OFDM for Underwater Acoustic Communications
1. Auflage Mai 2014
410 Seiten, Hardcover
Wiley & Sons Ltd
Kurzbeschreibung
This book, the first to describe processing techniques central to underwater OFDM, covers the characteristics of underwater acoustic channels and stresses the difference from wireless radio channels. It also covers the basics of OFDM and channel coding, gives an overview of the OFDM receiver, and develops various modules for receiver design in systems with single or multiple transmitters. The authors discuss applications of the OFDM receiver, the development of a positioning system with OFDM waveforms, and the progress of OFDM modems. Extensive experimental datasets are used to verify receiver performance.
A blend of introductory material and advanced signal processing and communication techniques, of critical importance to underwater system and network development
This book, which is the first to describe the processing techniques central to underwater OFDM, is arranged into four distinct sections: First, it describes the characteristics of underwater acoustic channels, and stresses the difference from wireless radio channels. Then it goes over the basics of OFDM and channel coding. The second part starts with an overview of the OFDM receiver, and develops various modules for the receiver design in systems with single or multiple transmitters. This is the main body of the book. Extensive experimental data sets are used to verify the receiver performance. In the third part, the authors discuss applications of the OFDM receiver in i) deep water channels, which may contain very long separated multipath clusters, ii) interference-rich environments, where an unintentional interference such as Sonar will be present, and iii) a network with multiple users where both non-cooperative and cooperative underwater communications are developed. Lastly, it describes the development of a positioning system with OFDM waveforms, and the progress on the OFDM modem development. Closely related industries include the development and manufacturing of autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) and scientific sensory equipment. AUVs and sensors in the future could integrate modems, based on the OFDM technology described in this book.
Contents includes: Underwater acoustic channel characteristics/OFDM basics/Peak-to-average-ratio control/Detection and Doppler estimation (Doppler scale and CFO)/Channel estimation and noise estimation/A block-by-block progressive receiver and performance results/Extensions to multi-input multi-output OFDM/Receiver designs for multiple users/Cooperative underwater OFDM (Physical layer network coding and dynamic coded cooperation)/Localization with OFDM waveforms/Modem developments
A valuable resource for Graduate and postgraduate students on electrical engineering or physics courses; electrical engineers, underwater acousticians, communications engineers
Acronyms xix
Notation xxiii
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Background and Context 1
1.2 UWA Channel Characteristics 3
1.3 Passband Channel Input-Output Relationship 11
1.4 Modulation Techniques for UWA Communications 15
1.5 Organization of the Book 20
2 OFDMBasics 23
2.1 Zero-Padded OFDM 23
2.2 Cyclic-Prefixed OFDM 27
2.3 OFDM Related Issues 28
2.4 Implementation via Discrete Fourier Transform 31
2.5 Challenges and Remedies for OFDM 32
2.6 MIMO OFDM 36
2.7 Bibliographical Notes 38
3 Nonbinary LDPC Coded OFDM 39
3.1 Channel Coding for OFDM 39
3.2 Nonbinary LDPC Codes 43
3.3 Encoding 46
3.4 Decoding 48
3.5 Code Design 52
3.6 Simulation Results of Coded OFDM 58
3.7 Bibliographical Notes 59
4 PAPR Control 63
4.1 PAPR Comparison 63
4.2 PAPR Reduction 65
4.3 Bibliographical Notes 69
5 Receiver Overview and Preprocessing 71
5.1 OFDM Receiver Overview 72
5.2 Receiver Preprocessing 73
5.3 Frequency-Domain Input-Output Relationship 78
5.4 OFDM Receiver Categorization 82
5.5 Receiver Performance Bound with Simulated Channels 85
5.6 Extension to CP-OFDM 88
5.7 Bibliographical Notes 89
6 Detection, Synchronization and Doppler Scale Estimation 91
6.1 Cross-Correlation Based Methods 92
6.2 Detection, Synchronization and Doppler Scale Estimation with CP-OFDM 99
6.3 Synchronization and Doppler Scale Estimation for One ZP-OFDM Block 103
6.4 Simulation Results for Doppler Scale Estimation 104
6.5 Design Examples in Practical Systems 108
6.6 Residual Doppler Frequency Shift Estimation 110
6.7 Bibliographical Notes 115
7 Channel and Noise Variance Estimation 117
7.1 Problem Formulation for ICI-Ignorant Channel Estimation 118
