A History of Modern Psychology
International Adaptation
5. Auflage März 2022
592 Seiten, Softcover
Wiley & Sons Ltd
ISBN:
978-1-119-77073-2
John Wiley & Sons
Weitere Versionen
The enhanced 5th Edition of Goodwin's series, A History of Modern Psychology, explores the modern history of psychology including the fundamental bases of psychology and psychology's advancements in the 20th century.
Goodwin's 5th Edition focuses on the reduction of biographical information with an emphasis on more substantial information including ideas and concepts and on ideas/research contributions.
TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCING PSYCHOLOGY'S HISTORY
Preview and Chapter Objectives
Why Take This Course?
Why Study History?
Why Study Psychology's History?
Key Issues in Psychology's History
Presentism versus Historicism
Internal versus External History
Personalistic versus Naturalistic History
Close-Up: Edwin G. Boring (1886-1968)
This Book's Point of View
Historiography: Doing and Writing History
Sources of Historical Data
Problems with the Writing of History
Data Selection Problems
Interpretation Problems
Approaching Historical Truth
Conclusion
Summary
Study Questions
CHAPTER 2 THE PHILOSOPHICAL CONTEXT
Preview and Chapter Objectives
A Long Past
René Descartes (1596-1650): The Beginnings of Modern Philosophy and Science
Descartes and the Rationalist Argument
The Cartesian System
Descartes on the Reflex and Mind-Body Interaction
The British Empiricist Argument and the Associationists
John Locke (1632-1704): The Origins of British Empiricism
Locke on Human Understanding
Locke on Education
George Berkeley (1685-1753): Empiricism Applied to Vision
British Associationism
David Hume (1711-1776): The Rules of Association
David Hartley (1705-1757): A Physiological Associationism
Close-Up: Raising a Philosopher
John Stuart Mill (1806-1873): On the Verge of Psychological Science
Mill's Psychology
Mill's Logic
Rationalist Responses to Empiricism
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646-1716)
Immanuel Kant (1724-1804)
Philosophical Perspective of Psychology in Other Parts of the World
In Perspective: Philosophical Foundations
Summary
Study Questions
CHAPTER 3 THE SCIENTIFIC CONTEXT
Preview and Chapter Objectives
Heroic Science in the Age of Enlightenment
Functioning of the Nervous System
Reflex Action
The Bell-Magendie Law
The Specific Energies of Nerves
Helmholtz: The Physiologist's Physiologist
Measuring the Speed of Neural Impulses
Helmholtz on Vision and Audition
Helmholtz and the Problem of Perception
Localization of Brain Function
The Phrenology of Gall and Spurzheim
Close-Up: The Marketing of Phrenology
Flourens and the Method of Ablation
The Clinical Method
The Remarkable Phineas Gage
Broca and the Speech Center
Mapping the Brain: Electrical Stimulation
Nervous System Structure
Neuron Theory
Sir Charles Sherrington: The Synapse
Scientific Approaches Outside the US
In Perspective: The Nervous System and Behavior
Summary
Study Questions
CHAPTER 4 WUNDT AND GERMAN PSYCHOLOGY
Preview and Chapter Objectives
An Education in Germany
On the Threshold of Experimental Psychology: Psychophysics
Johann Herbart (1776-1841)
Ernst Weber (1795-1878)
Two-Point Thresholds
Weber's Law
Gustav Fechner (1801-1889)
Fechner's Elements of Psychophysics
Wundt Establishes a New Psychology at Leipzig
Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920): Creating a New Science
Wundt's Conception of the New Psychology
Studying Immediate Conscious Experience
Studying Higher Mental Processes
Inside Wundt's Laboratory
Sensation and Perception
Mental Chronometry
Close-Up: An American in Leipzig
Rewriting History: The New and Improved Wilhelm Wundt
The Source of the Problem
The Rediscovery of Wundt
The Real Wundt
The Wundtian Legacy
The New Psychology Spreads
Hermann Ebbinghaus (1850-1909): The Experimental Study of Memory
The Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve
Other Contributions by Ebbinghaus
G. E. Müller (1850-1934): The Experimentalist Prototype
Oswald Külpe (1862-1915): The Würzburg School
Mental Sets and Imageless Thoughts
Relevance of Wundt's Contributions Outside the Western World
In Perspective: A New Science
Summary
Study Questions
