Transient Analysis of Power Systems
A Practical Approach
Wiley - IEEE
1. Auflage Februar 2020
624 Seiten, Hardcover
Wiley & Sons Ltd
ISBN:
978-1-119-48053-2
John Wiley & Sons
Weitere Versionen
A hands-on introduction to advanced applications of power system transients with practical examples
Transient Analysis of Power Systems: A Practical Approach offers an authoritative guide to the traditional capabilities and the new software and hardware approaches that can be used to carry out transient studies and make possible new and more complex research. The book explores a wide range of topics from an introduction to the subject to a review of the many advanced applications, involving the creation of custom-made models and tools and the application of multicore environments for advanced studies.
The authors cover the general aspects of the transient analysis such as modelling guidelines, solution techniques and capabilities of a transient tool. The book also explores the usual application of a transient tool including over-voltages, power quality studies and simulation of power electronics devices. In addition, it contains an introduction to the transient analysis using the ATP. All the studies are supported by practical examples and simulation results. This important book:
* Summarises modelling guidelines and solution techniques used in transient analysis of power systems
* Provides a collection of practical examples with a detailed introduction and a discussion of results
* Includes a collection of case studies that illustrate how a simulation tool can be used for building environments that can be applied to both analysis and design of power systems
* Offers guidelines for building custom-made models and libraries of modules, supported by some practical examples
* Facilitates application of a transients tool to fields hardly covered with other time-domain simulation tools
* Includes a companion website with data (input) files of examples presented, case studies and power point presentations used to support cases studies
Written for EMTP users, electrical engineers, Transient Analysis of Power Systems is a hands-on and practical guide to advanced applications of power system transients that includes a range of practical examples.
About the Editor xv
List of Contributors xvii
Preface xix
About the Companion Website xxi
1 Introduction to Transients Analysis of Power Systems with ATP 1
Juan A. Martinez-Velasco
1.1 Overview 1
1.2 The ATP Package 3
1.3 ATP Documentation 5
1.4 Scope of the Book 6
References 8
2 Modelling of Power Components for Transients Studies 11
Juan A. Martinez-Velasco
2.1 Introduction 11
2.2 Overhead Lines 12
2.2.1 Overview 12
2.2.2 Multi-conductor Transmission Line Equations and Models 13
2.2.2.1 Transmission Line Equations 13
2.2.2.2 Corona Effect 15
2.2.2.3 Line Constants Routine 15
2.2.3 Transmission Line Towers 16
2.2.4 Transmission Line Grounding 17
2.2.4.1 Introduction 17
2.2.4.2 Low-Frequency Models 17
2.2.4.3 High-Frequency Models 18
2.2.4.4 Treatment of Soil Ionization 20
2.2.5 Transmission Line Insulation 21
2.2.5.1 Voltage-Time Curves 21
2.2.5.2 Integration Methods 22
2.2.5.3 Physical Models 22
2.3 Insulated Cables 23
2.3.1 Overview 23
2.3.2 Insulated Cable Designs 24
2.3.3 Bonding Techniques 25
2.3.4 Material Properties 26
2.3.5 Discussion 27
2.3.6 Cable Constants/Parameters Routines 27
2.4 Transformers 28
2.4.1 Overview 28
2.4.2 Transformer Models for Low-Frequency Transients 31
2.4.2.1 Introduction to Low-Frequency Models 31
2.4.2.2 Single-Phase Transformer Models 32
2.4.2.3 Three-Phase Transformer Models 36
2.4.3 Transformer Modelling for High-Frequency Transients 37
2.4.3.1 Introduction to High-Frequency Models 37
2.4.3.2 Models for Internal Voltage Calculation 39
2.4.3.3 Terminal Models 41
2.5 Rotating Machines 45
2.5.1 Overview 45
2.5.2 Rotating Machine Models for Low-Frequency Transients 46
2.5.2.1 Introduction 46
2.5.2.2 Modelling of Induction Machines 46
2.5.2.3 Modelling of Synchronous Machines 51
2.5.3 High-Frequency Models for Rotating Machine Windings 55
2.5.3.1 Introduction 55
2.5.3.2 Internal Models 56
2.5.3.3 Terminal Models 58
2.6 Circuit Breakers 58
2.6.1 Overview 58
2.6.2 Circuit Breaker Models for Opening Operations 59
2.6.2.1 Current Interruption 59
2.6.2.2 Circuit Breaker Models 60
2.6.2.3 Gas-Filled Circuit Breaker Models 61
2.6.2.4 Vacuum Circuit Breaker Models 62
2.6.3 Circuit Breaker Models for Closing Operations 64
2.6.3.1 Introduction 64
2.6.3.2 Statistical Switches 65
2.6.3.3 Prestrike Models 66
Acknowledgement 66
References 66
