Reliability Analysis for Asset Management of Electric Power Grids
Wiley - IEEE
1. Auflage März 2019
520 Seiten, Hardcover
Wiley & Sons Ltd
ISBN:
978-1-119-12517-4
John Wiley & Sons
Weitere Versionen
A practical guide to facilitate statistically well-founded decisions in the management of assets of an electricity grid
Effective and economic electric grid asset management and incident management involve many complex decisions on inspection, maintenance, repair and replacement. This timely reference provides statistically well-founded, tried and tested analysis methodologies for improved decision making and asset management strategy for optimum grid reliability and availability.
The techniques described are also sufficiently robust to apply to small data sets enabling asset managers to deal with early failures or testing with limited sample sets. The book describes the background, concepts and statistical techniques to evaluate failure distributions, probabilities, remaining lifetime, similarity and compliancy of observed data with specifications, asymptotic behavior of parameter estimators, effectiveness of network configurations and stocks of spare parts. It also shows how the graphical representation and parameter estimation from analysis of data can be made consistent, as well as explaining modern upcoming methodologies such as the Health Index and Risk Index.
Key features:
* Offers hands-on tools and techniques for data analysis, similarity index, failure forecasting, health and risk indices and the resulting maintenance strategies.
* End-of-chapter problems and solutions to facilitate self-study via a book companion website.
The book is essential reading for advanced undergraduate and graduate students in electrical engineering, quality engineers, utilities and industry strategists, transmission and distribution system planners, asset managers and risk managers.
Preface xvii
Acknowledgements xxi
List of Symbols and Abbreviations xxiii
About the Companion website xxix
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Electric Power Grids 1
1.2 Asset Management of Electric Power Grids 2
1.3 Maintenance Styles 4
1.4 Incident Management 20
1.5 Summary 21
2 Basics of Statistics and Probability 25
2.1 Outcomes, Sample Space and Events 26
2.2 Probability of Events 29
2.3 Probability versus Statistical Distributions 30
2.4 Fundamental Statistical Functions 33
2.5 Mixed Distributions 38
2.6 Multivariate Distributions and Power Law 49
2.7 Summary 59
3 Measures in Statistics 63
3.1 Expected Values and Moments 63
3.2 Median and Other Quantiles 73
3.3 Mode 75
3.4 Merits of Mean, Median and Modal Value 75
3.5 Measures for Comparing Distributions 77
3.6 Similarity of Distributions 82
3.7 Compliance 96
3.8 Summary 97
4 Specific Distributions 101
4.1 Fractions and Ranking 101
4.2 Extreme Value Statistics 112
4.3 Mean and Variance Statistics 124
4.4 Frequency and Hit Statistics 134
4.5 Summary 152
5 Graphical Data Analysis 157
5.1 Data Quality 158
5.3 Model-Based or Parametric Graphs 176
5.4 Weibull Plot 178
5.5 Exponential Plot 188
5.6 Normal Distribution 193
5.7 Power Law Reliability Growth 197
5.8 Summary 202
6 Parameter Estimation 207
6.1 General Aspects with Parameter Estimation 207
6.2 Maximum Likelihood Estimators 212
6.3 Linear Regression 223
6.4 Summary 263
7 System and Component Reliability 267
7.1 The Basics of System Reliability 267
7.2 Block Diagrams 268
7.3 Series Systems 269
7.4 Parallel Systems and Redundancy 272
7.5 Combined Series and Parallel Systems, Common Cause 273
7.6 EXTRA: Reliability and Expected Life of k-out-of-n Systems 276
7.7 Analysis of Complex Systems 277
7.8 Summary 285
8 System States, Reliability and Availability 291
8.1 States of Components and Systems 291
8.2 States and Transition Rates of One-Component Systems 292
8.3 System State Probabilities via Markov Chains 297
8.4 Markov-Laplace Method for Reliability and Availability 303
8.5 Lifetime with Absorbing States and Spare Parts 306
8.6 Mean Lifetimes MTTFF and MTBF 310
8.7 Availability and Steady-State Situations 312
8.8 Summary 314
9 Application to Asset and Incident Management 317
9.1 Maintenance Styles 317
9.1.1 Period-Based Maintenance Optimization for Lowest Costs 317
9.2 Health Index 334
9.3 Testing and Quality Assurance 338
9.4 Incident Management (Determining End of Trouble) 342
10 Miscellaneous Subjects 367
10.1 Basics of Combinatorics 367
10.2 Power Functions and Asymptotic Behaviour 369
10.3 Regression Analysis 380
10.4 Sampling from a Population and Simulations 386
10.5 Hypothesis Testing 407
10.6 Approximations for the Normal Distribution 408
10.6.1 Power Series 409
10.6.2 Power Series Times Density f (y) 409
10.6.3 Inequalities for Boxing R(y) and h(y) for Large y 410
10.6.4 Polynomial Expression for F(y) 410
10.6.5 Power Function for the Reliability Function R(y) 410
10.6.6 Wrap-up of Approximations 412
Appendix A Weibull Plot 413
Appendix B Laplace Transforms 415
Appendix C Taylor Series 417
Appendix D SI Prefixes 419
Appendix E Greek Characters 421
Appendix F Standard Weibull and Exponential Distribution 423
Appendix G Standardized Normal Distribution 429
Appendix H Standardized Lognormal Distribution 435
Appendix I Gamma Function 441
Appendix J Plotting Positions 447
References 469
Index 473
Acknowledgements xxi
List of Symbols and Abbreviations xxiii
About the Companion website xxix
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Electric Power Grids 1