CHAPTER 5 DARWIN'S CENTURY: EVOLUTIONARY THINKING
Preview and Chapter Objectives
The Species Problem
Charles Darwin (1809-1882) and the Theory of Evolution
The Shaping of a Naturalist
The Voyage of the Beagle
Darwin the Geologist
Darwin the Zoologist
The Galapagos Islands
The Evolution of Darwin's Theory
Darwin's Delay
Elements of the Theory of Evolution
After the Origin of Species
Darwin and Psychology's History
The Origins of Comparative Psychology
Darwin on the Evolution of Emotional Expressions
Close-Up: Douglas Spalding and the Experimental Study of Instinct
George Romanes (1848-1894) and the Anecdotal Method
Conwy Lloyd Morgan (1852-1936) and his "Canon"
Studying Individual Differences
Francis Galton (1822-1911): Jack of All Sciences
The Nature of Intelligence
The Anthropometric Laboratory
Investigating Imagery and Association
Global Acceptability of Darwin's Principles and Their Impact on Psychological Thinking
In Perspective: Darwin's Century
Summary
Study Questions
CHAPTER 6 AMERICAN PIONEERS
Preview and Chapter Objectives
Psychology in 19th-Century America
Faculty Psychology
American Psychology's First Textbook
The Modern University
Education for Women and Minorities:International Scenario in Brief
Education of Women: Issues and Narratives
William James (1842-1910): The First of the "New" Psychologists in America
The Formative Years
A Life at Harvard
Creating American Psychology's Most Famous Textbook
On Methodology
Consciousness
Habit
Emotion
James's Later Years
Spiritualism
Summing Up William James
G. Stanley Hall (1844-1924): Professionalizing the New Psychology
Hall's Early Life and Education
From Johns Hopkins to Clark
Psychology at Clark
Close-Up: Creating Maze Learning
Hall and Developmental Psychology
Hall and Psychoanalysis
Mary Whiton Calkins (1863-1930): Challenging the Male Monopoly
Calkins's Life and Work
Graduate Education for Females
Calkins's Research on Association
From Psychology to Philosophy
Other American Women Pioneers: Untold Lives
Christine Ladd-Franklin (1847-1930)
Margaret Floy Washburn (1871-1939)
Other Pioneers: Ladd and Baldwin
George Trumbull Ladd (1842-1921)
James Mark Baldwin (1861-1934)
In Perspective: The New Psychology at the Millennium
Summary
Study Questions
CHAPTER 7 CLASSICAL ORIENTATION OF STRUCTURALISM AND FUNCTIONALISM
Preview and Chapter Objectives
Introduction
Titchener's Psychology: Structuralism
From Oxford to Leipzig to Cornell
Promoting Experimental Psychology at Cornell
The Manuals
The Experimentalists
Titchener's Structuralist System
Close-Up: The Introspective Habit
The Structural Elements of Human Conscious Experience
Evaluating Titchener's Contributions to Psychology
America's Psychology: Functionalism
The Chicago Functionalists
John Dewey (1859-1952): The Reflex Arc
James R. Angell (1869-1949): The Province of Functional Psychology
Harvey Carr (1873-1954): The Maturing of Functionalism
The Columbia Functionalists
James McKeen Cattell (1860-1944): An American Galton
Edward L. Thorndike (1874-1949): Cats in Puzzle Boxes
Robert S. Woodworth (1869-1962): A Dynamic Psychology
The Desire for Application
The Mental Testing Movement
Alfred Binet (1857-1911): The Birth of Modern Intelligence Testing
The Binet-Simon Scales
Henry H. Goddard (1866-1957): Binet's Test Comes to America
The Kallikaks
Goddard and the Immigrants
Lewis M. Terman (1877-1956): Institutionalizing IQ
The Stanford-Binet IQ Test
Terman Studies the Gifted
Close-Up: Leta Hollingworth: Advocating for Gifted Children and Debunking Myths about Women
Robert M. Yerkes (1876-1956): The Army Testing Program
Army Alpha and Army Beta
The Controversy over Intelligence
Applying Psychology to Business
Hugo Münsterberg (1863-1916): The Diversity of Applied Psychology
Münsterberg and Employee Selection
Applied Psychology in Europe--Psychotechnics
Global Industrial Psychologists
Global Status of Applied Psychology
In Perspective: How Structuralism and Functionalism have Impacted the Study of Psychology
Summary
Study Questions
CHAPTER 8 GESTALT PSYCHOLOGY
Preview and Chapter Objectives
The Origins and Early Development of Gestalt Psychology
Max Wertheimer (1880-1943): Founding Gestalt Psychology
Koffka (1886-1941) and Köhler (1887-1967): Cofounders
Close-Up: A Case of Espionage?
