Roll-to-Roll Vacuum Deposition of Barrier Coatings
2. Auflage November 2015
320 Seiten, Hardcover
Wiley & Sons Ltd
It is intended that the book will be a practical guide to provide any reader with the basic information to help them understand what is necessary in order to produce a good barrier coated web or to improve the quality of any existing barrier product.
After providing an introduction, where the terminology is outlined and some of the science is given (keeping the mathematics to a minimum), including barrier testing methods, the vacuum deposition process will be described. In theory a thin layer of metal or glass-like material should be enough to convert any polymer film into a perfect barrier material. The reality is that all barrier coatings have their performance limited by the defects in the coating. This book looks at the whole process from the source materials through to the post deposition handling of the coated material. This holistic view of the vacuum coating process provides a description of the common sources of defects and includes the possible methods of limiting the defects. This enables readers to decide where their development efforts and money can best be used to improve the barrier performance of their own process or materials.
The 2nd edition contains at least 20% new material including additional barrier testing techniques that have been developed and testing and cleaning equipment brought to market since the 1st edition was published in 2010. The topic of adhesion is covered in more detail and there is a section on the Hanson Solubility Parameter which is a method of predicting the solubility of gases or liquids in materials.
Acknowledgements
Preface
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Packaging 5
1.1.1 Opaque Barrier 6
1.1.2 Transparent Barrier 8
1.2 Markets 10
References 16
2 Terminology 19
2.1 Hansen Solubility Parameter 29
2.2 Permeability Models 33
2.3 Barrier Improvement Factor 39
2.4 Tortuous Path Model 40
2.5 Terminology Summary 44
References 45
3 Measurements 51
3.1 Permeation Measurements 52
3.2 Durability Testing 60
3.3 Adhesion 65
3.4 Pinholes 67
3.5 Surface Energy 69
3.6 Coefficient of Friction 74
3.7 Coating Thickness 76
3.8 Coating Conductivity or Resistivity 79
3.9 Transmittance, Reflectance and Ellipseometry 80
3.10 Standard Test Methods 81
3.10.1 Permeability Tests 81
3.10.2 Other Mechanical or Optical Performance Tests 82
References 83
4 Materials 89
References 100
5 Packaging Materials Calculations 103
5.1 Demonstration Calculations 108
References 112
6 Substrates, Surfaces, Quality and Defects 115
6.1 Substrates 115
6.1.1 Oligomers 120
6.1.2 Additives 121
6.1.3 Contamination 126
6.1.4 Surface Quality 132
6.2 Substrate Cleaning 134
6.3 Substrate Plasma Treatments 139
6.4 Wetting and Adhesion 149
6.5 Subbing or Planarisation Layers and Over-Coatings 157
References 161
7 Vacuum Deposition Processing 171
7.1 Nucleation, Growth and Modification 171
7.2 Managing the Substrate Heat Load 185
7.3 Web Winding in Vacuum 205
7.4 Troubleshooting 222
References 224
8 Vacuum Deposition 231
8.1 Resistance Heated Evaporation 232
8.2 Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapour Deposition (PECVD) 249
8.3 Electron Beam Evaporation Sources 251
8.4 Induction Heated Evaporation Source 254
8.5 Magnetron Sputter Deposition Sources 255
8.6 Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) 265
8.7 Other Deposition Processes 271
References 272
9 Summary 285
9.1 Cleanliness 285
9.2 Substrates 286
9.3 Coatings 287
9.4 Over Coatings 288
9.5 Multilayers 288
9.6 Conclusion 288
He is the author of the book Vacuum deposition onto webs, films and foils, 3rd edition and author or co-author of over 90 papers and 5 patents. He contributes a regular column in Converting Quarterly as well as technical articles. He was presented with a SVC Mentor Award in 2008. Currently he is the Editor of the Vacuum Web Coating blog that is accessed through www.convertingquarterly.com on behalf of AIMCAL as well as a regular lecturer at the AIMCAL Converting Schools and presenter of a number of Webinars also offered by AIMCAL.
