Surfactants from Renewable Resources

Series Preface

Preface

Acknowledgements

List of Contributors

Part 1: Renewable Hydrophobes

1. Surfactants based on natural fatty acids, Martin Svensson

1.1 Introduction and History

1.2 Fats and Oils as Raw Materials

1.3 Fatty Acid Soaps

1.4 Polyethyleneglycol Fatty Acid Esters

1.5 Polyglycerol fatty acid esters

1.6 Conclusions

References 2. Nitrogen Derivatives of Natural Fats and Oils Ralph Franklin

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Manufacture of Fatty Nitrogen Derivatives

2.3 Production Data

2.4 Ecological Aspects

2.5 Biodegradation

2.6 Properties of Nitrogen-based Surfactants

2.7 Applications

2.8 Conclusions

References

3. Surface-Active Compounds as Forest-Industry By-Products Bjarne Holmbom, Anna Sundberg and Anders Strand

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Resin and Fatty Acids

3.3 Sterols and Sterol Ethoxylates

3.4 Hemicelluloses

Acknowledgement

References Part 2: Renewable Hydrophiles

4. Surfactants based on Carbohydrates and Proteins for Consumer Products and Technical Applications Karlheinz Hill

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Raw materials

4.3 Products and Applications

4.4 Conclusion


5. Amino acids, lactic acid and ascorbic acid as raw materials for biocompatible surfactants

Carmen Moran, Lourdes Perez, Ramon Pons, Aurora Pinazo and Mª Rosa Infante


5.1 Introduction

5.2 Production of raw materials

5.3 Lysine based surfactants

5.4 Lactic acid based surfactants

5.5 Ascorbic acid based surfactants

References

Part 3: New ways of making renewable building blocks 6. Synthesis of ethylene, propylene from ethanol or methanol

Anna Lundgren and Thomas Hjertberg


6.1 Introduction

6.2 Why Produce Ethylene from Renewable Resources?

6.3 Production of Ethylene from Renewable Feed Stock

6.4 Commercialization of Bioethylene

6.5 Environmental Impact of Bioethylene

6.6 Certificate of Green Carbon Content

6.7 Concluding Remarks

References 7. Fermentation based building blocks for renewable resource based surfactants KrisArvid Berglund, Ulrika Rova, David B. Hodge

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Existing and Potential Classes of Surfactants from Biologically-Derived Metabolites

7.3 Fermentation-Based Building Blocks with Large Existing Markets

7.4 New Fermentation-Based Building Blocks

Conclusion

References


Part 4: Biosurfactants 8. Enzymatic synthesis of biosurfactants, Patrick Adlercreutzand Rajni Hatti-Kaul


8.1 Introduction

8.2 Enzymes as catalysts for synthesis of surfactants

8.3 Enzymatic synthesis of polar lipids useful as surfactants

8.4 Carbohydrate esters

8.5 Fatty amide surfactants

8.6 Amino acid-based surfactants

8.7 Alkyl glycosides

8.8 Future prospects

Acknowledgement

References 9. Surfactants from waste biomass Flor Yunuen Garcia-Becerra, David Grant Allen, and Edgar Joel Acosta


9.1 Introduction

9.2 Surfactants obtained from biological transformation of waste biomass

9.3 Surfactants obtained from chemical transformation of waste biomass

9.4 Summary and outlook

9.5 References

10. Lecithin and Phospholipids Willem van Nieuwenhuyzen


10.1 Introduction

10.2 Sources and production

10.3 Composition

10.4 Quality and analysis of lecithins

10.5 Modification

10.6 Emulsifying properties

10.7 Applications

10.8 Legislation and reach

10.9 Conclusion

References 11. Sophorolipid and rhamnolipid synthesis and their application in cleaning products Dirk Develter and Steve Fleurackers


11.1 Sophorolipids

11.2 Derivatives of native sophorolipids

11.3 Biosynthesis of novel sophorolipids

11.4 Rhamnolipids

11.5 Cleaning applications using sophorolipids and rhamnolipids

References

12. Saponin based surfactants Wieslaw Oleszek and Arafa Hamed


12.1 Introduction

12.2 Molecular properties

12.3 Sources of saponins

12.4 Saponins as emulsifiers and surfactants

12.5 Application of saponins as surfactants and emulsifiers

References

Part 5: Polymeric surfactants/Surface active polymers

13. Surface active polymers from cellulose Leif Karlson


13.1 Introduction

13.2 Structure and synthesis of cellulose ether

13.3 Cellulose ethers in aqueous solution

13.4 Interaction with surfactants

13.5 Clouding

References

14. New developments in the commercial utilisation of lignosulfonates Rolf Andreas Lauten, Bernt O. Myrvold and Stig Are Gundersen


14.1 Introduction

14.2 Lignosulfonates

14.3 Lignosulfonate production

14.4 Environmental issues

14.5 Lignosulfonates as stabilisers for emulsions and suspoemulsions

14.6 Superplasticizers for concrete

14.7 Summary

Acknowledgements

References

15. Dispersion stabilizers based on inulin Tharwat F. Tadrosand Bart Levecke

15.1 Introduction

15.2 Solution Properties of long-chain inulin and hydrophobically modified inulin (HMI)

15.3 Interfacial Aspects of HMI at Various Interfaces

15.4 Emulsions Stabilized Using HMI

15.5 Emulsion Polymerization Using Hydrophobically Modified Inulin (HMI)

15.6 Use of HMI for Preparation and Stabilisation of Nano-Emulsions

References