Microconstituents in the Environment
Occurrence, Fate, Removal and Management
1. Auflage Juni 2023
624 Seiten, Hardcover
Wiley & Sons Ltd
ISBN:
978-1-119-82525-8
John Wiley & Sons
Microconstituents in the Environment
Comprehensive introduction to managing novel pollutants commonly released into the environment through industrial and everyday processes
Microconstituents in the Environment: Occurrence, Fate, Removal and Management provides the readers with an understanding of the occurrence and fate of microconstituents, pollutants that have not previously been detected or regulated under current environmental laws or may cause known or suspected adverse ecological and/or human health effects even at insignificant levels, covering their presence in the environment and possible management strategies. The text is practice-oriented and evaluates a wide range of technologies for pollutant removal and how to implement them in the field.
In Microconstituents in the Environment, readers will find information on:
* Fundamental ideas regarding microconstituents, including their classification, major sources, and detection methods, and their removal via biological treatment techniques
* Fate and transport of microconstituents in various environmental domains, including mathematical modeling based on remote sensing techniques
* Physicochemical treatment techniques for microconstituents, including precipitation, absorption, filtration, membrane separation, and oxidation
* Sustainability and environmental management, including the regulatory framework and requirements for developing a new field application, plus an outlook on green design concepts
With its emphasis on management and remediation, Microconstituents in the Environment is a highly useful one-stop resource on the subject for environmental scientists, modelers, government agencies, and research scientists working in the field of environmental pollution.
Contents
Preface xix
List of Contributors xxi
About the Editors xxix
Part I Fundamental Ideas Regarding Microconstituents in the Environment 1
1 Introduction to Microconstituents 3
Manaswini Behera, Prangya Ranjan Rout, Puspendu Bhunia, Rao Y. Surampalli, Tian C. Zhang, Chih-Ming Kao, and Makarand M. Ghangrekar
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Classification of Microconstituents 5
1.3 Source of Microconstituents 10
1.4 Physical and Chemical Properties of Microconstituents 17
1.5 Impact on Human Society and Ecosystem 18
1.6 The Structure of the Book 24
1.7 Conclusions 26
2 Occurrence 37
Prangya Ranjan Rout, Manaswini Behera, Puspendu Bhunia, Tian C. Zhang, and Rao Y. Surampalli
2.1 Introduction 37
2.2 Goals of Occurrence Survey 40
2.3 Environmental Occurrence of Microconstituents 40
2.4 Challenges and Future Prospective in Occurrence Survey 49
2.5 Conclusions 49
3 Sampling, Characterization, and Monitoring 55
Mansi Achhoda, Nirmalya Halder, Lavanya Adagadda, Sanjoy Gorai, Meena Kumari Sharma, Naresh Kumar Sahoo, Sasmita Chand, and Prangya Ranjan Rout
3.1 Introduction 55
3.2 Sampling Protocols of Different Microconstituents 56
3.3 Quantification and Analysis of Microconstituents 63
3.4 Source Tracking Techniques 73
3.5 Remote Sensing and GIS Applications for Monitoring 77
3.6 Conclusions 79
4 Toxicity Assessment of Microconstituents in the Environment 89
Nagireddi Jagadeesh, Baranidharan Sundaram, and Brajesh Kumar Dubey
4.1 Introduction 89
4.2 Microplastics in the Environment 91
4.3 Microplastics Pathways, Fate, and Behavior in the Environment 92
4.4 Concentration of Microplastics in the Environment 94
4.5 Influence of Microplastics on Microorganisms 94