Gestalt Psychology and Perception
Principles of Perceptual Organization
Behavioral versus Geographic Environments
The Gestalt Approach to Cognition and Learning
Köhler on Insight in Apes
Wertheimer on Productive Thinking
Other Gestalt Research on Cognition
Kurt Lewin (1890-1947): Expanding the Gestalt Vision
Early Life and Career
Field Theory
The Zeigarnik Effect
Lewin as Developmental Psychologist
Lewin as Social Psychologist
Action Research
Evaluating Lewin
In Perspective: Impact of Gestalt Psychology
Gestalt Psychology in America
Gestalt Psychology and its Global Impact
Summary
Study Questions
CHAPTER 9 SITUATING BEHAVIORISM IN THE HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY
Preview and Chapter Objectives
Introduction
Behaviorism's Antecedents
Pavlov's Life and Work
The Development of a Physiologist
Working in Pavlov's Laboratory--The Physiology Factory
Pavlov's Classical Conditioning Research
Conditioning and Extinction
Generalization and Differentiation
Experimental Neurosis
A Program of Research
Pavlov and the Soviets
Pavlov and the Americans
Close-Up: Misportraying Pavlov's Apparatus: Its Implications for Collective Societies
John B. Watson and the Founding of Behaviorism
The Young Functionalist at Chicago
The Watson-Carr Maze Studies
Opportunity Knocks at Johns Hopkins
Watson and Animal Behavior
Watson's Behaviorist Manifesto
Watson's APA Presidential Address
Studying Emotional Development
The Zenith and the Nadir of a Career: Little Albert
A New Life in Advertising
Popularizing Behaviorism
Evaluating Watsonian Behaviorism
Post-Watsonian Behaviorism
Logical Positivism and Operationism
Neobehaviorism
Edwin R. Guthrie (1886-1959): Contiguity, Contiguity, Contiguity
One-Trial Learning
Evaluating Guthrie
Edward C. Tolman (1886-1959): A Purposive Behaviorism
Tolman's System
Molar versus Molecular Behavior
Goal-Directedness
Intervening Variables
Tolman's Research Program
Latent Learning
Cognitive Maps
Evaluating Tolman
Clark Hull (1884-1952): A Hypothetico-Deductive System
Hull's System
Postulate 4: Habit Strength
Reaction Potential
Evaluating Hull
B. F. Skinner (1904-1990): A Radical Behaviorism
The Experimental Analysis of Behavior
Operant Conditioning: A Primer
Skinner and Theory
Skinner and the Problem of Explanation
A Technology of Behavior
Close-Up: The IQ Zoo and the "Misbehavior of Organisms"
Evaluating Skinner
In Perspective: Behaviorism's Origins and Its Impact
Neobehaviorism
Summary
Study
CHAPTER 10 CLINICAL APPROACHES TO PSYCHOLOGY
Preview and Chapter Objectives
Introduction
Early Treatment of the Mentally Ill
"Enlightened" Reform: Pinel, Tuke, Rush
The 19th-Century Asylum Movement
Reforming Asylums: Dix and Beers
Close-Up: Diagnosing Mental Illness
Mesmerism and Hypnosis
Mesmerism and Animal Magnetism
From Mesmerism to Hypnosis
The Hypnotism Controversies
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939): Founding Psychoanalysis
Early Life and Education
Breuer and the Catharsis Method
Creating Psychoanalysis
The Importance of Sex
Psychoanalysis Enters the 20th Century
The Evolution of Psychoanalytic Theory
Freud's Followers: Loyalty and Dissent
Psychoanalysis Centers Across The World
Well-Known Societies and Institutes Established Outside USA
The Medical Approach to Mental Illness
A Shock to the System: Fever, Insulin, Metrazol, and Electricity
Close-Up: Shell Shock
No Reversal: Lobotomy, Transorbital and Otherwise
Clinical Psychology before World War II
Lightner Witmer (1867-1956): Creating Psychology's First Clinic
Clinical Psychology Between the World Wars
The Emergence of Modern Clinical Psychology
The Boulder Model
The Eysenck Study: Problems for Psychotherapy
Behavior Therapy
The Humanistic Approach to Psychotherapy
Abraham Maslow and the Goal of Self-Actualization
Carl Rogers and Client-Centered Therapy
Evaluating Humanistic Psychology
The Vail Conference and the PsyD Degree
Psychology and the World of Business and Industry
The Hawthorne Studies
In Perspective: Mental Illness and Practice of Psychology
Treating Mental Illness
Psychology Practice Across the World
Global Importance of Psychology as a Subject
Summary
Study Questions
CHAPTER 11 PSYCHOLOGY'S RESEARCHERS AROUND THE WORLD
Preview and Chapter Objectives
Cognitive Psychology Arrives (Again)
The Roots of Modern Cognitive Psychology
Jean Piaget (1896-1980): A Genetic Epistemology
Frederick C. Bartlett (1886-1969): Constructing Memory
A Convergence of Influences
Influences within Psychology
Influences External to Psychology
Close-Up: What Revolution?