3 Solution Techniques for Electromagnetic Transient Analysis 75
Juan A. Martinez-Velasco
3.1 Introduction 75
3.2 Modelling of Power System Components for Transient Analysis 76
3.3 Solution Techniques for Electromagnetic Transients Analysis 78
3.3.1 Introduction 78
3.3.2 Solution Techniques for Linear Networks 78
3.3.2.1 The Trapezoidal Rule 78
3.3.2.2 Companion Circuits of Basic Circuit Elements 79
3.3.2.3 Computation of Transients in Linear Networks 85
3.3.2.4 Example: Transient Solution of a Linear Network 86
3.3.3 Networks with Nonlinear Elements 87
3.3.3.1 Introduction 87
3.3.3.2 Compensation Methods 87
3.3.3.3 Piecewise Linear Representation 89
3.3.4 Solution Methods for Networks with Switches 90
3.3.5 Numerical Oscillations 91
3.4 Transient Analysis of Control Systems 96
3.5 Initialization 97
3.5.1 Introduction 97
3.5.2 Initialization of the Power Network 97
3.5.2.1 Options for Steady-State Solution Without Harmonics 97
3.5.2.2 Steady-State Solution 98
3.5.3 Load Flow Solution 99
3.5.4 Initialization of Control Systems 100
3.6 Discussion 100
3.6.1 Solution Techniques Implemented in ATP 101
3.6.2 Other Solution Techniques 101
3.6.2.1 Transient Solution of Networks 101
3.6.2.2 Transient Analysis of Control Systems 102
3.6.2.3 Steady-State Initialization 102
Acknowledgement 103
References 103
To Probe Further 106
4 The ATP Package: Capabilities and Applications 107
Juan A. Martinez-Velasco and Jacinto Martin-Arnedo
4.1 Introduction 107
4.2 Capabilities of the ATP Package 108
4.2.1 Overview 108
4.2.2 The Simulation Module - TPBIG 109
4.2.2.1 Overview 109
4.2.2.2 Modelling Capabilities 110
4.2.2.3 Solution Techniques 117
4.2.3 The Graphical User Interface - ATPDraw 120
4.2.3.1 Overview 120
4.2.3.2 Main Functionalities 120
4.2.3.3 Supporting Modules for Power System Components 123
4.2.4 The Postprocessor - TOP 125
4.2.4.1 Data Management 125
4.2.4.2 Data Display 126
4.2.4.3 Data Processing 127
4.2.4.4 Data Formatting 127
4.2.4.5 Graphical Output 127
4.3 Applications 128
4.4 Illustrative Case Studies 129
4.4.1 Introduction 129
4.4.2 Case Study 1: Optimum Allocation of Capacitor Banks 130
4.4.3 Case Study 2: Parallel Resonance Between Transmission Lines 132
4.4.4 Case Study 3: Selection of Surge Arresters 133
4.5 Remarks 136
References 136
To Probe Further 138
5 Introduction to the Simulation of Electromagnetic Transients Using ATP 139
Juan A. Martinez-Velasco and Francisco González-Molin
5.1 Introduction 139
5.2 Input Data File Using ATP Formats 140
5.3 Some Important Issues 142
5.3.1 Before Simulating the Test Case 142
5.3.1.1 Setting Up a System Model 142
5.3.1.2 Topology Requirements 142
5.3.1.3 Selection of the Time-Step Size and the Simulation Time 143
5.3.1.4 Units 143
5.3.1.5 Output Selection 144
5.3.2 After Simulating the Test Case 144
5.3.2.1 Verifying the Results 144
5.3.2.2 Debugging Suggestions 144
5.4 Introductory Cases. Linear Circuits 145
5.4.1 The Series and Parallel RLC Circuits 145
5.4.2 The Series RLC Circuit: Energization Transient 145
5.4.2.1 Theoretical Analysis 145
5.4.2.2 ATP Implementation 147
5.4.2.3 Simulation Results 148
5.4.3 The Parallel RLC Circuit: De-energization Transient 150
5.4.3.1 Theoretical Analysis 150
5.4.3.2 ATP Implementation 152
5.4.3.3 Simulation Results 153
5.5 Switching of Capacitive Currents 155
5.5.1 Introduction 155
5.5.2 Switching Transients in Simple Capacitive Circuits - DC Supply 155
5.5.2.1 Energization of a Capacitor Bank 155
5.5.2.2 Energization of a Back-to-Back Capacitor Bank 157
5.5.3 Switching Transients in Simple Capacitive Circuits - AC Supply 159
5.5.3.1 Energization of a Capacitor Bank 159
5.5.3.2 Energization of a Back-to-Back Capacitor Bank 160
5.5.3.3 Reclosing into Trapped Charge 162
5.5.4 Discharge of a Capacitor Bank 164
5.6 Switching of Inductive Currents 168
5.6.1 Introduction 168
5.6.2 Switching of Inductive Currents in Linear Circuits 168
5.6.2.1 Interruption of Inductive Currents 168
5.6.2.2 Voltage Escalation During the Interruption of Inductive Currents 170
5.6.2.3 Current Chopping 172
5.6.2.4 Making of Inductive Currents 175
5.6.3 Switching of Inductive Currents in Nonlinear Circuits 176
5.6.4 Transients in Nonlinear Reactances 178
5.6.4.1 Interruption of an Inductive Current 180
5.6.4.2 Energization of a Nonlinear Reactance 181
5.6.5 Ferroresonance 184
5.7 Transient Analysis of Circuits with Distributed Parameters 187
5.7.1 Introduction 187
5.7.2 Transients in Linear Circuits with Distributed-Parameter Components 187
5.7.2.1 Energization of Lines and Cables 187
5.7.2.2 Transient Recovery Voltage During Fault Clearing 191
