Radio Propagation Measurement and Channel Modelling
1. Auflage April 2013
422 Seiten, Hardcover
Wiley & Sons Ltd
Kurzbeschreibung
The first book to focus on radio channel measurements and characterization with specific analysis of MIMO and bidirectional channels, Radio Propagation Measurement and Channel Modelling discusses the physical and technical considerations involved in the proper assessment of radio channel characteristics for efficient radio system planning, design, and implementation. The book begins with an explanation of the fundamentals of radio wave propagation and progress. Application of results for the prediction of achievable digital link performance are discussed with examples pertinent to single carrier, multi-carrier and spread spectrum radio links.
While there are numerous books describing modern wireless communication systems that contain overviews of radio propagation and radio channel modelling, there are none that contain detailed information on the design, implementation and calibration of radio channel measurement equipment, the planning of experiments and the in depth analysis of measured data.
The book would begin with an explanation of the fundamentals of radio wave propagation and progress through a series of topics, including the measurement of radio channel characteristics, radio channel sounders, measurement strategies, data analysis techniques and radio channel modelling. Application of results for the prediction of achievable digital link performance would be discussed with examples pertinent to single carrier, multi-carrier and spread spectrum radio links. This work would address specifics of communications in various different frequency bands for both long range and short range fixed and mobile radio links.
Preface xv
List of Symbols xvii
Acronyms and Abbreviations xix
1 Radio Wave Fundamentals 1
1.1 Maxwell's Equations 1
1.2 Free Space Propagation 3
1.3 Uniform Plane Wave Propagation 3
1.4 Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves in Isotropic and Homogeneous Media 5
1.5 Wave Polarization 8
1.6 Propagation Mechanisms 11
1.7 Propagation in the Earth's Atmosphere 21
1.8 Frequency Dispersion of Radio Waves 29
References 33
2 Radio Wave Transmission 35
2.1 Free Space Transmission 35
2.2 Transmission Loss of Radio Waves in the Earth's Atmosphere 38
2.3 Attenuation Due to Propagation into Buildings 43
2.4 Transmission Loss due to Penetration into Vehicles 46
2.5 Diffraction Loss 49
2.6 Diffraction Loss Models 54
2.7 Path Loss Due to Scattering 57
2.8 Multipath Propagation: Two-Ray Model 57
2.9 General Multipath Propagation 66
2.10 Shadow Fading: Medium Scale 77
2.11 Measurement-Based Large-Scale Path Loss Models 78
References 82
3 Radio Channel Models 85
3.1 System Model for Ideal Channel: Linear Time-Invariant (LTI) Model 85
3.2 Narrowband Single Input-Single Output Channels 87
3.3 Wideband Single Input-Single Output Channels 93
3.4 System Functions in a Linear Randomly Time-Variant Channel 106
3.5 Simplified Channel Functions 108
3.6 Coherence Functions 110
3.7 Power Delay Profile and Doppler Spectrum 111
3.8 Parameters of the Power Delay Profile and Doppler Spectrum 111
3.9 The Two-Ray Model Revisited in a Stochastic Channel 115
3.10 Multiple Input-Multiple Output Channels 115
3.11 Capacity Limitations for MIMO Systems 120
3.12 Effect of Correlation Using Stochastic Models 120
3.13 Correlation Effects with Physical Channel Models 123
3.14 Effect of Number of Scatterers on Channel Capacity 134
3.15 Keyholes 137
3.16 Rician Channels 141
3.17 Wideband MIMO Channels 143
References 145
4 Radio Channel Sounders 149
4.1 Echoes of Sound and Radio 149
4.2 Definitions and Objectives of Radio Sounders and Radar 151
4.3 Waveforms 152
4.4 Single-Tone CW Waveforms 153
4.5 Single-Tone Measurements 158
4.6 Spaced Tone Waveform 164
4.7 Pulse Waveform 166
4.8 Pulse Compression Waveforms 174
4.9 Coded Pulse Signals 182
4.10 Serial Correlation Detection of Coded Transmission 196
4.11 Comment Regarding Coded Transmission 198
4.12 Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave (FMCW) Signal 199
4.13 Range Doppler Ambiguity of Chirp Signals: Advanced Waveforms 207
4.14 Architectures of Chirp Sounders 213
4.15 Monostatic Operation of FMCW Sounder/Radar 217
4.16 Single and Multiple Antenna Sounder Architectures 225
4.17 Ultra-wideband (UWB) Channel Sounders 232
4.18 Sounder Design 233
4.19 Performance Tests of a Channel Sounder and Calibration 239
4.20 Overall Data Acquisition and Calibration 251
References 251
5 Data Analysis 255
5.1 Data Validation 255
5.2 Spectral Analysis via the Discrete Fourier Transform 256
5.3 DFT Analysis of the FMCW Channel Sounder Using a Heterodyne Detector 259
5.4 Spectral Analysis of Network Analyzer Data via the IDFT 268
5.5 DFT Analysis of CW Measurements for Estimation of the Doppler Spectrum 268
5.6 Estimation of the Channel Frequency Response via the Hilbert Transform 269
5.7 Parametric Modelling 269
5.8 Estimation of Power Delay Profile 276
5.9 Small-Scale Characterization 286
5.10 Medium/Large-Scale Characterization 292
5.11 Multiple Antenna Array Processing for Estimation of Direction of Arrival 301
5.12 Practical Considerations of DOA Estimation 319
5.13 Estimation of MIMO Capacity 333
References 333
6 Radio Link Performance Prediction 337
6.1 Radio Link Simulators 337
6.2 Narrowband Stochastic Radio Channel Simulator 338
6.3 Wideband Stochastic Channel Simulator 346
6.4 Frequency Domain Implementation Using Fast Convolution 349
6.5 Channel Block Realization from Measured Data 351
6.6 Theoretical Prediction of System Performance in Additive White Gaussian Noise 353
6.7 Prediction of System Performance in Fading Channels 361
6.8 Bit Error Rate Prediction for Wireless Standards 364
6.9 Enhancement of Performance Using Diversity Gain 376
References 383
Appendix 1 385
A.1 Probability Distribution Functions 385
A.2 The Gaussian (Normal) Distribution 385
A.3 The Rayleigh Distribution 387
A.4 The Rician Distribution 388
A.5 The Nakagami m-Distribution 389
A.6 The Weibull Distribution 390
A.7 The Log-Normal Distribution 390
A.8 The Suzuki Distribution 391
A.9 The Chi-Square Distribution 391
References 391
Appendix 2 393
Index 395