Magical Numbers, Selective Filters, and TOTE Units
Neisser and the "Naming" of Cognitive Psychology
The Evolution of Cognitive Psychology
Evaluating Cognitive Psychology
Other Research Areas
The Brain and Behavior
Karl Lashley (1890-1958)
Donald O. Hebb (1904-1985)
The Psychology of Perception
James J. Gibson (1904-1979)
Eleanor Gibson (1910-2002)
Social Psychology
Leon Festinger (1919-1989)
Stanley Milgram (1933-1984)
Personality Psychology
Henry Murray (1893-1988)
Gordon Allport (1897-1967)
Researchers Around the World and Their Contribution
Gerard Hendrik Hofstede
Durganand Sinha
John W. Berry
In Perspective: Psychology's Researchers
Summary
Study Questions
CHAPTER 12PSYCHOLOGY IN THE 21ST CENTURY
Preview and Chapter Objectives
Researchers and Practitioners
The Growth and Diversity of Psychology
Women in Psychology's History
Minorities in Psychology's History
Trends in Modern Psychology
The Future: Psychology or Psychologies?
Global Importance of Psychology as a Subject
Summary
Study Questions
REFERENCES
GLOSSARY
INDEX
TIMELINES
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCING PSYCHOLOGY'S HISTORY
Preview and Chapter Objectives
Why Take This Course?
Why Study History?
Why Study Psychology's History?
Key Issues in Psychology's History
Presentism versus Historicism
Internal versus External History
Personalistic versus Naturalistic History
Close-Up: Edwin G. Boring (1886-1968)
This Book's Point of View
Historiography: Doing and Writing History
Sources of Historical Data
Problems with the Writing of History
Data Selection Problems
Interpretation Problems
Approaching Historical Truth
Conclusion
Summary
Study Questions
CHAPTER 2 THE PHILOSOPHICAL CONTEXT
Preview and Chapter Objectives
A Long Past
René Descartes (1596-1650): The Beginnings of Modern Philosophy and Science
Descartes and the Rationalist Argument
The Cartesian System
Descartes on the Reflex and Mind-Body Interaction
The British Empiricist Argument and the Associationists
John Locke (1632-1704): The Origins of British Empiricism
Locke on Human Understanding
Locke on Education
George Berkeley (1685-1753): Empiricism Applied to Vision
British Associationism
David Hume (1711-1776): The Rules of Association
David Hartley (1705-1757): A Physiological Associationism
Close-Up: Raising a Philosopher
John Stuart Mill (1806-1873): On the Verge of Psychological Science
Mill's Psychology
Mill's Logic
Rationalist Responses to Empiricism
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646-1716)
Immanuel Kant (1724-1804)
Philosophical Perspective of Psychology in Other Parts of the World
In Perspective: Philosophical Foundations
Summary
Study Questions
CHAPTER 3 THE SCIENTIFIC CONTEXT
Preview and Chapter Objectives
Heroic Science in the Age of Enlightenment
Functioning of the Nervous System
Reflex Action
The Bell-Magendie Law
The Specific Energies of Nerves
Helmholtz: The Physiologist's Physiologist
Measuring the Speed of Neural Impulses
Helmholtz on Vision and Audition
Helmholtz and the Problem of Perception
Localization of Brain Function
The Phrenology of Gall and Spurzheim
Close-Up: The Marketing of Phrenology
Flourens and the Method of Ablation
The Clinical Method
The Remarkable Phineas Gage
Broca and the Speech Center
Mapping the Brain: Electrical Stimulation
Nervous System Structure
Neuron Theory
Sir Charles Sherrington: The Synapse
Scientific Approaches Outside the US
In Perspective: The Nervous System and Behavior
Summary
Study Questions
CHAPTER 4 WUNDT AND GERMAN PSYCHOLOGY
Preview and Chapter Objectives
An Education in Germany
On the Threshold of Experimental Psychology: Psychophysics