5.7.3 Transients in Nonlinear Circuits with Distributed-Parameter Components 195
5.7.3.1 Surge Arrester Protection 195
5.7.3.2 Protection Against Lightning Overvoltages Using Surge Arresters 196
References 201
Acknowledgement 202
To Probe Further 202
6 Calculation of Power System Overvoltages 203
Juan A. Martinez-Velasco and Ferley Castro-Aranda
6.1 Introduction 203
6.2 Power System Overvoltages: Causes and Characterization 204
6.3 Modelling for Simulation of Power System Overvoltages 206
6.3.1 Introduction 206
6.3.2 Modelling Guidelines for Temporary Overvoltages 207
6.3.3 Modelling Guidelines for Slow-Front Overvoltages 208
6.3.3.1 Lines and Cables 208
6.3.3.2 Transformers 208
6.3.3.3 Switchgear 208
6.3.3.4 Capacitors and Reactors 209
6.3.3.5 Surge Arresters 209
6.3.3.6 Loads 210
6.3.3.7 Power Supply 210
6.3.4 Modelling Guidelines for Fast-Front Overvoltages 210
6.3.4.1 Overhead Transmission Lines 210
6.3.4.2 Substations 212
6.3.4.3 Surge Arresters 213
6.3.4.4 Sources 214
6.3.5 Modelling Guidelines for Very Fast-Front Overvoltages in Gas Insulated Substations 214
6.4 ATP Capabilities for Power System Overvoltage Studies 216
6.5 Case Studies 216
6.5.1 Introduction 216
6.5.2 Low-Frequency Overvoltages 216
6.5.2.1 Case Study 1: Resonance Between Parallel Lines 217
6.5.2.2 Case Study 2: Ferroresonance in a Distribution System 219
6.5.3 Slow-Front Overvoltages 225
6.5.3.1 Case Study 3: Transmission Line Energization 227
6.5.3.2 Case Study 4: Capacitor Bank Switching 238
6.5.4 Fast-Front Overvoltages 243
6.5.4.1 Case Study 5: Lightning Performance of an Overhead Transmission Line 244
6.5.5 Very Fast-Front Overvoltages 261
6.5.5.1 Case Study 6: Origin of Very Fast-Front Transients in GIS 262
6.5.5.2 Case Study 7: Propagation of Very Fast-Front Transients in GIS 263
6.5.5.3 Case Study 8: Very Fast-Front Transients in a 765 kV GIS 267
References 270
To Probe Further 274
7 Simulation of Rotating Machine Dynamics 275
Juan A. Martinez-Velasco
7.1 Introduction 275
7.2 Representation of Rotating Machines in Transients Studies 275
7.3 ATP Rotating Machines Models 276
7.3.1 Background 276
7.3.2 Built-in Rotating Machine Models 276
7.3.3 Rotating Machine Models for Fast Transients Simulation 278
7.4 Solution Methods 278
7.4.1 Introduction 278
7.4.2 Three-Phase Synchronous Machine Model 278
7.4.3 Universal Machine Module 281
7.4.4 WindSyn-Based Models 284
7.5 Procedure to Edit Machine Data Input 284
7.6 Capabilities of Rotating Machine Models 285
7.7 Case Studies: Three-Phase Synchronous Machine 287
7.7.1 Overview 287
7.7.2 Case Study 1: Stand-Alone Three-Phase Synchronous Generator 288
7.7.3 Case Study 2: Load Rejection 288
7.7.4 Case Study 3: Transient Stability 298
7.7.5 Case Study 4: Subsynchronous Resonance 302
7.8 Case Studies: Three-Phase Induction Machine 309
7.8.1 Overview 309
7.8.2 Case Study 5: Induction Machine Test 310
7.8.3 Case Study 6: Transient Response of the Induction Machine 313
7.8.3.1 First Case 314
7.8.3.2 Second Case 314
7.8.3.3 Third Case 318
7.8.4 Case Study 7: SCIM-Based Wind Power Generation 323
References 328
To Probe Further 331
8 Power Electronics Applications 333
Juan A. Martinez-Velasco and Jacinto Martin-Arnedo
8.1 Introduction 333
8.2 Converter Models 334
8.2.1 Switching Models 334
8.2.2 Dynamic Average Models 334
8.3 Power Semiconductor Models 335
8.3.1 Introduction 335
8.3.2 Ideal Device Models 335
8.3.3 More Detailed Device Models 335
8.3.4 Approximate Models 336
8.4 Solution Methods for Power Electronics Studies 337
8.4.1 Introduction 337
8.4.2 Time-Domain Transient Solution 337
8.4.3 Initialization 338
8.5 ATP Simulation of Power Electronics Systems 338
8.5.1 Introduction 338
8.5.2 Switching Devices 339
8.5.2.1 Built-in Semiconductor Models 339
8.5.2.2 Custom-made Semiconductor Models 340
8.5.3 Power Electronics Systems 342
8.5.4 Power Systems 343
8.5.5 Control Systems 343
8.5.6 Rotating Machines 344
8.5.6.1 Built-in Rotating Machine Models 344
8.5.6.2 Custom-made Rotating Machine Models 344
8.5.7 Simulation Errors 345
8.6 Power Electronics Applications in Transmission, Distribution, Generation and Storage Systems 345
8.6.1 Overview 345
8.6.2 Transmission Systems 346
8.6.3 Distribution Systems 346
8.6.4 DER Systems 347
8.7 Introduction to the Simulation of Power Electronics Systems 349
8.7.1 Overview 349
8.7.2 One-Switch Case Studies 350
8.7.3 Two-Switches Case Studies 351
8.7.4 Application of the GIFU Request 355
8.7.5 Simulation of Power Electronics Converters 361
8.7.5.1 Single-phase Inverter 361
8.7.5.2 Three-phase Line-Commutated Diode Bridge Rectifier 362
8.7.6 Discussion 365