4.6 Toxicity Mechanisms 95
4.7 Risk Assessment 98
4.8 Future Challenges in Quantification of the Environment 99
4.9 Conclusions 99
Part II The Fate and Transportation of Microconstituents 107
5 Mathematical Transport System of Microconstituents 109
Dwarikanath Ratha, Richa Babbar, K.S. Hariprasad, C.S.P. Ojha, Manoj Baranwal, Prangya Ranjan Rout, and Aditya Parihar
5.1 Introduction 109
5.2 Need for Mathematical Models 111
5.3 Fundamentals of Pollutant Transport Modeling 112
5.4 Development of Numerical Model 117
5.5 Application of Models 123
5.6 Softwares for Pollutant Transport 126
5.7 Mathematical and Computational Limitation 126
5.8 Conclusions 129
6 Groundwater Contamination by Microconstituents 133
Jiun-Hau Ou, Ku-Fan Chen, Rao Y. Surampalli, Tian C. Zhang, and Chih-Ming Kao
6.1 Introduction 133
6.2 Major Microconstituents in Groundwater 134
6.3 Mechanisms for Groundwater Contamination By Microconstituents 135
6.4 Modeling Transport of Microconstituents 136
6.5 Limitations 139
6.6 Concluding Remarks 139
7 Microconstituents in Surface Water 143
Po-Jung Huang, Fang-Yu Liang, Thakshila Nadeeshani Dharmapriya, and Chih-Ming Kao
7.1 Introduction 143
7.2 Major Microconstituents in Surface Water 143
7.3 Water Cycles, Sources, and Pathways of Microconstituents, and the Applicability of Mathematical Models 152
7.4 Fate and Transport of Microconstituents in Aquatic Environments 157
7.5 Modeling of Microconstituents in Aquatic Environments 161
7.6 Conclusions 172
8 Fate and Transport of Microconstituents in Wastewater Treatment Plants 181
Zong-Han Yang, Po-Jung Huang, Ku-Fan Chen, and Chih-Ming Kao
8.1 Introduction 181
8.2 The Fate of Microconstituents in WWTPs 183
8.3 Treatment Methods for Microconstituents Removal 189
8.4 Critical Parameters in WWTP Operation for MCs 191
8.5 Conclusions 194
9 Various Perspectives on Occurrence, Sources, Measurement Techniques, Transport, and Insights Into Future Scope for Research of Atmospheric Microplastics 203
Sailesh N. Behera, Mudit Yadav, Vishnu Kumar, and Prangya Ranjan Rout
9.1 Introduction 203
9.2 Classification and Properties of Microplastics 206
9.3 Sources of Atmospheric Microplastics 209
9.4 Measurement of Atmospheric Microplastics 210
9.5 Occurrence and Ambient Concentration of Microplastics 211
9.6 Factors Affecting Pollutant Concentration 213
9.7 Transport of Atmospheric Microplastics 214
9.8 Modeling Techniques in Prediction of Fate in the Atmosphere 215
9.9 Control Technologies in Contaminant Treatment 216
9.10 Challenges in Future Climate Conditions 217
9.11 Future Scope of Research 218
9.12 Conclusions 219
10 Modeling Microconstituents Based on Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques 227
Anoop Kumar Shukla, Satyavati Shukla, Rao Y. Surampalli, Tian C. Zhang, Ying-Liang Yu, and Chih-Ming Kao
10.1 Basic Components of Remote Sensing and GIS-Based Models 227
10.2 Coupling GIS With 3D Model Analysis and Visualization 230
10.3 Emerging and Application 233
10.4 Uncertainty in Environmental Modeling 236
10.5 Future of Remote Sensing and GIS Application in Pollutant Monitoring 237
10.6 Identification of Microconstituents Using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques 241
10.7 Conclusions 242
Part III Various Physicochemical Treatment Techniques of Microconstituents 247
11 Process Feasibility and Sustainability of Struvite Crystallization From Wastewater Through Electrocoagulation 249
Alisha Zaffar, Nageshwari Krishnamoorthy, Chinmayee Sahoo, Sivaraman Jayaraman, and Balasubramanian Paramasivan 249
11.1 Introduction 249
11.2 Struvite Crystallization Through Electrocoagulation 251