Johann Herbart (1776-1841)
Ernst Weber (1795-1878)
Two-Point Thresholds
Weber's Law
Gustav Fechner (1801-1889)
Fechner's Elements of Psychophysics
Wundt Establishes a New Psychology at Leipzig
Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920): Creating a New Science
Wundt's Conception of the New Psychology
Studying Immediate Conscious Experience
Studying Higher Mental Processes
Inside Wundt's Laboratory
Sensation and Perception
Mental Chronometry
Close-Up: An American in Leipzig
Rewriting History: The New and Improved Wilhelm Wundt
The Source of the Problem
The Rediscovery of Wundt
The Real Wundt
The Wundtian Legacy
The New Psychology Spreads
Hermann Ebbinghaus (1850-1909): The Experimental Study of Memory
The Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve
Other Contributions by Ebbinghaus
G. E. Müller (1850-1934): The Experimentalist Prototype
Oswald Külpe (1862-1915): The Würzburg School
Mental Sets and Imageless Thoughts
Relevance of Wundt's Contributions Outside the Western World
In Perspective: A New Science
Summary
Study Questions
CHAPTER 5 DARWIN'S CENTURY: EVOLUTIONARY THINKING
Preview and Chapter Objectives
The Species Problem
Charles Darwin (1809-1882) and the Theory of Evolution
The Shaping of a Naturalist
The Voyage of the Beagle
Darwin the Geologist
Darwin the Zoologist
The Galapagos Islands
The Evolution of Darwin's Theory
Darwin's Delay
Elements of the Theory of Evolution
After the Origin of Species
Darwin and Psychology's History
The Origins of Comparative Psychology
Darwin on the Evolution of Emotional Expressions
Close-Up: Douglas Spalding and the Experimental Study of Instinct
George Romanes (1848-1894) and the Anecdotal Method
Conwy Lloyd Morgan (1852-1936) and his "Canon"
Studying Individual Differences
Francis Galton (1822-1911): Jack of All Sciences
The Nature of Intelligence
The Anthropometric Laboratory
Investigating Imagery and Association
Global Acceptability of Darwin's Principles and Their Impact on Psychological Thinking
In Perspective: Darwin's Century
Summary
Study Questions
CHAPTER 6 AMERICAN PIONEERS
Preview and Chapter Objectives
Psychology in 19th-Century America
Faculty Psychology
American Psychology's First Textbook
The Modern University
Education for Women and Minorities:International Scenario in Brief
Education of Women: Issues and Narratives
William James (1842-1910): The First of the "New" Psychologists in America
The Formative Years
A Life at Harvard
Creating American Psychology's Most Famous Textbook
On Methodology
Consciousness
Habit
Emotion
James's Later Years
Spiritualism
Summing Up William James
G. Stanley Hall (1844-1924): Professionalizing the New Psychology
Hall's Early Life and Education
From Johns Hopkins to Clark
Psychology at Clark
Close-Up: Creating Maze Learning
Hall and Developmental Psychology
Hall and Psychoanalysis
Mary Whiton Calkins (1863-1930): Challenging the Male Monopoly
Calkins's Life and Work
Graduate Education for Females
Calkins's Research on Association
From Psychology to Philosophy
Other American Women Pioneers: Untold Lives
Christine Ladd-Franklin (1847-1930)
Margaret Floy Washburn (1871-1939)
Other Pioneers: Ladd and Baldwin
George Trumbull Ladd (1842-1921)
James Mark Baldwin (1861-1934)
In Perspective: The New Psychology at the Millennium
Summary
Study Questions
CHAPTER 7 CLASSICAL ORIENTATION OF STRUCTURALISM AND FUNCTIONALISM
Preview and Chapter Objectives
Introduction
Titchener's Psychology: Structuralism
From Oxford to Leipzig to Cornell
Promoting Experimental Psychology at Cornell
The Manuals
The Experimentalists
Titchener's Structuralist System
Close-Up: The Introspective Habit