8.8 Case Studies 367
8.8.1 Introduction 367
8.8.2 Case Study 1: Three-phase Controlled Rectifier 367
8.8.3 Case Study 2: Three-phase Adjustable Speed AC Drive 369
8.8.4 Case Study 3: Digitally-controlled Static VAR Compensator 373
8.8.4.1 Test System 375
8.8.4.2 Control Strategy 375
8.8.5 Case Study 4: Unified Power Flow Controller 382
8.8.5.1 Configuration 382
8.8.5.2 Control 382
8.8.5.3 Modelling 384
8.8.5.4 ATPDraw Implementation 385
8.8.5.5 Simulation Results 385
8.8.6 Case Study 5: Solid State Transformer 386
8.8.6.1 Introduction 386
8.8.6.2 SST Configuration 388
8.8.6.3 Control Strategies 388
8.8.6.4 Test System and Modelling Guidelines 393
8.8.6.5 Case Studies 396
Acknowledgement 399
References 399
To Probe Further 404
9 Creation of Libraries 405
Juan A. Martinez Velasco and Jacinto Martin-Arnedo
9.1 Introduction 405
9.2 Creation of Custom-Made Modules 406
9.2.1 Introduction 406
9.2.2 Application of DATA BASE MODULE 406
9.2.3 Application of MODELS 411
9.2.4 The Group Option 417
9.3 Application of the ATP to Power Quality Studies 419
9.3.1 Introduction 419
9.3.2 Power Quality Issues 419
9.3.3 Simulation of Power Quality Problems 422
9.3.4 Power Quality Studies 423
9.4 Custom-Made Modules for Power Quality Studies 426
9.5 Case Studies 426
9.5.1 Overview 426
9.5.2 Harmonics Analysis 426
9.5.2.1 Case Study 1: Generation of Harmonic Waveforms 428
9.5.2.2 Case Study 2: Harmonic Resonance 431
9.5.2.3 Case Study 3: Harmonic Frequency Scan 434
9.5.2.4 Case Study 4: Compensation of Harmonic Currents 441
9.5.3 Voltage Dip Studies in Distribution Systems 447
9.5.3.1 Overview 447
9.5.3.2 Case Study 5: Voltage Dip Measurement 449
9.5.3.3 Case Study 6: Voltage Dip Characterization 454
9.5.3.4 Case Study 7: Voltage Dip Mitigation 462
References 466
To Probe Further 470
10 Protection Systems 471
Juan A. Martinez-Velasco and Jacinto Martin-Arnedo
10.1 Introduction 471
10.2 Modelling Guidelines for Protection Studies 472
10.2.1 Line and Cable Models 472
10.2.1.1 Models for Steady-State Studies 473
10.2.1.2 Models for Transient Studies 473
10.2.2 Transformer Models 473
10.2.2.1 Low-frequency Transformer Models 474
10.2.2.2 High-frequency Transformer Models 475
10.2.3 Source Models 475
10.2.4 Circuit Breaker Models 475
10.3 Models of Instrument Transformers 476
10.3.1 Introduction 476
10.3.2 Current Transformers 476
10.3.3 Coupling Capacitor Voltage Transformers 478
10.3.4 Voltage Transformers 479
10.3.5 Case Studies 480
10.3.5.1 Case Study 1: Current Transformer Test 480
10.3.5.2 Case Study 2: Coupling Capacitor Voltage Transformer Test 482
10.3.6 Discussion 484
10.4 Relay Modelling 484
10.4.1 Introduction 484
10.4.2 Classification of Relay Models 485
10.4.3 Implementation of Relay Models 486
10.4.4 Applications of Relay Models 488
10.4.5 Testing and Validation of Relay Models 488
10.4.6 Accuracy and Limitations of Relay Models 490
10.4.7 Case Studies 490
10.4.7.1 Overview 490
10.4.7.2 Case Study 3: Simulation of an Electromechanical Distance Relay 491
10.4.7.3 Case Study 4: Simulation of a Numerical Distance Relay 497
10.5 Protection of Distribution Systems 508
10.5.1 Introduction 508
10.5.2 Protection of Distribution Systems with Distributed Generation 508
10.5.2.1 Distribution Feeder Protection 508
10.5.2.2 Interconnection Protection 508
10.5.3 Modelling of Distribution Feeder Protective Devices 509
10.5.3.1 Circuit Breakers - Overcurrent Relays 509
10.5.3.2 Reclosers 511
10.5.3.3 Fuses 511
10.5.3.4 Sectionalizers 512
10.5.4 Protection of the Interconnection of Distributed Generators 513
10.5.5 Case Studies 514
10.5.5.1 Case Study 5: Testing the Models 514
10.5.5.2 Case Study 6: Coordination Between Protective Devices 524
10.5.5.3 Case Study 7: Protection of Distributed Generation 525
10.6 Discussion 531
Acknowledgement 533
References 533
To Probe Further 537
11 ATP Applications Using a Parallel Computing Environment 539
Javier A. Corea-Araujo, Gerardo Guerra and Juan A. Martinez-Velasco
11.1 Introduction 539
11.2 Bifurcation Diagrams for Ferroresonance Characterization 540
11.2.1 Introduction 540
11.2.2 Characterization of Ferroresonance 540
11.2.3 Modelling Guidelines for Ferroresonance Analysis 541
11.2.4 Generation of Bifurcation Diagrams 541
11.2.5 Parametric Analysis Using a Multicore Environment 542
11.2.6 Case Studies 544
11.2.6.1 Case 1: An Illustrative Example 544
11.2.6.2 Case 2: Ferroresonant Behaviour of a Voltage Transformer 545
11.2.6.3 Case 3: Ferroresonance in a Five-Legged Core Transformer 545
11.2.7 Discussion 550
11.3 Lightning Performance Analysis of Transmission Lines 550
11.3.1 Introduction 550