11.3 Influential Parameters Affecting Struvite Crystallization 257
11.4 Energy, Economy, and Environmental Contribution of Struvite Precipitation by Electrocoagulation 264
11.5 Summary and Future Perspectives 266
12 Adsorption of Microconstituents 273
Challa Mallikarjuna, Rajat Pundlik, Rajesh Roshan Dash, and Puspendu Bhunia
12.1 Introduction 273
12.2 Adsorption Mechanism 274
12.3 Adsorption Isotherms and Kinetics 276
12.4 Factors Affecting Adsorption Processes 280
12.5 Multi-Component Preference Analysis 281
12.6 Conventional and Emerging Adsorbents 282
12.7 Desirable Properties and Surface Modification of Adsorbents 290
12.8 Disposal Methods of Adsorbents and Concentrate 295
12.9 Advantages and Disadvantages of Adsorption 296
12.10 Conclusions 297
13 Ion Exchange Process for Removal of Microconstituents From Water and Wastewater 303
Muhammad Kashif Shahid, H.N.P. Dayarathne, Bandita Mainali, Jun Wei Lim, and Younggyun Choi
13.1 Introduction 303
13.2 Properties of Different Ion Exchange Resin 304
13.3 Functionalities of Polymeric Resins 306
13.4 Ion Exchange Mechanism 310
13.5 Ion Exchange Kinetics 312
13.6 Application of Ion Exchange for Treatment of Microconstituents 313
13.7 Summary 316
14 Membrane-Based Separation Technologies for Removal of Microconstituents 321
Sanket Dey Chowdhury, Rao Y. Surampalli, and Puspendu Bhunia
14.1 Introduction 321
14.2 Classification of Available MBSTs 323
14.3 Classification of Membranes and Membrane Materials and Their Properties 323
14.4 Fundamental Principles and Hydraulics of Microconstituents Removal via Different MBSTs 332
14.5 Application of the MBSTs for Removing Microconstituents From Aqueous Matrices 354
14.6 Membrane Fouling 355
14.7 Future Perspectives 358
14.8 Conclusions 358
15 Advanced Oxidation Processes for Microconstituents Removal in Aquatic Environments 367
Sanket Dey Chowdhury, Rao Y. Surampalli, and Puspendu Bhunia
15.1 Introduction 367
15.2 Classification of AOPs 369
15.3 Fundamentals of Different AOPs 370
15.4 Fundamentals of Individual AOPs 370
15.5 Fundamentals of Integrated AOPs 374
15.6 Fundamentals of UV-Irradiation-Based Integrated AOPs 374
15.7 Fundamentals of Ozonation-Based Integrated AOPs 376
15.8 Fundamentals of Fenton Process-Based Integrated AOPs 376
15.9 Fundamentals of Electrochemical-Based Integrated AOPs 377
15.10 Application of Individual/Integrated AOPs for Microconstituents Removal 378
15.11 Future Perspectives 390
15.12 Conclusions 392
Part IV Various Physico-Chemical Treatment Techniques of Microconstituents 405
16 Aerobic Biological Treatment of Microconstituents 407
Hung-Hsiang Chen, Thi-Manh Nguyen, Ku-Fan Chen, Chih-Ming Kao, Rao Y. Surampalli, and Tian C. Zhang
16.1 Introduction 407
16.2 Aerobic Biological Systems/Processes 408
16.3 Removal of CECs By Different Aerobic/Anoxic Treatment Processes 411
16.4 Aerobic Biodegradation of Selected CECs 415
16.5 Challenges and Future Perspectives 418
16.6 Conclusions 419
17 Anaerobic Biological Treatment of Microconstituents 427
Thi-Manh Nguyen, Hung-Hsiang Chen, Ku-Fan Chen, Chih-Ming Kao, Rao Y. Surampalli, and Tian C. Zhang
17.1 Introduction 427
17.2 Types of AD Reactors and Current Status of AD Technology 428
17.3 Mechanisms of Pollutant Removal in AD Processes 433
17.4 AD Technology for Treatment of MCs 436
17.5 Challenges and Future Perspectives 445
17.6 Conclusions 446
18 Bio-Electrochemical Systems for Micropollutant Removal 455
Rishabh Raj, Sovik Das, Manaswini Behera, and Makarand M. Ghangrekar
18.1 The Concept of Bio-Electrochemical Systems 455
18.2 Bio-Electrochemical Systems: Materials and Configurations 457