The Structural Elements of Human Conscious Experience
Evaluating Titchener's Contributions to Psychology
America's Psychology: Functionalism
The Chicago Functionalists
John Dewey (1859-1952): The Reflex Arc
James R. Angell (1869-1949): The Province of Functional Psychology
Harvey Carr (1873-1954): The Maturing of Functionalism
The Columbia Functionalists
James McKeen Cattell (1860-1944): An American Galton
Edward L. Thorndike (1874-1949): Cats in Puzzle Boxes
Robert S. Woodworth (1869-1962): A Dynamic Psychology
The Desire for Application
The Mental Testing Movement
Alfred Binet (1857-1911): The Birth of Modern Intelligence Testing
The Binet-Simon Scales
Henry H. Goddard (1866-1957): Binet's Test Comes to America
The Kallikaks
Goddard and the Immigrants
Lewis M. Terman (1877-1956): Institutionalizing IQ
The Stanford-Binet IQ Test
Terman Studies the Gifted
Close-Up: Leta Hollingworth: Advocating for Gifted Children and Debunking Myths about Women
Robert M. Yerkes (1876-1956): The Army Testing Program
Army Alpha and Army Beta
The Controversy over Intelligence
Applying Psychology to Business
Hugo Münsterberg (1863-1916): The Diversity of Applied Psychology
Münsterberg and Employee Selection
Applied Psychology in Europe--Psychotechnics
Global Industrial Psychologists
Global Status of Applied Psychology
In Perspective: How Structuralism and Functionalism have Impacted the Study of Psychology
Summary
Study Questions
CHAPTER 8 GESTALT PSYCHOLOGY
Preview and Chapter Objectives
The Origins and Early Development of Gestalt Psychology
Max Wertheimer (1880-1943): Founding Gestalt Psychology
Koffka (1886-1941) and Köhler (1887-1967): Cofounders
Close-Up: A Case of Espionage?
Gestalt Psychology and Perception
Principles of Perceptual Organization
Behavioral versus Geographic Environments
The Gestalt Approach to Cognition and Learning
Köhler on Insight in Apes
Wertheimer on Productive Thinking
Other Gestalt Research on Cognition
Kurt Lewin (1890-1947): Expanding the Gestalt Vision
Early Life and Career
Field Theory
The Zeigarnik Effect
Lewin as Developmental Psychologist
Lewin as Social Psychologist
Action Research
Evaluating Lewin
In Perspective: Impact of Gestalt Psychology
Gestalt Psychology in America
Gestalt Psychology and its Global Impact
Summary
Study Questions
CHAPTER 9 SITUATING BEHAVIORISM IN THE HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY
Preview and Chapter Objectives
Introduction
Behaviorism's Antecedents
Pavlov's Life and Work
The Development of a Physiologist
Working in Pavlov's Laboratory--The Physiology Factory
Pavlov's Classical Conditioning Research
Conditioning and Extinction
Generalization and Differentiation
Experimental Neurosis
A Program of Research
Pavlov and the Soviets
Pavlov and the Americans
Close-Up: Misportraying Pavlov's Apparatus: Its Implications for Collective Societies
John B. Watson and the Founding of Behaviorism
The Young Functionalist at Chicago
The Watson-Carr Maze Studies
Opportunity Knocks at Johns Hopkins
Watson and Animal Behavior
Watson's Behaviorist Manifesto
Watson's APA Presidential Address
Studying Emotional Development
The Zenith and the Nadir of a Career: Little Albert
A New Life in Advertising
Popularizing Behaviorism
Evaluating Watsonian Behaviorism
Post-Watsonian Behaviorism
Logical Positivism and Operationism
Neobehaviorism
Edwin R. Guthrie (1886-1959): Contiguity, Contiguity, Contiguity
One-Trial Learning
Evaluating Guthrie
Edward C. Tolman (1886-1959): A Purposive Behaviorism
Tolman's System
Molar versus Molecular Behavior
Goal-Directedness
Intervening Variables
Tolman's Research Program
Latent Learning
Cognitive Maps
