Doubly Fed Induction Machine: Modeling and Control for Wind Energy Generation Applications
IEEE Press Series on Power Engineering
1. Auflage Dezember 2011
640 Seiten, Hardcover
Wiley & Sons Ltd
Kurzbeschreibung
Doubly Fed Induction Machine (DFIM)-based wind turbines have arisen as one of the leading technologies for wind turbine manufacturers, due to its demonstrated cost-effectiveness, efficiency, and reliability. Focusing on the modeling and control of the DFIM-based wind turbines, this book provides a mathematical description of different basic dynamic models of the DFIM as well as a detailed steady-state analysis of the machine. The control techniques studied range from standard solutions used by wind turbine manufacturers, to the latest developments oriented to improve the behavior of high power wind turbines.
This book will be focused on the modeling and control of the DFIM based wind turbines. In the first part of the book, the mathematical description of different basic dynamic models of the DFIM will be carried out. It will be accompanied by a detailed steady-state analysis of the machine. After that, a more sophisticated model of the machine that considers grid disturbances, such as voltage dips and unbalances will be also studied. The second part of the book surveys the most relevant control strategies used for the DFIM when it operates at the wind energy generation application. The control techniques studied, range from standard solutions used by wind turbine manufacturers, to the last developments oriented to improve the behavior of high power wind turbines, as well as control and hardware based solutions to address different faulty scenarios of the grid. In addition, the standalone DFIM generation system will be also analyzed.
1 Introduction to A Wind Energy Generation System 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Basic Concepts of a Fixed Speed Wind Turbine (FSWT) 2
1.3 Variable Speed Wind Turbines (VSWTs) 10
1.4 Wind Energy Generation System Based on DFIM VSWT 25
1.5 Grid Code Requirements 39
1.6 Voltage Dips and LVRT 46
1.7 VSWT Based on DFIM Manufacturers 57
1.8 Introduction to the Next Chapters 83
Bibliography 85
2 Back-to-Back Power Electronic Converter 87
2.1 Introduction 87
2.2 Back-to-Back Converter based on Two-Level VSC Topology 88
2.3 Multilevel VSC Topologies 114
2.4 Control of Grid Side System 133
2.5 Summary 152
References 153
3 Steady State of the Doubly Fed Induction Machine 155
3.1 Introduction 155
3.2 Equivalent Electric Circuit at Steady State 156
3.3 Operation Modes Attending to Speed and Power Flows 165
3.4 Per Unit Transformation 173
3.5 Steady State Curves: Performance Evaluation 184
3.6 Design Requirements for the DFIM in Wind Energy Generation Applications 202
3.7 Summary 207
References 208
4 Dynamic Modeling of the Doubly Fed Induction Machine 209
4.1 Introduction 209
4.2 Dynamic Modeling of the DFIM 210
4.3 Summary 238
References 238
5 Testing the DFIM 241
5.1 Introduction 241
5.2 Off-Line Estimation of DFIM Model Parameters 242
5.3 Summary 262
References 262
6 Analysis of the DFIM Under Voltage Dips 265
6.1 Introduction 265
6.2 Electromagnetic Force Induced in the Rotor 266
6.3 Normal Operation 267
6.4 Three-Phase Voltage Dips 268
6.5 Asymmetrical Voltage Dips 278
6.6 Influence of the Rotor Currents 290
6.7 DFIM Equivalent Model During Voltage Dips 297
6.8 Summary 300
References 301
7 Vector Control Strategies for Grid-Connected DFIM Wind Turbines 303
7.1 Introduction 303
7.2 Vector Control 304
7.3 Small Signal Stability of the Vector Control 314
7.4 Vector Control Behavior Under Unbalanced Conditions 327
7.5 Vector Control Behavior Under Voltage Dips 331
7.6 Control Solutions for Grid Disturbances 340
7.7 Summary 358
References 360
8 Direct Control of the Doubly Fed Induction Machine 363
8.1 Introduction 363
8.2 Direct Torque Control (DTC) of the Doubly Fed Induction Machine 364
8.3 Direct Power Control (DPC) of the Doubly Fed Induction Machine 387
8.4 Predictive Direct Torque Control (P-DTC) of the Doubly Fed Induction Machine at Constant Switching Frequency 399
Switching Frequency 411
8.5 Predictive Direct Power Control (P-DPC) of the Doubly Fed Induction Machine at Constant Switching Frequency 416
8.6 Multilevel Converter Based Predictive Direct Power and Direct Torque Control of the Doubly Fed Induction Machine at Constant Switching Frequency 425
8.7 Control Solutions for Grid Voltage Disturbances, Based on Direct Control Techniques 451
8.8 Summary 473
References 474
9 Hardware Solutions for LVRT 479
9.1 Introduction 479
9.2 Grid Codes Related to LVRT 479
9.3 Crowbar 481
9.4 Braking Chopper 492
9.5 Other Protection Techniques 495
9.6 Summary 497
References 498
10 Complementary Control Issues: Estimator Structures and Start-Up of Grid-Connected DFIM 501
10.1 Introduction 501
10.2 Estimator and Observer Structures 502
10.3 Start-up of the Doubly Fed Induction Machine Based Wind Turbine 512
10.4 Summary 534
References 535
11 Stand-Alone DFIM Based Generation Systems 537
11.1 Introduction 537
11.2 Mathematical Description of the Stand-Alone DFIM System 544
11.3 Stator Voltage Control 558
11.4 Synchronization Before Grid Connection By Superior PLL 573
11.5 Summary 576
References 577
12 New Trends on Wind Energy Generation 579
12.1 Introduction 579
12.2 Future Challenges for Wind Energy Generation: What must be Innovated 580
12.3 Technological Trends: How They Can be Achieved 584
12.4 Summary 599
References 600
Appendix 603
A.1 Space Vector Representation 603
A.2 Dynamic Modeling of the DFIM Considering the Iron Losses 610
References 618
Index 619
The IEEE Press Series on Power Engineering
JESÚS LÓPEZ, PhD, is an Assistant Professor in the Electrical and Electronic Engineering Department of the Public University of Navarra, where he teaches subjects related to the electrical drives and the processing of electrical power in wind turbines.
MIGUEL RODRÍGUEZ, PhD, is the Power Electronics Systems Manager at Ingeteam Technology, responsible for developing new power electronics for transmission and distribution grid applications.
LUIS MARROYO, PhD, is an Associate Professor in the Electrical and Electronic Engineering Department of the Public University of Navarra, where he teaches courses on electrical machines and power electronics.
GRZEGORZ IWANSKI, PhD, is an Associate Professor in the Institute of Control and Industrial Electronics at the Warsaw University of Technology, where he teaches courses on power electronics drives and conversion systems.