18.3 Different Types of Bio-Electrochemical Systems 461
18.4 Performance Assessment of Bio-Electrochemical Systems 466
18.5 Pollutant Removal in Bio-Electrochemical Systems 469
18.6 Scale-Up of BES 474
18.7 Challenges and Future Outlook 476
18.8 Summary 478
19 Hybrid Treatment Solutions for Removal of Micropollutant From Wastewaters 491
Monali Priyadarshini, S. M. Sathe, and Makarand M. Ghangrekar
19.1 Background of Hybrid Treatment Processes 491
19.2 Types of Hybrid Processes for Microconstituents Removal 492
19.3 Comparative Performance Evaluation of Hybrid Systems for Microconstituents Removal 506
19.4 Conclusions and Future Directions 507
Part V Aspects of Sustainability and Environmental Management 513
20 Regulatory Framework of Microconstituents 515
Wei-Han Lin, Jiun-Hau Ou, Ying-Liang Yu, Pu-Fong Liu, Rao Y. Surampalli, and Chih-Ming Kao
20.1 Introduction 515
20.2 Management and Regulatory Framework of Microconstituents 515
20.3 Regulations on Microconstituents 516
20.4 Concluding Remarks 520
21 Laboratory to Field Application of Technologies for Effective Removal of Microconstituents From Wastewaters 525
Indrajit Chakraborty, Manikanta M. Doki, and Makarand M. Ghangrekar 525
21.1 Introduction 525
21.2 Case Studies for Lab to Field Applications 530
21.3 Future Outlook 540
21.4 Conclusions 540
22 Sustainability Outlook: Green Design, Consumption, and Innovative Business Model 545
Tsai Chi Kuo
22.1 Introduction 545
22.2 Sustainable/Green Supply Chain 547
22.3 Environmental Sustainability: Innovative Design and Manufacturing 549
22.4 Economical Sustainability: Innovation Business Model 552
22.5 Social Sustainability 553
22.6 Conclusions and Future Research Development 554
List of Abbreviations 565
Index 577
Preface xix
List of Contributors xxi
About the Editors xxix
Part I Fundamental Ideas Regarding Microconstituents in the Environment 1
1 Introduction to Microconstituents 3
Manaswini Behera, Prangya Ranjan Rout, Puspendu Bhunia, Rao Y. Surampalli, Tian C. Zhang, Chih-Ming Kao, and Makarand M. Ghangrekar
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Classification of Microconstituents 5
1.3 Source of Microconstituents 10
1.4 Physical and Chemical Properties of Microconstituents 17
1.5 Impact on Human Society and Ecosystem 18
1.6 The Structure of the Book 24
1.7 Conclusions 26
2 Occurrence 37
Prangya Ranjan Rout, Manaswini Behera, Puspendu Bhunia, Tian C. Zhang, and Rao Y. Surampalli
2.1 Introduction 37
2.2 Goals of Occurrence Survey 40
2.3 Environmental Occurrence of Microconstituents 40
2.4 Challenges and Future Prospective in Occurrence Survey 49
2.5 Conclusions 49
3 Sampling, Characterization, and Monitoring 55
Mansi Achhoda, Nirmalya Halder, Lavanya Adagadda, Sanjoy Gorai, Meena Kumari Sharma, Naresh Kumar Sahoo, Sasmita Chand, and Prangya Ranjan Rout
3.1 Introduction 55
3.2 Sampling Protocols of Different Microconstituents 56
3.3 Quantification and Analysis of Microconstituents 63
3.4 Source Tracking Techniques 73
3.5 Remote Sensing and GIS Applications for Monitoring 77
3.6 Conclusions 79
4 Toxicity Assessment of Microconstituents in the Environment 89
Nagireddi Jagadeesh, Baranidharan Sundaram, and Brajesh Kumar Dubey
4.1 Introduction 89
4.2 Microplastics in the Environment 91
4.3 Microplastics Pathways, Fate, and Behavior in the Environment 92
4.4 Concentration of Microplastics in the Environment 94
4.5 Influence of Microplastics on Microorganisms 94
4.6 Toxicity Mechanisms 95
4.7 Risk Assessment 98
4.8 Future Challenges in Quantification of the Environment 99
4.9 Conclusions 99
Part II The Fate and Transportation of Microconstituents 107
