Methods for the Study of Marine Benthos
4. Auflage Mai 2013
496 Seiten, Hardcover
Wiley & Sons Ltd
Kurzbeschreibung
Due to its sensitivity to ecological change, the benthic environment--a term commonly used to describe the plants and animals living at the bottom of the sea--is becoming a crucial topic in these days of rapid climate change. Originally put together by the International Biological Programme (IBP) in 1971, this popular book on marine benthos is now in its 4th edition. Responding to the ever-increasing demand for data on bottom-living communities, this book provides essential information for those involved in environmental impact statements, pollution assessments, as well as ecosystem management of fisheries.
The continuing global decline of the health of the sea, and the increasing depletion of marine resources and biodiversity, caused by human activity and climate change, have led to ever-increasing international concern. These changes in the marine environment highlight the importance of effective monitoring of the ecology of the benthos which has been shown to be a sensitive index of such alterations.
Completely revised and updated to include many new methods and technologies, this Fourth Edition of Methods for the Study of Marine Benthos provides comprehensive coverage on the tools and techniques available to those working in the area. Commencing with an overview of the design and analysis of benthic surveys, the book continues with chapters covering the sedimentary environment, imaging and diving techniques, macro- and meiofauna techniques, deep sea sampling, energy flow and production. An additional new chapter provided in this edition covers phytobenthos techniques.
Written by many of the world's leading authorities in marine sampling techniques and use, and edited by Professor Anastasios Eleftheriou, this comprehensive Fourth Edition is an essential tool for all marine and environmental scientists, ecologists, fisheries workers and oceanographers. Libraries in all research establishments and universities where these subjects are studied and taught will find this book to be a hugely valuable addition to their collections.
Dedication
Preface to the Fourth Edition
Acknowledgements
Chapter 1 Design and Analysis in Benthic Surveys in Environmental Sampling
Anthony J. Underwood and Maura G. Chapman
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Variability in benthic populations
1.3 Appropriate replication
Appropriate spatial replication
Appropriate temporal replication
1.4 Size of sampling unit
1.5 Independence in sampling
1.6 Multivariate measures of assemblages
1.7 Transformations and scales of measurement
1.8 Data-checking and quality control
1.9 Detecting environmental impacts as statistical interactions
1.10 Precautionary principles and errors in interpretations
1.11 Precision and the size of samples
1.12 Gradients and hierarchies in sampling
1.13 Combining results from different places or times
1.14 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 2 Characterising the Physical Properties of Seabed Habitats
Andrew J. Kenny and Ian Sotheran
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Remote acoustic methods for surveying the seabed
Background
Echo-sounders (single beam systems)
Acoustic ground discrimination systems based on single beam echo-sounder
Swathe bathymetry
2.3 Particle (grain) size analysis
Sample collection and storage
Sediment grade scales
Analytical techniques
Presentation and analysis of grain size data
2.4 Other important sediment properties
Bulk and dry density, water content and porosity
Organic matter content
Chlorophyll
EPS carbohydrate
Temperature
Eh and pH
In Situ Sediment Characterisation Methods
Disclaimer
References
Chapter 3 Imaging Techniques
Chris J. Smith and Heye Rumohr
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Acoustic imaging
Acoustic ground discriminating systems
Sidescan sonar
Swathe bathymetry
3.3 Video
Underwater video camera systems
Lenses
Housings
Data transmission
Format
Storage media
Power supply
Video monitors
Illumination
Calibration and measurement
3.4 Photography
3.5 Carrier platforms
Diving
Drop frames
Specialised towed platforms
Remotely operated vehicles
Autonomous underwater vehicles
Manned submersibles
Navigation and positioning of the carrier platform
Data acquisition and processing
3.6 Special applications
Sediment profile imagery
Laser technologies
