A Brief History of Analytic Philosophy
From Russell to Rawls
1. Auflage April 2012
368 Seiten, Hardcover
Wiley & Sons Ltd
ISBN:
978-0-470-67207-5
John Wiley & Sons
A Brief History of Analytic Philosophy: From Russell to
Rawls presents a comprehensive overview of the historical
development of all major aspects of analytic philosophy, the
dominant Anglo-American philosophical tradition in the twentieth
century.
* Features coverage of all the major subject areas
and figures in analytic philosophy - including
Wittgenstein, Bertrand Russell, G.E. Moore, Gottlob Frege, Carnap,
Quine, Davidson, Kripke, Putnam, and many others
* Contains explanatory background material to help make clear
technical philosophical concepts
* Includes listings of suggested further readings
* Written in a clear, direct style that presupposes little
previous knowledge of philosophy
Preface xi
Introduction: What is Analytic Philosophy? 1
Leading Analytic Philosophers 6
1 Russell and Moore 8
Empiricism, Mathematics, and Symbolic Logic 8
Logicism 12
Russell on Definite Descriptions 20
G. E. Moore's Philosophy of Common Sense 27
Moore and Russell on Sense Data 30
Moore's and Russell's Anti-Hegelianism 33
Summary 38
2 Wittgenstein, the Vienna Circle, and Logical Positivism 46
Introduction 46
Ludwig Wittgenstein and the Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus 48
Historical Note: The Vienna Circle and their Allies 58
The Elimination of Metaphysics and the Logical Positivist Program 59
The Demise of the Vienna Circle 68
The Influence of the Logical Positivists 69
3 Responses to Logical Positivism: Quine, Kuhn, and American Pragmatism 76
Introduction 76
The Demise of the Verifiability Criterion of Meaningfulness 78
Quine's Rejection of the Analytic/Synthetic Distinction 82
Quinean Empiricism without the Dogmas 86
American Pragmatists after Quine: Nelson Goodman, Richard Rorty, and Hilary Putnam 101
4 Oxford Ordinary Language Philosophy and Later Wittgenstein 119
Introduction 119
The Attack on Formalism - Strawson and Ryle 124
Philosophy of Language - Austin and Wittgenstein 128
Philosophy of Mind - Ryle, Strawson, and Wittgenstein 138
The Rejection of Sense Data Theory 147
The Legacy of Ordinary Language Philosophy 153
5 Responses to Ordinary Language Philosophy: Logic, Language, and Mind 160
Part 1: Formal Logic and Philosophy of Language 161
G¨odel and Tarski 161
Davidson 166
Grice 174
Carnap - Meaning and Necessity 178
Chomsky 180
Part 2: Philosophy of Mind 183
Functionalism 183
Objections to Functionalism - Bats and the Chinese Room 188
Anomalous Monism 192
The Problem of Mental Causation 194
6 The Rebirth of Metaphysics 204
Modal Logic 204
Possible Worlds 212
Problems with the Canonical Conception of Possible Worlds 216
Transworld Identity and Identification 223
The Modal Version of the Ontological Argument 229
7 Naming, Necessity, and Natural Kinds: Kripke, Putnam, and Donnellan 239
Introduction 239
The Traditional Theory of Meaning and Reference 240
Kripke's and Donnellan's Criticism of the Traditional Theory: Names and Descriptions 243
Natural Kind Terms 247
Problems for the New Theory of Reference 253
Applications of the New Theory of Reference to the Philosophy of Mind 257
The Social, Cultural, and Institutional Basis of Meaning and Reference 260
8 Ethics and Metaethics in the Analytic Tradition 264
Introduction 264
G. E. Moore's Principia Ethica 266
The Non-Cognitivism of C. L. Stevenson 269
The Universal Prescriptivism of R. M. Hare 272
The Return to Substantive Ethics 275
Questioning the Fact/Value Divide 278
Peter Singer and Animal Liberation 281
John Rawls' Theory of Justice 285
9 Epilogue: Analytic Philosophy Today and Tomorrow 299
Analytic Philosophy since 1980 299
What is the Future of Analytic Philosophy? 321
References 327
Index 337
Introduction: What is Analytic Philosophy? 1
Leading Analytic Philosophers 6
1 Russell and Moore 8
Empiricism, Mathematics, and Symbolic Logic 8
Logicism 12
Russell on Definite Descriptions 20
G. E. Moore's Philosophy of Common Sense 27
Moore and Russell on Sense Data 30
Moore's and Russell's Anti-Hegelianism 33
Summary 38
2 Wittgenstein, the Vienna Circle, and Logical Positivism 46
Introduction 46
Ludwig Wittgenstein and the Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus 48
Historical Note: The Vienna Circle and their Allies 58
The Elimination of Metaphysics and the Logical Positivist Program 59
The Demise of the Vienna Circle 68
The Influence of the Logical Positivists 69
3 Responses to Logical Positivism: Quine, Kuhn, and American Pragmatism 76
Introduction 76
The Demise of the Verifiability Criterion of Meaningfulness 78