5 Mathematical Transport System of Microconstituents 109
Dwarikanath Ratha, Richa Babbar, K.S. Hariprasad, C.S.P. Ojha, Manoj Baranwal, Prangya Ranjan Rout, and Aditya Parihar
5.1 Introduction 109
5.2 Need for Mathematical Models 111
5.3 Fundamentals of Pollutant Transport Modeling 112
5.4 Development of Numerical Model 117
5.5 Application of Models 123
5.6 Softwares for Pollutant Transport 126
5.7 Mathematical and Computational Limitation 126
5.8 Conclusions 129
6 Groundwater Contamination by Microconstituents 133
Jiun-Hau Ou, Ku-Fan Chen, Rao Y. Surampalli, Tian C. Zhang, and Chih-Ming Kao
6.1 Introduction 133
6.2 Major Microconstituents in Groundwater 134
6.3 Mechanisms for Groundwater Contamination By Microconstituents 135
6.4 Modeling Transport of Microconstituents 136
6.5 Limitations 139
6.6 Concluding Remarks 139
7 Microconstituents in Surface Water 143
Po-Jung Huang, Fang-Yu Liang, Thakshila Nadeeshani Dharmapriya, and Chih-Ming Kao
7.1 Introduction 143
7.2 Major Microconstituents in Surface Water 143
7.3 Water Cycles, Sources, and Pathways of Microconstituents, and the Applicability of Mathematical Models 152
7.4 Fate and Transport of Microconstituents in Aquatic Environments 157
7.5 Modeling of Microconstituents in Aquatic Environments 161
7.6 Conclusions 172
8 Fate and Transport of Microconstituents in Wastewater Treatment Plants 181
Zong-Han Yang, Po-Jung Huang, Ku-Fan Chen, and Chih-Ming Kao
8.1 Introduction 181
8.2 The Fate of Microconstituents in WWTPs 183
8.3 Treatment Methods for Microconstituents Removal 189
8.4 Critical Parameters in WWTP Operation for MCs 191
8.5 Conclusions 194
9 Various Perspectives on Occurrence, Sources, Measurement Techniques, Transport, and Insights Into Future Scope for Research of Atmospheric Microplastics 203
Sailesh N. Behera, Mudit Yadav, Vishnu Kumar, and Prangya Ranjan Rout
9.1 Introduction 203
9.2 Classification and Properties of Microplastics 206
9.3 Sources of Atmospheric Microplastics 209
9.4 Measurement of Atmospheric Microplastics 210
9.5 Occurrence and Ambient Concentration of Microplastics 211
9.6 Factors Affecting Pollutant Concentration 213
9.7 Transport of Atmospheric Microplastics 214
9.8 Modeling Techniques in Prediction of Fate in the Atmosphere 215
9.9 Control Technologies in Contaminant Treatment 216
9.10 Challenges in Future Climate Conditions 217
9.11 Future Scope of Research 218
9.12 Conclusions 219
10 Modeling Microconstituents Based on Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques 227
Anoop Kumar Shukla, Satyavati Shukla, Rao Y. Surampalli, Tian C. Zhang, Ying-Liang Yu, and Chih-Ming Kao
10.1 Basic Components of Remote Sensing and GIS-Based Models 227
10.2 Coupling GIS With 3D Model Analysis and Visualization 230
10.3 Emerging and Application 233
10.4 Uncertainty in Environmental Modeling 236
10.5 Future of Remote Sensing and GIS Application in Pollutant Monitoring 237
10.6 Identification of Microconstituents Using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques 241
10.7 Conclusions 242
Part III Various Physicochemical Treatment Techniques of Microconstituents 247
11 Process Feasibility and Sustainability of Struvite Crystallization From Wastewater Through Electrocoagulation 249
Alisha Zaffar, Nageshwari Krishnamoorthy, Chinmayee Sahoo, Sivaraman Jayaraman, and Balasubramanian Paramasivan 249
11.1 Introduction 249
11.2 Struvite Crystallization Through Electrocoagulation 251
11.3 Influential Parameters Affecting Struvite Crystallization 257
11.4 Energy, Economy, and Environmental Contribution of Struvite Precipitation by Electrocoagulation 264