Evaluating Tolman
Clark Hull (1884-1952): A Hypothetico-Deductive System
Hull's System
Postulate 4: Habit Strength
Reaction Potential
Evaluating Hull
B. F. Skinner (1904-1990): A Radical Behaviorism
The Experimental Analysis of Behavior
Operant Conditioning: A Primer
Skinner and Theory
Skinner and the Problem of Explanation
A Technology of Behavior
Close-Up: The IQ Zoo and the "Misbehavior of Organisms"
Evaluating Skinner
In Perspective: Behaviorism's Origins and Its Impact
Neobehaviorism
Summary
Study
CHAPTER 10 CLINICAL APPROACHES TO PSYCHOLOGY
Preview and Chapter Objectives
Introduction
Early Treatment of the Mentally Ill
"Enlightened" Reform: Pinel, Tuke, Rush
The 19th-Century Asylum Movement
Reforming Asylums: Dix and Beers
Close-Up: Diagnosing Mental Illness
Mesmerism and Hypnosis
Mesmerism and Animal Magnetism
From Mesmerism to Hypnosis
The Hypnotism Controversies
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939): Founding Psychoanalysis
Early Life and Education
Breuer and the Catharsis Method
Creating Psychoanalysis
The Importance of Sex
Psychoanalysis Enters the 20th Century
The Evolution of Psychoanalytic Theory
Freud's Followers: Loyalty and Dissent
Psychoanalysis Centers Across The World
Well-Known Societies and Institutes Established Outside USA
The Medical Approach to Mental Illness
A Shock to the System: Fever, Insulin, Metrazol, and Electricity
Close-Up: Shell Shock
No Reversal: Lobotomy, Transorbital and Otherwise
Clinical Psychology before World War II
Lightner Witmer (1867-1956): Creating Psychology's First Clinic
Clinical Psychology Between the World Wars
The Emergence of Modern Clinical Psychology
The Boulder Model
The Eysenck Study: Problems for Psychotherapy
Behavior Therapy
The Humanistic Approach to Psychotherapy
Abraham Maslow and the Goal of Self-Actualization
Carl Rogers and Client-Centered Therapy
Evaluating Humanistic Psychology
The Vail Conference and the PsyD Degree
Psychology and the World of Business and Industry
The Hawthorne Studies
In Perspective: Mental Illness and Practice of Psychology
Treating Mental Illness
Psychology Practice Across the World
Global Importance of Psychology as a Subject
Summary
Study Questions
CHAPTER 11 PSYCHOLOGY'S RESEARCHERS AROUND THE WORLD
Preview and Chapter Objectives
Cognitive Psychology Arrives (Again)
The Roots of Modern Cognitive Psychology
Jean Piaget (1896-1980): A Genetic Epistemology
Frederick C. Bartlett (1886-1969): Constructing Memory
A Convergence of Influences
Influences within Psychology
Influences External to Psychology
Close-Up: What Revolution?
Magical Numbers, Selective Filters, and TOTE Units
Neisser and the "Naming" of Cognitive Psychology
The Evolution of Cognitive Psychology
Evaluating Cognitive Psychology
Other Research Areas
The Brain and Behavior
Karl Lashley (1890-1958)
Donald O. Hebb (1904-1985)
The Psychology of Perception
James J. Gibson (1904-1979)
Eleanor Gibson (1910-2002)
Social Psychology
Leon Festinger (1919-1989)
Stanley Milgram (1933-1984)
Personality Psychology
Henry Murray (1893-1988)
Gordon Allport (1897-1967)
Researchers Around the World and Their Contribution
Gerard Hendrik Hofstede
Durganand Sinha
John W. Berry
In Perspective: Psychology's Researchers
Summary
Study Questions
CHAPTER 12PSYCHOLOGY IN THE 21ST CENTURY
Preview and Chapter Objectives
Researchers and Practitioners
The Growth and Diversity of Psychology
Women in Psychology's History
Minorities in Psychology's History
Trends in Modern Psychology
The Future: Psychology or Psychologies?
Global Importance of Psychology as a Subject
Summary
Study Questions
REFERENCES
GLOSSARY
INDEX
TIMELINES