1.2 Asset Management of Electric Power Grids 2
1.3 Maintenance Styles 4
1.4 Incident Management 20
1.5 Summary 21
2 Basics of Statistics and Probability 25
2.1 Outcomes, Sample Space and Events 26
2.2 Probability of Events 29
2.3 Probability versus Statistical Distributions 30
2.4 Fundamental Statistical Functions 33
2.5 Mixed Distributions 38
2.6 Multivariate Distributions and Power Law 49
2.7 Summary 59
3 Measures in Statistics 63
3.1 Expected Values and Moments 63
3.2 Median and Other Quantiles 73
3.3 Mode 75
3.4 Merits of Mean, Median and Modal Value 75
3.5 Measures for Comparing Distributions 77
3.6 Similarity of Distributions 82
3.7 Compliance 96
3.8 Summary 97
4 Specific Distributions 101
4.1 Fractions and Ranking 101
4.2 Extreme Value Statistics 112
4.3 Mean and Variance Statistics 124
4.4 Frequency and Hit Statistics 134
4.5 Summary 152
5 Graphical Data Analysis 157
5.1 Data Quality 158
5.3 Model-Based or Parametric Graphs 176
5.4 Weibull Plot 178
5.5 Exponential Plot 188
5.6 Normal Distribution 193
5.7 Power Law Reliability Growth 197
5.8 Summary 202
6 Parameter Estimation 207
6.1 General Aspects with Parameter Estimation 207
6.2 Maximum Likelihood Estimators 212
6.3 Linear Regression 223
6.4 Summary 263
7 System and Component Reliability 267
7.1 The Basics of System Reliability 267
7.2 Block Diagrams 268
7.3 Series Systems 269
7.4 Parallel Systems and Redundancy 272
7.5 Combined Series and Parallel Systems, Common Cause 273
7.6 EXTRA: Reliability and Expected Life of k-out-of-n Systems 276
7.7 Analysis of Complex Systems 277
7.8 Summary 285
8 System States, Reliability and Availability 291
8.1 States of Components and Systems 291
8.2 States and Transition Rates of One-Component Systems 292
8.3 System State Probabilities via Markov Chains 297
8.4 Markov-Laplace Method for Reliability and Availability 303
8.5 Lifetime with Absorbing States and Spare Parts 306
8.6 Mean Lifetimes MTTFF and MTBF 310
8.7 Availability and Steady-State Situations 312
8.8 Summary 314
9 Application to Asset and Incident Management 317
9.1 Maintenance Styles 317
9.1.1 Period-Based Maintenance Optimization for Lowest Costs 317
9.2 Health Index 334
9.3 Testing and Quality Assurance 338
9.4 Incident Management (Determining End of Trouble) 342
10 Miscellaneous Subjects 367
10.1 Basics of Combinatorics 367
10.2 Power Functions and Asymptotic Behaviour 369
10.3 Regression Analysis 380
10.4 Sampling from a Population and Simulations 386
10.5 Hypothesis Testing 407
10.6 Approximations for the Normal Distribution 408
10.6.1 Power Series 409
10.6.2 Power Series Times Density f (y) 409
10.6.3 Inequalities for Boxing R(y) and h(y) for Large y 410
10.6.4 Polynomial Expression for F(y) 410
10.6.5 Power Function for the Reliability Function R(y) 410
10.6.6 Wrap-up of Approximations 412
Appendix A Weibull Plot 413
Appendix B Laplace Transforms 415
Appendix C Taylor Series 417
Appendix D SI Prefixes 419
Appendix E Greek Characters 421
Appendix F Standard Weibull and Exponential Distribution 423
Appendix G Standardized Normal Distribution 429
Appendix H Standardized Lognormal Distribution 435
Appendix I Gamma Function 441
Appendix J Plotting Positions 447
References 469
Index 473
Robert Ross?s book gives a deep insight in useful statistical analysis methods for asset management practice. It covers all the basics and specific distributions in a structured and understandable way, before it sets out to give its insight into system and component reliability. I particularly liked the way the subject matter is structured in small and understandable topics. This way it?s easy to ?pick and mix? throughout the different subject matters of the book to acquire the relevant knowledge. One of the other strong suits of the book is the application to real life asset and incident management. Robert links theory and practice together in a way which really shows the value of a statistical and reliability driven approach to asset management. - Marcel Hooijmans, Sr. Specialist Asset Management, Stedin DSO, The Netherlands
This is a well-grounded book that is really good to read! It is informative and accessible and something that would be suitable as a source book for a more general course on engineering statistics and not one specifically directed towards electric power grid assets. Overall the book develops a very solid statistical basis of use in engineering and, particularly reliability analysis. I believe the book is of such general value that it could be used as part of a manufacturing engineering course with relative ease. I think this should probably be on the bookcase of anyone working in asset management of utilities. The material is presented with a logical and paced approach, taking the reader through basic statistics to some quite advanced concepts. - Professor Alistair Duffy, Professor of Electromagnetics and Director of the Institute of Engineering Sciences at De Montfort University, Leicester, UK
Robert Ross creates a comprehensive interface between the statistical analysis and the Asset Management tasks and problems of the electric grid. Many practical examples give a clear and easy understanding of the different subjects?the book is suitable for a direct entry into the topic. Later it can also be used as a reference work, particularly regarding the synoptic tables. This makes the book ideal for students as well as for practical use by asset managers. - Dr. Horst Gunter Bender, TenneT TSO GmbH, Germany