11.5 Summary and Future Perspectives 266
12 Adsorption of Microconstituents 273
Challa Mallikarjuna, Rajat Pundlik, Rajesh Roshan Dash, and Puspendu Bhunia
12.1 Introduction 273
12.2 Adsorption Mechanism 274
12.3 Adsorption Isotherms and Kinetics 276
12.4 Factors Affecting Adsorption Processes 280
12.5 Multi-Component Preference Analysis 281
12.6 Conventional and Emerging Adsorbents 282
12.7 Desirable Properties and Surface Modification of Adsorbents 290
12.8 Disposal Methods of Adsorbents and Concentrate 295
12.9 Advantages and Disadvantages of Adsorption 296
12.10 Conclusions 297
13 Ion Exchange Process for Removal of Microconstituents From Water and Wastewater 303
Muhammad Kashif Shahid, H.N.P. Dayarathne, Bandita Mainali, Jun Wei Lim, and Younggyun Choi
13.1 Introduction 303
13.2 Properties of Different Ion Exchange Resin 304
13.3 Functionalities of Polymeric Resins 306
13.4 Ion Exchange Mechanism 310
13.5 Ion Exchange Kinetics 312
13.6 Application of Ion Exchange for Treatment of Microconstituents 313
13.7 Summary 316
14 Membrane-Based Separation Technologies for Removal of Microconstituents 321
Sanket Dey Chowdhury, Rao Y. Surampalli, and Puspendu Bhunia
14.1 Introduction 321
14.2 Classification of Available MBSTs 323
14.3 Classification of Membranes and Membrane Materials and Their Properties 323
14.4 Fundamental Principles and Hydraulics of Microconstituents Removal via Different MBSTs 332
14.5 Application of the MBSTs for Removing Microconstituents From Aqueous Matrices 354
14.6 Membrane Fouling 355
14.7 Future Perspectives 358
14.8 Conclusions 358
15 Advanced Oxidation Processes for Microconstituents Removal in Aquatic Environments 367
Sanket Dey Chowdhury, Rao Y. Surampalli, and Puspendu Bhunia
15.1 Introduction 367
15.2 Classification of AOPs 369
15.3 Fundamentals of Different AOPs 370
15.4 Fundamentals of Individual AOPs 370
15.5 Fundamentals of Integrated AOPs 374
15.6 Fundamentals of UV-Irradiation-Based Integrated AOPs 374
15.7 Fundamentals of Ozonation-Based Integrated AOPs 376
15.8 Fundamentals of Fenton Process-Based Integrated AOPs 376
15.9 Fundamentals of Electrochemical-Based Integrated AOPs 377
15.10 Application of Individual/Integrated AOPs for Microconstituents Removal 378
15.11 Future Perspectives 390
15.12 Conclusions 392
Part IV Various Physico-Chemical Treatment Techniques of Microconstituents 405
16 Aerobic Biological Treatment of Microconstituents 407
Hung-Hsiang Chen, Thi-Manh Nguyen, Ku-Fan Chen, Chih-Ming Kao, Rao Y. Surampalli, and Tian C. Zhang
16.1 Introduction 407
16.2 Aerobic Biological Systems/Processes 408
16.3 Removal of CECs By Different Aerobic/Anoxic Treatment Processes 411
16.4 Aerobic Biodegradation of Selected CECs 415
16.5 Challenges and Future Perspectives 418
16.6 Conclusions 419
17 Anaerobic Biological Treatment of Microconstituents 427
Thi-Manh Nguyen, Hung-Hsiang Chen, Ku-Fan Chen, Chih-Ming Kao, Rao Y. Surampalli, and Tian C. Zhang
17.1 Introduction 427
17.2 Types of AD Reactors and Current Status of AD Technology 428
17.3 Mechanisms of Pollutant Removal in AD Processes 433
17.4 AD Technology for Treatment of MCs 436
17.5 Challenges and Future Perspectives 445
17.6 Conclusions 446
18 Bio-Electrochemical Systems for Micropollutant Removal 455
Rishabh Raj, Sovik Das, Manaswini Behera, and Makarand M. Ghangrekar
18.1 The Concept of Bio-Electrochemical Systems 455
18.2 Bio-Electrochemical Systems: Materials and Configurations 457
18.3 Different Types of Bio-Electrochemical Systems 461
18.4 Performance Assessment of Bio-Electrochemical Systems 466
18.5 Pollutant Removal in Bio-Electrochemical Systems 469