7.2 ICI-Ignorant Sparse Channel Sensing 120
7.3 ICI-Aware Sparse Channel Sensing 124
7.4 Sparse Recovery Algorithms 127
7.5 Extension to Multi-Input Channels 131
7.6 Noise Variance Estimation 134
7.7 Noise Prewhitening 134
7.8 Bibliographical Notes 136
8 Data Detection 137
8.1 Symbol-by-Symbol Detection in ICI-Ignorant OFDM Systems 139
8.2 Block-Based Data Detection in ICI-Aware OFDM Systems 141
8.3 Data Detection for OFDM Systems with Banded ICI 145
8.4 Symbol Detectors for MIMO OFDM 151
8.5 MCMC Method for Data Detection in MIMO OFDM 153
8.6 Bibliographical Notes 155
9 OFDM Receivers with Block-by-Block Processing 157
9.1 Noniterative ICI-Ignorant Receiver 158
9.2 Noniterative ICI-Aware Receiver 161
9.3 Iterative Receiver Processing 164
9.4 ICI-Progressive Receiver 166
9.5 Simulation Results: ICI-Progressive Receiver 168
9.6 Experimental Results: ICI-Progressive Receiver 171
9.7 Discussion 175
9.8 Bibliographical Notes 175
10 OFDM Receiver with Clustered Channel Adaptation 177
10.1 Illustration of Channel Dynamics 177
10.2 Modeling Cluster-Based Block-to-Block Channel Variation 178
10.3 Cluster-Adaptation Based Block-to-Block Receiver 180
10.4 Experimental Results: MACE10 186
10.5 Experimental Results: SPACE08 190
10.6 Discussion 193
10.7 Bibliographical Notes 193
11 OFDM in Deep Water Horizontal Communications 195
11.1 System Model for Deep Water Horizontal Communications 196
11.2 Decision-Feedback Based Receiver Design 199
11.3 Factor-Graph Based Joint IBI/ICI Equalization 200
11.4 Iterative Block-to-Block Receiver Processing 203
11.5 Simulation Results 205
11.6 Experimental Results in the AUTEC Environment 208
11.7 Extension to Underwater Broadcasting Networks 211
11.8 Bibliographical Notes 214
12 OFDM Receiver with Parameterized External Interference Cancellation 215
12.1 Interference Parameterization 215
12.2 An Iterative OFDM Receiver with Interference Cancellation 217
12.3 Simulation Results 221
12.4 Experimental Results: AUTEC10 225
12.5 Emulated Results: SPACE08 227
12.6 Discussion 229
12.7 Bibliographical Notes 229
13 Co-located MIMO OFDM 231
13.1 ICI-Ignorant MIMO-OFDM System Model 232
13.2 ICI-Ignorant MIMO-OFDM Receiver 233
13.3 Simulation Results: ICI-Ignorant MIMO OFDM 234
13.4 SPACE08 Experimental Results: ICI-Ignorant MIMO OFDM 237
13.5 ICI-Aware MIMO-OFDM System Model 237
13.6 ICI-Progressive MIMO-OFDM Receiver 237
13.7 Simulation Results: ICI-Progressive MIMO OFDM 241
13.8 SPACE08 Experiment: ICI-Progressive MIMO OFDM 242
13.9 MACE10 Experiment: ICI-Progressive MIMO OFDM 244
13.10 Initialization for the ICI-Progressive MIMO OFDM 246
13.11 Bibliographical Notes 246
14 Distributed MIMO OFDM 249
14.1 System Model 250
14.2 Multiple-Resampling Front-End Processing 251
14.3 Multiuser Detection (MUD) Based Iterative Receiver 252
14.4 Single-User Detection (SUD) Based Iterative Receiver 255
14.5 An Emulated Two-User System Using MACE10 Data 257
14.6 Emulated MIMO OFDM with MACE10 and SPACE08 Data 260
14.7 Bibliographical Notes 263
15 Asynchronous Multiuser OFDM 265
15.1 System Model for Asynchronous Multiuser OFDM 266
15.2 Overlapped Truncation and Interference Aggregation 267
15.3 An Asynchronous Multiuser OFDM Receiver 269
15.4 Investigation on Multiuser Asynchronism in an Example Network 275
15.5 Simulation Results 276
15.6 Emulated Results: MACE10 281
15.7 Bibliographical Notes 284
16 OFDM in Relay Channels 285
16.1 Dynamic Coded Cooperation in a Single-Relay Network 285
16.2 A Design Example Based on Rate-Compatible Channel Coding 289
16.3 A Design Example Based on Layered Erasure- and Error-Correction Coding 292
16.4 Dynamic Block Cycling over a Line Network 299
16.5 Bibliographical Notes 302
17 OFDM-Modulated Physical-Layer Network Coding 303
17.1 System Model for the OFDM-Modulated PLNC 305
17.2 Three Iterative OFDM Receivers 306
17.3 Outage Probability Bounds in Time-Invariant Channels 309
17.4 Simulation Results 310
17.5 Experimental Results: SPACE08 314
17.6 Bibliographical Notes 315
18 OFDM Modem Development 317
18.1 Components of an Acoustic Modem 317
18.2 OFDM Acoustic Modem in Air 318
18.3 OFDM Lab Modem 318
18.4 AquaSeNT OFDM Modem 320
18.5 Bibliographical Notes 321
19 Underwater Ranging and Localization 323
19.1 Ranging 324
19.2 Underwater GPS 325
19.3 On-Demand Asynchronous Localization 336
19.4 Bibliographical Notes 344
Appendix A Compressive Sensing 345
A.1 Compressive Sensing 346
A.2 Sparse Recovery Algorithms 348
A.3 Applications of Compressive Sensing 350
Appendix B Experiment Description 353
B.1 SPACE08 Experiment 353
B.2 MACE10 Experiment 354
References 359
Index 383