Application of medical technologies
3.7 Laboratory imaging
3.8 Image analysis
3.9 Afternote
References
Chapter 4 Diving
Colin Munro
4.1 Diving systems
SCUBA
Remotely supplied systems
Breathing gas and supply systems
4.2 Saturation diving and underwater habitats
4.3 Data collection and recording
Slate or notepad and pencil
Voice recording
Image recording
Video systems
4.4 Underwater site marking and relocation
General considerations
Air drills and underwater fasteners
Acoustic pingers and receivers
4.5 Sampling methods
Corers
Suction samplers
Yabby pumps and slurp guns
Scrapers
4.6 Other study techniques
Resin casting
4.7 Survey methods
Manta tows
Transect and quadrat surveys
Plotless and rapid survey techniques
Fish survey techniques
References
Chapter 5 Macrofauna Techniques
Anastasios Eleftheriou and Derek C. Moore
5.1 Littoral observation and collection
Position fixing and levelling on the shore
5.2 Remote collection
Trawls
Bottom sledges
Dredges
Semi-quantitative estimates with trawl and dredge
Anchor dredges
Grabs
Box samplers and corers
Suction samplers
Other methods of sampling
5.3 Working sampling gear at sea
Continental shelf
Recovery of lost gear
5.4 Efficiency of benthos sampling gear
Dredges and trawls
Grabs
Corers
Comparative efficiency
5.5 Choice of a sampler
5.6 Treatment and sorting of samples
Initial treatment
Preservation
Subsequent sorting
5.7 Data recording
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 6 Meiofauna Techniques
Paul J. Somerfield and Richard M. Warwick
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Sample collection
Intertidal sediments
Subtidal sediments
Secondary substrata
6.3 Fixation and preservation
6.4 Sample processing
Extraction
Sediment
Secondary substrata
6.5 Storage and preservation
6.6 Sample splitting
6.7 Examination and counting
Sorting
Preparation for microscopy
Counting
Measurement
6.8 Biomass determination
6.9 Cultivation of marine and brackish-water meiobenthos
6.10 Experimental techniques
References
Chapter 7 Deep-Sea Benthic Sampling
Alan J. Jamieson, Ben Boorman and Daniel O.B. Jones
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Sampling from research vessels
Deployment methods
Tracking, monitoring and positioning
7.3 Collecting animals from the deep-sea floor
Trawling
Epibenthic sleds
Traps
Suction samplers
7.4 Collecting sediment from the deep-sea floor
Grabs
Box corers
Tube corers
ROV corers
7.5 Imaging the deep-sea floor
Imaging survey design
Photographic transects
ROV imaging
AUV imaging
Time-lapse imaging
Interpretation of images
7.6 Biogeochemistry of the deep-sea floor
Benthic incubation chambers
Sediment profiling systems
7.7 In situ manipulative experiments
7.8 Future developments
Acknowledgements
Abbreviations
References
Chapter 8 Measuring the Flow of Energy and Matter in Marine Benthic
Animal Populations
Jan van der Meer, Thomas Brey, Carlo Heip, Peter M.J.
Herman, Tom Moens and Dick van Oevelen
8.1 Introduction
State variables and units of measurement
8.2 Energy and mass budgets of individual organisms
Ratios or 'efficiencies'
Energy flux modelling
8.3 Methods for estimating the energy budget of an individual organism
Mass, size, chemical composition and energy content
Ingestion, absorption and defaecation
Excretion
Respiration
Growth
Reproductive output
Regeneration
Product formation
8.4 From the individual to the population
Secondary production
8.5 Community-level measurements and modelling
Community-level activity
Community-level mass transfer
Community-level modelling
References
Chapter 9 Phytobenthos Techniques
Hans Kautsky
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Phytobenthic communities
Guidelines for the study of phytobenthic communities
Data collection
9.3 Overview of methods for sampling phytobenthos
9.4 Transect line techniques
Overview of transect techniques
Recommended ICES method
SCUBA transect estimates (ICES method)
Video transect method
Continuous observation methods
Photo frames
9.5 Other underwater surveying methods
The manta tow technique
Diver-propulsion vehicle technique
Other underwater video techniques
Remotely operated vehicles (see Chapter )
Echo-sounding, sidescan sonar (see Chapter )
9.6 Other surveying techniques
Satellite imagery
Aerial photography
Laser scanning techniques
9.7 Conclusion
Appendix
Short review of methods used for monitoring in
Europe and overseas
References
Index
Colour plate section
Colour plate section