18.6 Scale-Up of BES 474
18.7 Challenges and Future Outlook 476
18.8 Summary 478
19 Hybrid Treatment Solutions for Removal of Micropollutant From Wastewaters 491
Monali Priyadarshini, S. M. Sathe, and Makarand M. Ghangrekar
19.1 Background of Hybrid Treatment Processes 491
19.2 Types of Hybrid Processes for Microconstituents Removal 492
19.3 Comparative Performance Evaluation of Hybrid Systems for Microconstituents Removal 506
19.4 Conclusions and Future Directions 507
Part V Aspects of Sustainability and Environmental Management 513
20 Regulatory Framework of Microconstituents 515
Wei-Han Lin, Jiun-Hau Ou, Ying-Liang Yu, Pu-Fong Liu, Rao Y. Surampalli, and Chih-Ming Kao
20.1 Introduction 515
20.2 Management and Regulatory Framework of Microconstituents 515
20.3 Regulations on Microconstituents 516
20.4 Concluding Remarks 520
21 Laboratory to Field Application of Technologies for Effective Removal of Microconstituents From Wastewaters 525
Indrajit Chakraborty, Manikanta M. Doki, and Makarand M. Ghangrekar 525
21.1 Introduction 525
21.2 Case Studies for Lab to Field Applications 530
21.3 Future Outlook 540
21.4 Conclusions 540
22 Sustainability Outlook: Green Design, Consumption, and Innovative Business Model 545
Tsai Chi Kuo
22.1 Introduction 545
22.2 Sustainable/Green Supply Chain 547
22.3 Environmental Sustainability: Innovative Design and Manufacturing 549
22.4 Economical Sustainability: Innovation Business Model 552
22.5 Social Sustainability 553
22.6 Conclusions and Future Research Development 554
List of Abbreviations 565
Index 577
Rao Y. Surampalli is President and Chief Executive Officer of the Global Institute for Energy, Environment and Sustainability (GIEES) in Lenexa, USA and Distinghished Visiting Professor at several universities across the world.
Tian C. Zhang is Professor in the department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at the University of Nebraska, Lincoln (UNL), USA.
Chih-Ming Kao is Distinguished Chair Professor in the Institute of Environmental Engineering at the National Sun Yat-sen University in Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
Makarand M. Ghangrekar is Institute Chair Professor in the Department of Civil Engineering at the Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India.
Puspendu Bhunia is Professor of Environmental Engineering in the School of Infrastructure, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, India.
Manaswini Behera is Associate Professor of Environmental Engineering in the School of Infrastructure, Indian Institute of Technology, Bhubaneswar, India.
Prangya R. Rout is Assistant Professor in the Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar, India.
Tian C. Zhang is Professor in the department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at the University of Nebraska, Lincoln (UNL), USA.
Chih-Ming Kao is Distinguished Chair Professor in the Institute of Environmental Engineering at the National Sun Yat-sen University in Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
Makarand M. Ghangrekar is Institute Chair Professor in the Department of Civil Engineering at the Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India.
Puspendu Bhunia is Professor of Environmental Engineering in the School of Infrastructure, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, India.
Manaswini Behera is Associate Professor of Environmental Engineering in the School of Infrastructure, Indian Institute of Technology, Bhubaneswar, India.
Prangya R. Rout is Assistant Professor in the Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar, India.
