Understanding Wind Power Technology
Theory, Deployment and Optimisation
1. Auflage Mai 2014
482 Seiten, Hardcover
Fachbuch
Wind energy technology has progressed enormously over the last decade. In coming years it will continue to develop in terms of power ratings, performance and installed capacity of large wind turbines worldwide, with exciting developments in offshore installations.
Designed to meet the training needs of wind engineers, this introductory text puts wind energy in context, from the natural resource to the assessment of cost effectiveness and bridges the gap between theory and practice. The thorough coverage spans the scientific basics, practical implementations and the modern state of technology used in onshore and offshore wind farms for electricity generation.
Key features:
* provides in-depth treatment of all systems associated with wind energy, including the aerodynamic and structural aspects of blade design, the flow of energy and loads through the wind turbine, the electrical components and power electronics including control systems
* explains the importance of wind resource assessment techniques, site evaluation and ecology with a focus of project planning and operation
* describes the integration of wind farms into the electric grid and includes a whole chapter dedicated to offshore wind farms
* includes questions in each chapter for readers to test their knowledge
Written by experts with deep experience in research, teaching and industry, this text conveys the importance of wind energy in the international energy-policy debate, and offers clear insight into the subject for postgraduates and final year undergraduate students studying all aspects of wind engineering. Understanding Wind Power Systems is also an authoritative resource for engineers designing and developing wind energy systems, energy policy makers, environmentalists, and economists in the renewable energy sector.
About the Authors xiv
1 The History of Wind Energy 1
Jos Beurskens
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 The First Windmills: 600-1890 2
1.3 Generation of Electricity using Wind Farms: Wind Turbines 1890-1930 10
1.4 The First Phase of Innovation: 1930-1960 16
1.5 The Second Phase of Innovation and Mass Production: 1960 to Today 25
References 43
2 The International Development of Wind Energy 45
Klaus Rave
2.1 The Modern Energy Debate 45
2.2 The Reinvention of the Energy Market 48
2.3 The Importance of the Power Grid 50
2.4 The New Value-added Chain 53
2.5 International Perspectives 55
2.6 Expansion into Selected Countries 58
2.7 The Role of the EU 59
2.8 International Institutions and Organisations 61
2.9 Global Wind Energy Outlook 2012 - The Global View into the Future 65
2.10 Conclusion 71
References 71
3 Wind Resources, Site Assessment and Ecology 73
Hermann van Radecke
3.1 Introduction 73
3.2 Wind Resources 73
3.3 Acoustics 101
3.4 Shadow 107
3.5 Turbulence 109
3.6 Two Comprehensive Software Tools for Planning Wind Farms 111
3.7 Technical Guidelines, Fgw Guidelines and IEC Standards 112
3.8 Environmental Influences Bundes-Immissionsschutzgesetz (Federal Imission Control Act) and Approval Process 113
3.9 Example Problems 121
3.10 Solutions to the Problems 123
References 124
4 Aerodynamics and Blade Design 126
Alois Schaffarczyk
4.1 Summary 126
4.2 Horizontal Plants 126
4.3 Integral Momentum Theory 130
4.4 Momentum Theory of the Blade Elements 137
4.5 Vertical Plants 142
4.6 Wind-Driven Vehicles with a Rotor 151
4.7 Exercises 157
References 158
5 Rotor Blades 162
Lothar Dannenberg
5.1 Introduction 162
5.2 Loads on Rotor Blades 163
5.3 Vibrations and Buckling 180
5.4 Finite Element Calculations 184
5.5 Fibre-Reinforced Plastics 187
5.6 Production of Rotor Blades 195
References 200
6 The Drive Train 202
Sönke Siegfriedsen
6.1 Introduction 202
6.2 Blade Angle Adjustment Systems 203
6.3 Wind Direction Tracking 209
6.4 Drive Train Components 215
6.5 Drive Train Concepts 227
6.6 Damage and Causes of Damage 240
6.7 Design of Drive Train Components 241
6.8 Intellectual Property in the Wind Industry 246
Further Reading 251
7 Tower and Foundation 253
Torsten Faber
7.1 Introduction 253
7.2 Guidelines and Standards 255
7.3 Tower Loading 255
7.4 Verification of the Structure 258
7.5 Design Details 261
7.6 Materials for Towers 263
7.7 Model Types 265
7.8 Foundations for Onshore WTs 267
7.9 Exercises 268
7.10 Solutions 269
References 272
8 Power Electronics and Generator Systems for Wind Turbines 273
Friedrich W. Fuchs
8.1 Introduction 273
8.2 Single-Phase AC Voltage and Three-Phase AC Voltage Systems 275
8.3 Transformer 278
8.4 Generators for Wind Turbines 283
8.5 Synchronous Machines 303
8.6 Converter Systems for Wind Turbines 310
8.7 Control of Variable-Speed Converter-Generator Systems 318
8.8 Compliance with the Grid Connection Requirements 329
8.9 Further Electronic Components 331
8.10 Features of the Power Electronics Generator System in Overview 332
8.11 Exercises 333
References 338
9 Control of Wind Energy Systems 340
Reiner Johannes Schütt
9.1 Fundamental Relationships 341
9.2 WT Control Systems 352
9.3 Operating Management Systems for WTs 358
9.4 Wind Farm Control and Automation Systems 363
9.5 Remote Control and Monitoring 365
9.6 Communication Systems for WTS 366
References 368
10 Grid Integration 369
Sven Wanser and Frank Ehlers
10.1 Energy Supply Grids in Overview 369
10.2 Grid Control 372
10.3 Basic Terminology of Grid Integration of Wind Turbines 380
10.4 Grid Connections for WTs 387
10.5 Grid Connection of WTs 397
10.6 Further Developments in Grid Integration and Outlook 401
References 405
11 Offshore Wind Energy 406
Lothar Dannenberg
11.1 Offshore Wind Turbines 406
11.2 Currents and Loads 409
11.3 Waves, Wave Loads 413
11.4 Swell 430
11.5 Scouring Formation, Growth, Corrosion and Ice 437
11.6 Foundations for OWTs 441
11.7 Soil Mechanics 450
References 454
Index 455
Professor Schaffarczyk is a founding member and previous manager of CEwind eG, the consortium for wind energy research between Schleswig-Holstein's Universities in Germany. He has worked in the field of wind turbine aerodynamics since 1997 and currently teaches courses in the CEwind MSc. Wind Engineering program.
