| | Contents | |
| | | |
| |
| | Introduction | 1 |
| 1 | Fundamental Properties of Superconductors | 11 |
| 1.1 | The Vanishing of the Electrical Resistance | 11 |
| 1.2 | Ideal Diamagnetism. Flux Lines. and Flux Quantization | 21 |
| 1.3 | Flux Quantization in a Superconducting Ring | 28 |
| 1.4 | Superconductivity: A Macroscopic Quantum Phenomenon | 31 |
| 1.5 | Quantum Interference | 43 |
| 1.5.1 | Josephson Currents | 44 |
| 1.5.2 | Quantum Interference in a Magnetic Field | 57 |
| | References | 69 |
| 2 | Superconducting Elements, Alloys, and Compounds | 73 |
| 2.1 | Conventional and Unconventional Superconductors | 73 |
| 2.2 | Superconducting Elements | 76 |
| 2.3 | Superconducting Alloys and Metallic Compounds | 81 |
| 2.3.1 | The  -Tungsten Structure | 81 |
| 2.3.2 | Magnesium Diboride | 83 |
| 2.3.3 | Metal-Hydrogen Systems | 84 |
| 2.4 | Fullerides | 85 |
| 2.5 | Chevrel Phases and Boron Carbides | 87 |
| 2.6 | Heavy-Ferrnion Superconductors | 90 |
| 2.7 | Natural and Artificial Layered Superconductors | 91 |
| 2.8 | The Superconducting Oxides | 93 |
| 2.8.1 | Cuprates | 94 |
| 2.8.2 | Bismuthates. Ruthenates. and Other Oxide Superconductors | 100 |
| 2.9 | Organic Superconductors | 101 |
| 2.10 | Superconductivity Due to the Field Effect | 104 |
| | References | 105 |
| 3 | Cooper Pairing | 111 |
| 3.1 | Conventional Superconductivity | 111 |
| 3.1.1 | Cooper Pairing by Means of Electron-Phonon Interaction | 111 |
| 3.1.2 | The Superconducting State, Quasiparticles, and BCS Theory | 118 |
| 3.1.3 | Experimental Confirmation of Fundamental Concepts About the Superconducting State | 123 |
| 3.1.3.1 | The Isotope Effect | 123 |
| 3.1.3.2 | The Energy Gap | 126 |
| | Absorption of Electromagnetic Radiation | 126 |
| | Ultrasound Absorption | 129 |
| | Tunneling Experiments | 129 |
| 3.1.4 | Special Properties of Conventional Superconductors | 142 |
| 3.1.4.1 | Influence of Lattice Defects on Conventional Cooper Pairing | 142 |
| | The Anisotropy Effect | 143 |
| | The Valence Effect | 144 |
| | The Electron-Phonon Interaction | 146 |
| 3.1.4.2 | Influence of Paramagnetic Ions on Conventional Cooper Pairing | 149 |
| 3.2 | Unconventional Superconductivity | 155 |
| 3.2.1 | General Aspects | 155 |
| 3.2.2 | High-Temperature Superconductors | 161 |
| 3.2.3 | Heavy Fermions, Ruthenates, and Other Unconventional Superconductors | 178 |
| | References | 184 |
| 4 | Thermodynamics and Thermal Properties of the Superconducting State | 189 |
| 4.1 | General Aspects of Thermodynamics | 189 |
| 4.2 | Specific Heat | 193 |
| 4.3 | Thermal Conductivity | 197 |
| 4.4 | Ginzburg-Landau Theory | 200 |
| 4.5 | Characteristic Lengths of Ginzburg-Landau Theory | 204 |
| 4.6 | Type-I Superconductors in a Magnetic Field | 209 |
| 4.6.1 | Critical Field and Magnetization of Rod-Shaped SampIes | 210 |
| 4.6.2 | Thermodynamics of the Meissner State | 214 |
| 4.6.3 | Critical Magnetic Field of Thin Films in a Field Parallel to the Surface | 218 |
| 4.6.4 | The Intermediate State | 219 |
| 4.6.5 | The Wall Energy | 224 |
| 4.6.6 | Influence of Pressure on the Superconducting State | 227 |
| 4.7 | Type-lI Superconductors in a Magnetic Field | 232 |
| 4.7.1 | Magnetization Curve and Critical Fields | 233 |