11.3.2 Lightning Stroke Characterization 551
11.3.3 Modelling for Lightning Overvoltage Calculations 552
11.3.4 Implementation of the Monte Carlo Procedure Using Parallel Computing 554
11.3.5 Illustrative Example 555
11.3.5.1 Test Line 555
11.3.5.2 Line and Lightning Stroke Parameters 555
11.3.5.3 Simulation Results 559
11.3.6 Discussion 562
11.4 Optimum Design of a Hybrid HVDC Circuit Breaker 563
11.4.1 Introduction 563
11.4.2 Design and Operation of the Hybrid HVDC Circuit Breaker 563
11.4.3 ATP Implementation of the Hybrid HVDC Circuit Breaker 565
11.4.4 Test System 566
11.4.5 Transient Response of the Hybrid Circuit Breaker 567
11.4.6 Implementation of a Parallel Genetic Algorithm 568
11.4.7 Simulation Results 570
11.4.8 Discussion 574
Acknowledgement 575
References 575
A Characteristics of the Multicore Installation 579
B Test System Parameters for Ferroresonance Studies 579
To Probe Further 580
Index 581
List of Contributors xvii
Preface xix
About the Companion Website xxi
1 Introduction to Transients Analysis of Power Systems with ATP 1
Juan A. Martinez-Velasco
1.1 Overview 1
1.2 The ATP Package 3
1.3 ATP Documentation 5
1.4 Scope of the Book 6
References 8
2 Modelling of Power Components for Transients Studies 11
Juan A. Martinez-Velasco
2.1 Introduction 11
2.2 Overhead Lines 12
2.2.1 Overview 12
2.2.2 Multi-conductor Transmission Line Equations and Models 13
2.2.2.1 Transmission Line Equations 13
2.2.2.2 Corona Effect 15
2.2.2.3 Line Constants Routine 15
2.2.3 Transmission Line Towers 16
2.2.4 Transmission Line Grounding 17
2.2.4.1 Introduction 17
2.2.4.2 Low-Frequency Models 17
2.2.4.3 High-Frequency Models 18
2.2.4.4 Treatment of Soil Ionization 20
2.2.5 Transmission Line Insulation 21
2.2.5.1 Voltage-Time Curves 21
2.2.5.2 Integration Methods 22
2.2.5.3 Physical Models 22
2.3 Insulated Cables 23
2.3.1 Overview 23
2.3.2 Insulated Cable Designs 24
2.3.3 Bonding Techniques 25
2.3.4 Material Properties 26
2.3.5 Discussion 27
2.3.6 Cable Constants/Parameters Routines 27
2.4 Transformers 28
2.4.1 Overview 28
2.4.2 Transformer Models for Low-Frequency Transients 31
2.4.2.1 Introduction to Low-Frequency Models 31
2.4.2.2 Single-Phase Transformer Models 32
2.4.2.3 Three-Phase Transformer Models 36
2.4.3 Transformer Modelling for High-Frequency Transients 37
2.4.3.1 Introduction to High-Frequency Models 37
2.4.3.2 Models for Internal Voltage Calculation 39
2.4.3.3 Terminal Models 41
2.5 Rotating Machines 45
2.5.1 Overview 45
2.5.2 Rotating Machine Models for Low-Frequency Transients 46
2.5.2.1 Introduction 46
2.5.2.2 Modelling of Induction Machines 46
2.5.2.3 Modelling of Synchronous Machines 51
2.5.3 High-Frequency Models for Rotating Machine Windings 55
2.5.3.1 Introduction 55
2.5.3.2 Internal Models 56
2.5.3.3 Terminal Models 58
2.6 Circuit Breakers 58
2.6.1 Overview 58
2.6.2 Circuit Breaker Models for Opening Operations 59
2.6.2.1 Current Interruption 59
2.6.2.2 Circuit Breaker Models 60
2.6.2.3 Gas-Filled Circuit Breaker Models 61
2.6.2.4 Vacuum Circuit Breaker Models 62
2.6.3 Circuit Breaker Models for Closing Operations 64
2.6.3.1 Introduction 64
2.6.3.2 Statistical Switches 65
2.6.3.3 Prestrike Models 66
Acknowledgement 66
References 66
3 Solution Techniques for Electromagnetic Transient Analysis 75
Juan A. Martinez-Velasco
3.1 Introduction 75
3.2 Modelling of Power System Components for Transient Analysis 76
3.3 Solution Techniques for Electromagnetic Transients Analysis 78
3.3.1 Introduction 78
3.3.2 Solution Techniques for Linear Networks 78
3.3.2.1 The Trapezoidal Rule 78
3.3.2.2 Companion Circuits of Basic Circuit Elements 79
3.3.2.3 Computation of Transients in Linear Networks 85
3.3.2.4 Example: Transient Solution of a Linear Network 86
3.3.3 Networks with Nonlinear Elements 87
3.3.3.1 Introduction 87
3.3.3.2 Compensation Methods 87
3.3.3.3 Piecewise Linear Representation 89
3.3.4 Solution Methods for Networks with Switches 90
3.3.5 Numerical Oscillations 91
3.4 Transient Analysis of Control Systems 96
3.5 Initialization 97
3.5.1 Introduction 97
3.5.2 Initialization of the Power Network 97
3.5.2.1 Options for Steady-State Solution Without Harmonics 97
3.5.2.2 Steady-State Solution 98
3.5.3 Load Flow Solution 99
3.5.4 Initialization of Control Systems 100
3.6 Discussion 100
3.6.1 Solution Techniques Implemented in ATP 101
3.6.2 Other Solution Techniques 101
3.6.2.1 Transient Solution of Networks 101
3.6.2.2 Transient Analysis of Control Systems 102
3.6.2.3 Steady-State Initialization 102
Acknowledgement 103
References 103
To Probe Further 106
4 The ATP Package: Capabilities and Applications 107