The book features ten chapters, with the main focus on the fundamentals of statistics. The way the book is written makes it possible to be used as supplement to lectures at universities about asset management because of the following points. Each chapter features an introductory paragraph and a section at the end with a summary of the topics covered by that chapter. Furthermore, each chapter provides exemplary questions and exercises which facilitate understanding of the chapter. Additionally, the author supports his argumentation with easily understandable practical examples from the field of electrical engineering. - Nicholas Hill, TU Braunschweig, Germany
Anybody working in asset and incident management of electric power grids will greatly welcome this book if they want to understand and apply the mathematics used for assessing the reliability and availability of components and systems. The author makes a decisive step forward in presenting the knowledge and skills needed for analyzing failure data and constructing reliable systems. Throughout the book, readers can taste the thorough experience of Ross both as a practitioner and as a researcher in the field of reliability analysis. This makes the book a must-have for engineers, asset managers and risk managers who are interested in decision analysis for managing assets of electric power grids. - Rene Janssen, Associate Professor of Mathematics and Operations Research at the Netherlands Defence Academy
This is a well-grounded book that is really good to read! It is informative and accessible and something that would be suitable as a source book for a more general course on engineering statistics and not one specifically directed towards electric power grid assets. Overall the book develops a very solid statistical basis of use in engineering and, particularly reliability analysis. I believe the book is of such general value that it could be used as part of a manufacturing engineering course with relative ease. I think this should probably be on the bookcase of anyone working in asset management of utilities. The material is presented with a logical and paced approach, taking the reader through basic statistics to some quite advanced concepts. - Professor Alistair Duffy, Professor of Electromagnetics and Director of the Institute of Engineering Sciences at De Montfort University, Leicester, UK
Robert Ross creates a comprehensive interface between the statistical analysis and the Asset Management tasks and problems of the electric grid. Many practical examples give a clear and easy understanding of the different subjects?the book is suitable for a direct entry into the topic. Later it can also be used as a reference work, particularly regarding the synoptic tables. This makes the book ideal for students as well as for practical use by asset managers. - Dr. Horst Gunter Bender, TenneT TSO GmbH, Germany
The book features ten chapters, with the main focus on the fundamentals of statistics. The way the book is written makes it possible to be used as supplement to lectures at universities about asset management because of the following points. Each chapter features an introductory paragraph and a section at the end with a summary of the topics covered by that chapter. Furthermore, each chapter provides exemplary questions and exercises which facilitate understanding of the chapter. Additionally, the author supports his argumentation with easily understandable practical examples from the field of electrical engineering. - Nicholas Hill, TU Braunschweig, Germany
Anybody working in asset and incident management of electric power grids will greatly welcome this book if they want to understand and apply the mathematics used for assessing the reliability and availability of components and systems. The author makes a decisive step forward in presenting the knowledge and skills needed for analyzing failure data and constructing reliable systems. Throughout the book, readers can taste the thorough experience of Ross both as a practitioner and as a researcher in the field of reliability analysis. This makes the book a must-have for engineers, asset managers and risk managers who are interested in decision analysis for managing assets of electric power grids. - Rene Janssen, Associate Professor of Mathematics and Operations Research at the Netherlands Defence Academy
ROBERT ROSS is a professor at TU Delft, director of IWO (Institute for Science & Development, Ede), a professor at HAN University of Applied Sciences and an Asset Management Research Strategist at TenneT (TSO in the Netherlands and part of Germany). At KEMA he worked on reliability and post-failure forensic investigations.
His interests concern reliability statistics, electro-technical materials, sustainable technology and superconductivity. For energy inventions he was granted the 2004 SenterNovem Annual award and nominated 2006 Best Energy Researcher by the World Technology Network.
This book is based on studies at KEMA and IWO, lectures at KIM (Royal Institute for the Navy), and experience with utilities.
His interests concern reliability statistics, electro-technical materials, sustainable technology and superconductivity. For energy inventions he was granted the 2004 SenterNovem Annual award and nominated 2006 Best Energy Researcher by the World Technology Network.
This book is based on studies at KEMA and IWO, lectures at KIM (Royal Institute for the Navy), and experience with utilities.