Quine's Rejection of the Analytic/Synthetic Distinction 82
Quinean Empiricism without the Dogmas 86
American Pragmatists after Quine: Nelson Goodman, Richard Rorty, and Hilary Putnam 101
4 Oxford Ordinary Language Philosophy and Later Wittgenstein 119
Introduction 119
The Attack on Formalism - Strawson and Ryle 124
Philosophy of Language - Austin and Wittgenstein 128
Philosophy of Mind - Ryle, Strawson, and Wittgenstein 138
The Rejection of Sense Data Theory 147
The Legacy of Ordinary Language Philosophy 153
5 Responses to Ordinary Language Philosophy: Logic, Language, and Mind 160
Part 1: Formal Logic and Philosophy of Language 161
G¨odel and Tarski 161
Davidson 166
Grice 174
Carnap - Meaning and Necessity 178
Chomsky 180
Part 2: Philosophy of Mind 183
Functionalism 183
Objections to Functionalism - Bats and the Chinese Room 188
Anomalous Monism 192
The Problem of Mental Causation 194
6 The Rebirth of Metaphysics 204
Modal Logic 204
Possible Worlds 212
Problems with the Canonical Conception of Possible Worlds 216
Transworld Identity and Identification 223
The Modal Version of the Ontological Argument 229
7 Naming, Necessity, and Natural Kinds: Kripke, Putnam, and Donnellan 239
Introduction 239
The Traditional Theory of Meaning and Reference 240
Kripke's and Donnellan's Criticism of the Traditional Theory: Names and Descriptions 243
Natural Kind Terms 247
Problems for the New Theory of Reference 253
Applications of the New Theory of Reference to the Philosophy of Mind 257
The Social, Cultural, and Institutional Basis of Meaning and Reference 260
8 Ethics and Metaethics in the Analytic Tradition 264
Introduction 264
G. E. Moore's Principia Ethica 266
The Non-Cognitivism of C. L. Stevenson 269
The Universal Prescriptivism of R. M. Hare 272
The Return to Substantive Ethics 275
Questioning the Fact/Value Divide 278
Peter Singer and Animal Liberation 281
John Rawls' Theory of Justice 285
9 Epilogue: Analytic Philosophy Today and Tomorrow 299
Analytic Philosophy since 1980 299
What is the Future of Analytic Philosophy? 321
References 327
Index 337
"Schwartz's book...is, in my estimation, the most
useful introduction to the history of analytic philosophy currently
available for a general audience." (Notre Dame
Philosophical Reviews, 15 December 2012)
"As far removed as I am from my own university studies in
the history of philosophy, I found reading the book a bracing
refresher of things learned long ago (and sometimes forgotten) and
a source of more than a few new insights on familiar
controversies."
(Teaching Philosophy, 1 March 2013)
"Summing Up: Highly recommended. Lower-and upper-level
undergraduates." (Choice, 1 December 2012)
Stephen Schwartz's A Brief History of Analytic Philosophy
provides an engaging, non-technical historical introduction to
central themes in analytical philosophy, the dominant approach to
philosophical issues in the English-speaking world since the onset
of the 20th century. Schwartz illuminates topics for novices
and specialists alike by tracing their sources to pressing disputes
among mathematicians and scientists as well as philosophers. The
book, captivating in its own right, will prove especially useful
when read alongside targeted original sources. There is nothing
else quite like it.
John Heil, Washington University in Saint Louis
useful introduction to the history of analytic philosophy currently
available for a general audience." (Notre Dame
Philosophical Reviews, 15 December 2012)
"As far removed as I am from my own university studies in
the history of philosophy, I found reading the book a bracing
refresher of things learned long ago (and sometimes forgotten) and
a source of more than a few new insights on familiar
controversies."
(Teaching Philosophy, 1 March 2013)
"Summing Up: Highly recommended. Lower-and upper-level
undergraduates." (Choice, 1 December 2012)
Stephen Schwartz's A Brief History of Analytic Philosophy
provides an engaging, non-technical historical introduction to
central themes in analytical philosophy, the dominant approach to
philosophical issues in the English-speaking world since the onset
of the 20th century. Schwartz illuminates topics for novices
and specialists alike by tracing their sources to pressing disputes
among mathematicians and scientists as well as philosophers. The
book, captivating in its own right, will prove especially useful
when read alongside targeted original sources. There is nothing
else quite like it.
John Heil, Washington University in Saint Louis
Stephen P. Schwartz is Professor Emeritus in the Department of Philosophy and Religion at Ithaca College, New York. He has published numerous articles in leading analytic philosophy journals.