Juan A. Martinez-Velasco and Jacinto Martin-Arnedo
4.1 Introduction 107
4.2 Capabilities of the ATP Package 108
4.2.1 Overview 108
4.2.2 The Simulation Module - TPBIG 109
4.2.2.1 Overview 109
4.2.2.2 Modelling Capabilities 110
4.2.2.3 Solution Techniques 117
4.2.3 The Graphical User Interface - ATPDraw 120
4.2.3.1 Overview 120
4.2.3.2 Main Functionalities 120
4.2.3.3 Supporting Modules for Power System Components 123
4.2.4 The Postprocessor - TOP 125
4.2.4.1 Data Management 125
4.2.4.2 Data Display 126
4.2.4.3 Data Processing 127
4.2.4.4 Data Formatting 127
4.2.4.5 Graphical Output 127
4.3 Applications 128
4.4 Illustrative Case Studies 129
4.4.1 Introduction 129
4.4.2 Case Study 1: Optimum Allocation of Capacitor Banks 130
4.4.3 Case Study 2: Parallel Resonance Between Transmission Lines 132
4.4.4 Case Study 3: Selection of Surge Arresters 133
4.5 Remarks 136
References 136
To Probe Further 138
5 Introduction to the Simulation of Electromagnetic Transients Using ATP 139
Juan A. Martinez-Velasco and Francisco González-Molin
5.1 Introduction 139
5.2 Input Data File Using ATP Formats 140
5.3 Some Important Issues 142
5.3.1 Before Simulating the Test Case 142
5.3.1.1 Setting Up a System Model 142
5.3.1.2 Topology Requirements 142
5.3.1.3 Selection of the Time-Step Size and the Simulation Time 143
5.3.1.4 Units 143
5.3.1.5 Output Selection 144
5.3.2 After Simulating the Test Case 144
5.3.2.1 Verifying the Results 144
5.3.2.2 Debugging Suggestions 144
5.4 Introductory Cases. Linear Circuits 145
5.4.1 The Series and Parallel RLC Circuits 145
5.4.2 The Series RLC Circuit: Energization Transient 145
5.4.2.1 Theoretical Analysis 145
5.4.2.2 ATP Implementation 147
5.4.2.3 Simulation Results 148
5.4.3 The Parallel RLC Circuit: De-energization Transient 150
5.4.3.1 Theoretical Analysis 150
5.4.3.2 ATP Implementation 152
5.4.3.3 Simulation Results 153
5.5 Switching of Capacitive Currents 155
5.5.1 Introduction 155
5.5.2 Switching Transients in Simple Capacitive Circuits - DC Supply 155
5.5.2.1 Energization of a Capacitor Bank 155
5.5.2.2 Energization of a Back-to-Back Capacitor Bank 157
5.5.3 Switching Transients in Simple Capacitive Circuits - AC Supply 159
5.5.3.1 Energization of a Capacitor Bank 159
5.5.3.2 Energization of a Back-to-Back Capacitor Bank 160
5.5.3.3 Reclosing into Trapped Charge 162
5.5.4 Discharge of a Capacitor Bank 164
5.6 Switching of Inductive Currents 168
5.6.1 Introduction 168
5.6.2 Switching of Inductive Currents in Linear Circuits 168
5.6.2.1 Interruption of Inductive Currents 168
5.6.2.2 Voltage Escalation During the Interruption of Inductive Currents 170
5.6.2.3 Current Chopping 172
5.6.2.4 Making of Inductive Currents 175
5.6.3 Switching of Inductive Currents in Nonlinear Circuits 176
5.6.4 Transients in Nonlinear Reactances 178
5.6.4.1 Interruption of an Inductive Current 180
5.6.4.2 Energization of a Nonlinear Reactance 181
5.6.5 Ferroresonance 184
5.7 Transient Analysis of Circuits with Distributed Parameters 187
5.7.1 Introduction 187
5.7.2 Transients in Linear Circuits with Distributed-Parameter Components 187
5.7.2.1 Energization of Lines and Cables 187
5.7.2.2 Transient Recovery Voltage During Fault Clearing 191
5.7.3 Transients in Nonlinear Circuits with Distributed-Parameter Components 195
5.7.3.1 Surge Arrester Protection 195
5.7.3.2 Protection Against Lightning Overvoltages Using Surge Arresters 196
References 201
Acknowledgement 202
To Probe Further 202
6 Calculation of Power System Overvoltages 203
Juan A. Martinez-Velasco and Ferley Castro-Aranda
6.1 Introduction 203
6.2 Power System Overvoltages: Causes and Characterization 204
6.3 Modelling for Simulation of Power System Overvoltages 206
6.3.1 Introduction 206
6.3.2 Modelling Guidelines for Temporary Overvoltages 207
6.3.3 Modelling Guidelines for Slow-Front Overvoltages 208
6.3.3.1 Lines and Cables 208
6.3.3.2 Transformers 208
6.3.3.3 Switchgear 208
6.3.3.4 Capacitors and Reactors 209
6.3.3.5 Surge Arresters 209
6.3.3.6 Loads 210
6.3.3.7 Power Supply 210
6.3.4 Modelling Guidelines for Fast-Front Overvoltages 210
6.3.4.1 Overhead Transmission Lines 210
6.3.4.2 Substations 212
6.3.4.3 Surge Arresters 213
6.3.4.4 Sources 214
6.3.5 Modelling Guidelines for Very Fast-Front Overvoltages in Gas Insulated Substations 214
6.4 ATP Capabilities for Power System Overvoltage Studies 216
6.5 Case Studies 216
6.5.1 Introduction 216
6.5.2 Low-Frequency Overvoltages 216
6.5.2.1 Case Study 1: Resonance Between Parallel Lines 217
6.5.2.2 Case Study 2: Ferroresonance in a Distribution System 219
6.5.3 Slow-Front Overvoltages 225