| 4.7.2 | The Shubnikov Phase | 243 |
| 4.8 | Fluctuations Above the Transition Temperature | 254 |
| 4.9 | States Outside Thermodynamic Equilibrium | 259 |
| | References | 264 |
| 5 | Critical Currents in Type-I and Type-II Superconductors | 269 |
| 5.1 | Limit of the Supercurrent Due to Pair Breaking | 269 |
| 5.2 | Type-I Superconductors | 271 |
| 5.3 | Type-lI Superconductors | 277 |
| 5.3.1 | Ideal Type-lI Superconductor | 277 |
| 5.3.2 | Hard Superconductors | 282 |
| 5.3.2.1 | Pinning of Flux Lines | 282 |
| 5.3.2.2 | Magnetization Curve of Hard Superconductors | 286 |
| 5.3.2.3 | Critical Currents and Current-Voltage Characteristics | 295 |
| | References | 302 |
| 6 | Josephson Junctions and Their Properties | 305 |
| 6.1 | Current Transport Across Interfaces in a Superconductor | 305 |
| 6.1.1 | Superconductor-Insulator Interface | 305 |
| 6.1.2 | Superconductor-Norrnal Conductor Interfaces | 312 |
| 6.2 | The RCSJ Model | 319 |
| 6.3 | Josephson Junctions Under Microwave Irradiation | 324 |
| 6.4 | Vortices in Long Josephson Junctions | 327 |
| 6.5 | Quantum Properties of Superconducting Tunnel Junctions | 339 |
| 6.5.1 | Coulomb Blockade and Single-Electron Tunneling | 339 |
| 6.5.2 | Flux Quanta and Macroscopic Quantum Coherence | 345 |
| | References | 347 |
| 7 | Applications of Superconductivity | 351 |
| 7.1 | Superconducting Magnetic Coils | 352 |
| 7.1.1 | General Aspects | 352 |
| 7.1.2 | Superconducting Cables and Tapes | 353 |
| 7.1.3 | Coil Protection | 362 |
| 7.2 | Superconducting Permanent Magnets | 364 |
| 7.3 | Applications of Superconducting Magnets | 367 |
| 7.3.1 | Nuclear Magnetic Resonance | 367 |
| 7.3.2 | Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 371 |
| 7.3.3 | Particle Accelerators | 372 |
| 7.3.4 | Nuclear Fusion | 374 |
| 7.3.5 | Energy Storage Devices | 376 |
| 7.3.6 | Motors and Generators | 377 |
| 7.3.7 | Magnetic Separation | 378 |
| 7.3.8 | Levitated Trains | 379 |
| 7.4 | Superconductors for Power Transmission: Cables. Transformers. and Current-Limiting Devices | 380 |
| 7.4.1 | Superconducting Cables | 381 |
| 7.4.2 | Transformers | 383 |
| 7.4.3 | Current-Limiting Devices | 383 |
| 7.5 | Superconducting Resonators and Filters | 384 |
| 7.5.1 | High-Frequency Behavior of Superconductors | 385 |
| 7.5.2 | Resonators for Particle Accelerators | 388 |
| 7.5.3 | Resonators and Filters for Communications Technology | 391 |
| 7.6 | Superconducting Detectors | 396 |
| 7.6.1 | Sensitivity. Thermal Noise, and Environmental Noise | 397 |
| 7.6.2 | lncoherent Radiation and Particle Detection: Bolometers and Calorimeters | 398 |
| 7.6.3 | Coherent Detection and Generation of Radiation: Mixers, Local Oscillators. and Integrated Receivers | 402 |
| 7.6.4 | Quantum Interferometers as Magnetic Field Sensors | 409 |
| 7.6.4.1 | SQ UID Magnetometer: Basic Concepts | 409 |
| 7.6.4.2 | Environmental Noise. Gradiometers, and Shielding | 420 |
| 7.6.4.3 | Applications of SQUlDs | 423 |
| 7.7 | Superconductors in Microelectronics | 427 |
| 7.7.1 | Voltage Standards | 427 |
| 7.7.2 | Digital Electronics Based on Josephson Junctions | 431 |
| | References | 435 |
| | Monographs and Collections | 443 |
| | Outlook | 447 |
| | Subject Index | 453 |
