
12.7.1	Mineralization of CaCO₃ on SAMs in the Presence of Polyacrylate	226
	References	229
Part III	Bio-Supported Materials Chemistry	233
13	Inorganic Preforms of Biological Origin: Shape-Preserving Reactive Conversion of Biosilica Microshells (Diatoms) Kenneth H. Sandhage, Shawn M. Allan, Matthew B. Dickerson, Eric M. Ernst, Christopher S. Gaddis, Samuel Shian, Michael R. Weatherspoon, Gul Ahmad, Ye Cai, Michael S. Haluska, Robert L. Snyder, Raymond R. Unocic, and Frank M. Zalar	235
	Abstract	235
13.1	Attractive Characteristics and Limitations of Biological Self-Assembly	236
13.2	The Bioclastic and Shape-Preserving Inorganic Conversion (BaSIC) Process	236
13.3	Shape-Preserving Reactive Conversion of 3-D Synthetic Ceramic Macrostructures	237
13.4	Shape-Preserving Chemical Conversion of Diatom Frustules via Oxidation--Reduction Reactions	239
13.5	Shape-Preserving Chemical Conversion of Diatom Frustules via Metathetic Reactions	243
13.6	Shape-Preserving Chemical Conversion of Diatom Frustules via Sequential Displacement Reactions	247
13.7	Summary and Future Opportunities	249
	References	251
14	Organic Preforms of Biological Origin: Natural Plant Tissues as Templates for Inorganic and Zeolitic Macrostructures	255
	Alessandro Zampieri, Wilhelm Schwieger, Cordt Zollfrank, and Peter Greil
	Abstract	255
14.1	Introduction	256
14.1.1	The Direct Replica	257
14.1.2	The Sacrificial Template-Type Replica	257
14.1.3	Cellular Ceramics	258
14.1.3.1	Polysaccharides	258
14.2	Conversion of Lignocellulosics into Ceramic Substrate	261
14.3	Hierarchical Porous Zeolite-Containing Macrostructures	266
14.3.1	Replicating Materials of Biological Origin	269
14.3.2	Zeolite Functionalization of Biomorphous Cellular Ceramics	277
14.4	Conclusion	286
	References	286
15	“Bio-Casting”: Biomineralized Skeletons as Templates for Macroporous Structures	289
	Fiona Meldrum
	Abstract	289
15.1	Introduction	289
15.2	Amorphous and Polycrystalline Macroporous Solids	293
15.2.1	Polymer Replicas of Sea Urchin Skeletal Plates	293
15.2.2	Macroporous Gold	294
15.2.3	Macroporous Nickel	295
15.2.4	Macroporous Silica	295
15.2.5	Macroporous Titania	297
15.3	Macroporous Single Crystals	297
15.3.1	Calcium Carbonate	298
15.3.2	Strontium Sulfate	300
15.3.3	Lead Sulfate and Lead Carbonate	301
15.3.4	Copper Sulfate and Sodium Chloride	302
15.3.5	Polycrystalline Systems	303
15.3.6	Controlling Crystal Nucleation: Influence of the Polymer Surface Chemistry	304
15.4	Summary	306
	References	307
Part IV	Protein Cages as Size-Constrained Reaction Vessels	311
16	Constrained Metal Oxide Mineralization: Lessons from Ferritin Applied to other Protein Cage Architectures Mark A. Allen, M. Matthew Prissel, Mark J. Young, and Trevor Douglas	313
	Abstract	313
16.1	Introduction	313
16.2	Biomineralization of Iron Oxide in Mammalian Ferritin	316
16.3	Mineralization	317
16.4	Iron oxidation	319
16.5	Iron Oxide Nucleation and Mineral Growth	320
16.6	Summary of Ferritin Mineralization Reaction	321
16.7	Model for Synthetic Nucleation-Driven Mineralization	322
16.8	Mineralization in Dps: A 12-Subunit Protein Cage	324
16.9	Icosahedral Protein Cages: Viruses	326
16.10	Cowpea Chlorotic Mottle Virus: A Model Protein Cage	327
16.11	Redesigning CCMV to Make a Fn Mimic	328
16.12	Conclusions	330
	References	331
17	The Tobacco Mosaic Virus as Template Alexander M. Bittner	335
	Abstract	335
17.1	Introduction	335
17.2	Biomolecules as Templates for Nanostructures	336
17.3	The Surface Chemistry of TMV	340
17.4	Nanostructures on the Exterior TMV Surface	342
17.5	Clusters and Wires inside the 4-nm-Wide Channel of TMV	346
17.6	Perspectives	347
	References	348
Part V	Encapsulation	351
18	Biomimetic Biopolymer/Silica Capsules for Biomedical Applications Michel Boissière, Joachim Allouche, and Thibaud Coradin	353
	Abstract	353
18.1	Introduction	353
18.2	Biomimetic Alginate/Silica Hybrid Capsules	354
18.2.1	Alginate Capsules in Biotechnology and Medicine	354
18.2.2	Alginate/Silica Hybrid Capsules	355
18.2.3	Biomimetic Approaches	356
18.2.4	Concluding Remarks	359
18.3	Biomimetic Gelatin/Silica Hybrid Capsules	359
18.3.1	Gelatin Capsules for Biomedical Applications	359
18.3.2	Gelatin--Silica Interactions	360
18.3.3	Gelatin/Silica Hybrid Capsules	361
18.4	Alginate Versus Gelatin	364
18.5	Perspectives	366
	References	367
Part VI	Imaging of Internal Nanostructures of Biominerals	371
19	Energy-Variable X-Ray Diffraction with High Depth Resolution Used for Mollusk Shell Analysis Emil Zolotoyabko	373
	Abstract	373
19.1	Introduction	373
19.2	The Theory of EVD	374
19.3	Experimental Results for Artificial Multilayers	377
19.4	Studies with Mollusk Shells: Strain Analysis	380
19.5	Studies with Mollusk Shells: Preferred Orientation	382
19.5.1	A. tuberculata	382
19.5.2	S. decorus persicus	383
19.6	Studies with Mollusk Shells: Diffraction Profile Analysis	384
19.7	Conclusion	387
	References	388
20	X-Ray Phase Microradiography and X-Ray Absorption Micro-Computed Tomography, Compared in Studies of Biominerals Stuart R. Stock	389
	Abstract	389
20.1	Introduction	389
20.2	Absorption MicroCT	390
20.3	Phase Radiography	391
20.4	Sea Urchin Ossicles	393
20.5	Methods	394
20.5.1	Specimens	394
20.5.2	Absorption MicroCT	394
20.5.3	Phase Radiography	395
20.6	Examples	395
20.6.1	Absorption MicroCT	395
20.6.2	Phase Radiography	397
20.7	Discussion and Future Directions	397
	References	399
	Index	401

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