6.5.3.1 Case Study 3: Transmission Line Energization 227
6.5.3.2 Case Study 4: Capacitor Bank Switching 238
6.5.4 Fast-Front Overvoltages 243
6.5.4.1 Case Study 5: Lightning Performance of an Overhead Transmission Line 244
6.5.5 Very Fast-Front Overvoltages 261
6.5.5.1 Case Study 6: Origin of Very Fast-Front Transients in GIS 262
6.5.5.2 Case Study 7: Propagation of Very Fast-Front Transients in GIS 263
6.5.5.3 Case Study 8: Very Fast-Front Transients in a 765 kV GIS 267
References 270
To Probe Further 274
7 Simulation of Rotating Machine Dynamics 275
Juan A. Martinez-Velasco
7.1 Introduction 275
7.2 Representation of Rotating Machines in Transients Studies 275
7.3 ATP Rotating Machines Models 276
7.3.1 Background 276
7.3.2 Built-in Rotating Machine Models 276
7.3.3 Rotating Machine Models for Fast Transients Simulation 278
7.4 Solution Methods 278
7.4.1 Introduction 278
7.4.2 Three-Phase Synchronous Machine Model 278
7.4.3 Universal Machine Module 281
7.4.4 WindSyn-Based Models 284
7.5 Procedure to Edit Machine Data Input 284
7.6 Capabilities of Rotating Machine Models 285
7.7 Case Studies: Three-Phase Synchronous Machine 287
7.7.1 Overview 287
7.7.2 Case Study 1: Stand-Alone Three-Phase Synchronous Generator 288
7.7.3 Case Study 2: Load Rejection 288
7.7.4 Case Study 3: Transient Stability 298
7.7.5 Case Study 4: Subsynchronous Resonance 302
7.8 Case Studies: Three-Phase Induction Machine 309
7.8.1 Overview 309
7.8.2 Case Study 5: Induction Machine Test 310
7.8.3 Case Study 6: Transient Response of the Induction Machine 313
7.8.3.1 First Case 314
7.8.3.2 Second Case 314
7.8.3.3 Third Case 318
7.8.4 Case Study 7: SCIM-Based Wind Power Generation 323
References 328
To Probe Further 331
8 Power Electronics Applications 333
Juan A. Martinez-Velasco and Jacinto Martin-Arnedo
8.1 Introduction 333
8.2 Converter Models 334
8.2.1 Switching Models 334
8.2.2 Dynamic Average Models 334
8.3 Power Semiconductor Models 335
8.3.1 Introduction 335
8.3.2 Ideal Device Models 335
8.3.3 More Detailed Device Models 335
8.3.4 Approximate Models 336
8.4 Solution Methods for Power Electronics Studies 337
8.4.1 Introduction 337
8.4.2 Time-Domain Transient Solution 337
8.4.3 Initialization 338
8.5 ATP Simulation of Power Electronics Systems 338
8.5.1 Introduction 338
8.5.2 Switching Devices 339
8.5.2.1 Built-in Semiconductor Models 339
8.5.2.2 Custom-made Semiconductor Models 340
8.5.3 Power Electronics Systems 342
8.5.4 Power Systems 343
8.5.5 Control Systems 343
8.5.6 Rotating Machines 344
8.5.6.1 Built-in Rotating Machine Models 344
8.5.6.2 Custom-made Rotating Machine Models 344
8.5.7 Simulation Errors 345
8.6 Power Electronics Applications in Transmission, Distribution, Generation and Storage Systems 345
8.6.1 Overview 345
8.6.2 Transmission Systems 346
8.6.3 Distribution Systems 346
8.6.4 DER Systems 347
8.7 Introduction to the Simulation of Power Electronics Systems 349
8.7.1 Overview 349
8.7.2 One-Switch Case Studies 350
8.7.3 Two-Switches Case Studies 351
8.7.4 Application of the GIFU Request 355
8.7.5 Simulation of Power Electronics Converters 361
8.7.5.1 Single-phase Inverter 361
8.7.5.2 Three-phase Line-Commutated Diode Bridge Rectifier 362
8.7.6 Discussion 365
8.8 Case Studies 367
8.8.1 Introduction 367
8.8.2 Case Study 1: Three-phase Controlled Rectifier 367
8.8.3 Case Study 2: Three-phase Adjustable Speed AC Drive 369
8.8.4 Case Study 3: Digitally-controlled Static VAR Compensator 373
8.8.4.1 Test System 375
8.8.4.2 Control Strategy 375
8.8.5 Case Study 4: Unified Power Flow Controller 382
8.8.5.1 Configuration 382
8.8.5.2 Control 382
8.8.5.3 Modelling 384
8.8.5.4 ATPDraw Implementation 385
8.8.5.5 Simulation Results 385
8.8.6 Case Study 5: Solid State Transformer 386
8.8.6.1 Introduction 386
8.8.6.2 SST Configuration 388
8.8.6.3 Control Strategies 388
8.8.6.4 Test System and Modelling Guidelines 393
8.8.6.5 Case Studies 396
Acknowledgement 399
References 399
To Probe Further 404
9 Creation of Libraries 405
Juan A. Martinez Velasco and Jacinto Martin-Arnedo
9.1 Introduction 405
9.2 Creation of Custom-Made Modules 406
9.2.1 Introduction 406
9.2.2 Application of DATA BASE MODULE 406
9.2.3 Application of MODELS 411
9.2.4 The Group Option 417
9.3 Application of the ATP to Power Quality Studies 419
9.3.1 Introduction 419
9.3.2 Power Quality Issues 419
9.3.3 Simulation of Power Quality Problems 422
9.3.4 Power Quality Studies 423
9.4 Custom-Made Modules for Power Quality Studies 426
9.5 Case Studies 426
9.5.1 Overview 426
9.5.2 Harmonics Analysis 426
9.5.2.1 Case Study 1: Generation of Harmonic Waveforms 428
9.5.2.2 Case Study 2: Harmonic Resonance 431
9.5.2.3 Case Study 3: Harmonic Frequency Scan 434
9.5.2.4 Case Study 4: Compensation of Harmonic Currents 441
9.5.3 Voltage Dip Studies in Distribution Systems 447
9.5.3.1 Overview 447
9.5.3.2 Case Study 5: Voltage Dip Measurement 449
9.5.3.3 Case Study 6: Voltage Dip Characterization 454
9.5.3.4 Case Study 7: Voltage Dip Mitigation 462
References 466
To Probe Further 470
10 Protection Systems 471
Juan A. Martinez-Velasco and Jacinto Martin-Arnedo
10.1 Introduction 471
10.2 Modelling Guidelines for Protection Studies 472
10.2.1 Line and Cable Models 472
10.2.1.1 Models for Steady-State Studies 473
10.2.1.2 Models for Transient Studies 473
10.2.2 Transformer Models 473
10.2.2.1 Low-frequency Transformer Models 474
10.2.2.2 High-frequency Transformer Models 475
10.2.3 Source Models 475
10.2.4 Circuit Breaker Models 475
10.3 Models of Instrument Transformers 476
10.3.1 Introduction 476
10.3.2 Current Transformers 476
10.3.3 Coupling Capacitor Voltage Transformers 478
10.3.4 Voltage Transformers 479
10.3.5 Case Studies 480
10.3.5.1 Case Study 1: Current Transformer Test 480
10.3.5.2 Case Study 2: Coupling Capacitor Voltage Transformer Test 482
10.3.6 Discussion 484
10.4 Relay Modelling 484
10.4.1 Introduction 484
10.4.2 Classification of Relay Models 485
10.4.3 Implementation of Relay Models 486
10.4.4 Applications of Relay Models 488
10.4.5 Testing and Validation of Relay Models 488
10.4.6 Accuracy and Limitations of Relay Models 490
10.4.7 Case Studies 490
10.4.7.1 Overview 490
10.4.7.2 Case Study 3: Simulation of an Electromechanical Distance Relay 491
10.4.7.3 Case Study 4: Simulation of a Numerical Distance Relay 497
10.5 Protection of Distribution Systems 508
10.5.1 Introduction 508
10.5.2 Protection of Distribution Systems with Distributed Generation 508
10.5.2.1 Distribution Feeder Protection 508
10.5.2.2 Interconnection Protection 508
10.5.3 Modelling of Distribution Feeder Protective Devices 509
10.5.3.1 Circuit Breakers - Overcurrent Relays 509
10.5.3.2 Reclosers 511
10.5.3.3 Fuses 511
10.5.3.4 Sectionalizers 512
10.5.4 Protection of the Interconnection of Distributed Generators 513
10.5.5 Case Studies 514
10.5.5.1 Case Study 5: Testing the Models 514
10.5.5.2 Case Study 6: Coordination Between Protective Devices 524
10.5.5.3 Case Study 7: Protection of Distributed Generation 525
10.6 Discussion 531
Acknowledgement 533
References 533
To Probe Further 537
11 ATP Applications Using a Parallel Computing Environment 539
Javier A. Corea-Araujo, Gerardo Guerra and Juan A. Martinez-Velasco
11.1 Introduction 539
11.2 Bifurcation Diagrams for Ferroresonance Characterization 540
11.2.1 Introduction 540
11.2.2 Characterization of Ferroresonance 540
11.2.3 Modelling Guidelines for Ferroresonance Analysis 541
11.2.4 Generation of Bifurcation Diagrams 541
11.2.5 Parametric Analysis Using a Multicore Environment 542
11.2.6 Case Studies 544
11.2.6.1 Case 1: An Illustrative Example 544
11.2.6.2 Case 2: Ferroresonant Behaviour of a Voltage Transformer 545
11.2.6.3 Case 3: Ferroresonance in a Five-Legged Core Transformer 545
11.2.7 Discussion 550
11.3 Lightning Performance Analysis of Transmission Lines 550
11.3.1 Introduction 550
11.3.2 Lightning Stroke Characterization 551
11.3.3 Modelling for Lightning Overvoltage Calculations 552
11.3.4 Implementation of the Monte Carlo Procedure Using Parallel Computing 554
11.3.5 Illustrative Example 555
11.3.5.1 Test Line 555
11.3.5.2 Line and Lightning Stroke Parameters 555
11.3.5.3 Simulation Results 559
11.3.6 Discussion 562
11.4 Optimum Design of a Hybrid HVDC Circuit Breaker 563
11.4.1 Introduction 563
11.4.2 Design and Operation of the Hybrid HVDC Circuit Breaker 563
11.4.3 ATP Implementation of the Hybrid HVDC Circuit Breaker 565
11.4.4 Test System 566
11.4.5 Transient Response of the Hybrid Circuit Breaker 567
11.4.6 Implementation of a Parallel Genetic Algorithm 568
11.4.7 Simulation Results 570
11.4.8 Discussion 574
Acknowledgement 575
References 575
A Characteristics of the Multicore Installation 579
B Test System Parameters for Ferroresonance Studies 579
To Probe Further 580
Index 581
JUAN A. MARTINEZ-VELASCO, PHD, is retired from his position with the Department of Electrical Engineering, Polytechnic University of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain. He has been involved in several EMTP courses and worked as a consultant for a number of Spanish companies. His teaching and research areas cover Power Systems Analysis, Transmission and Distribution, Power Quality, and Electromagnetic Transients.
