Disaster Response and Recovery
Strategies and Tactics for Resilience
3. Auflage Januar 2022
592 Seiten, Softcover
Wiley & Sons Ltd
ISBN:
978-1-119-81003-2
John Wiley & Sons
DISASTER RESPONSE AND RECOVERY
The new edition of the standard textbook in the field, updated with new studies and practical guidelines for reacting to the complexities of today's disasters
Disaster Response and Recovery: Strategies and Tactics for Resilience provides a thorough overview of the challenges and functions of the emergency management profession, covering the various types of disasters, theoretical frameworks, the different individuals and agencies involved, technological tools, practical response measures, and more. Written by a recognized leader in the field, this comprehensive textbook offers clear guidance on developing disaster resilience through preparedness, planning, improvisation, leadership, and professionalism.
Revised and updated throughout, the third edition addresses key response and recovery operations of the COVID-19 pandemic, including human attitudes, political issues, communication challenges, medical surges, and volunteer management. New examples and case studies also highlight lessons learned from Hurricane Irma, the California wildfires, brush fires in Australia, the Midwest derecho windstorm, the Beirut explosion, the Las Vegas shooting, riots and civil unrest in the United States, and other recent disasters. In addition, the book:
* Describes tools and techniques required to protect lives, reduce property damage, and minimize disruption
* Features new coverage of climate change, social media, drones and artificial intelligence, racial and social justice, recent legislation and regulations, and emergency management policies and procedures
* Discusses theoretical approaches to the management of disasters, strategies to revitalize affected communities, and mitigation methods to reduce future vulnerability
* Contains learning objectives, key term definitions, case studies, real-world examples, summary and review questions, and evaluation tools
* Includes access to a companion website with an instructor's manual, a sample syllabus, chapter tests, PowerPoint slides, exam questions, and additional teaching resources
Integrating the theory and practice of emergency management, public administration, policy, and sociology, Disaster Response and Recovery: Strategies and Tactics for Resilience, Third Edition is an invaluable resource for advanced students in emergency management programs as??well as emergency planners, emergency management coordinators, risk managers, and other practitioners in the field.
About the Author xvii
Foreword xix
Preface xxi
Acknowledgments xxv
About the Companion Website xxvi
1 Knowing What to Expect: Hazards, Vulnerability, and Disasters 1
Introduction 2
1.1 The Occurrence of Disasters 2
1.1.1 Important Concepts 2
1.1.2 Preview of Disaster Response and Recovery 6
1.2 Types of Hazards 7
1.2.1 Natural Hazards 7
1.2.2 Atmospheric Hazards 8
1.2.3 Hydrologic Hazards 15
1.2.4 Geologic Hazards 16
1.2.5 Seismic and Volcanic Hazards 18
1.2.6 Wildfire Hazards 20
1.2.7 Biological Hazards 21
1.3 Technological Hazards 24
1.3.1 Industrial Hazards 24
1.3.2 Environmental Hazards 25
1.3.3 Nuclear Hazards 27
1.3.4 Structural Fire Hazards 28
1.3.5 Structural Collapse Hazards 28
1.3.6 Transportation Hazards 30
1.4 Civil/Conflict Hazards 32
1.4.1 Panic Flight 33
1.4.2 Riots 33
1.4.3 Mass Shootings 35
1.4.4 Terrorism 36
1.4.5 War 38
1.5 The Complexity of Disasters 38
1.5.1 The Impact of Disasters 40
1.5.2 Changes Associated with Disasters 41
1.5.3 The Need for Response and Recovery Operations 42
Summary 44
Key Terms 44
Assess Your Understanding 47
Summary Questions 47
Review Questions 49
Applying This Chapter 49
You Try It 50
References 51
2 Understanding the Actors: Roles and Responsibilities of Relevant Stakeholders 53
Introduction 53
2.1 The Public Sector 54
2.1.1 Local Government 55
2.1.2 County and Regional Governments 58
2.1.3 State Government 59
2.1.4 Federal Government 61
2.1.5 Tribal Government 66
2.2 The Private Sector 67
2.2.1 Business Continuity, Disaster Recovery and Risk Management 68
2.2.2 Transportation 68
2.2.3 Sheltering and Housing 69
2.2.4 Emergency and Long-Term Medical Care 69
2.2.5 Media Reporting 70
2.2.6 Volunteers and Donations 70
2.2.7 Insurance Provision and Claim Settlement 70
2.2.8 Utility Restoration and Community Reconstruction 71
2.2.9 Vending of Goods and Services 72
2.3 The Non-profit Sector 73
2.3.1 The Red Cross 73
2.3.2 Faith-Based Organizations 75
2.3.3 Community Groups 75
2.4 Emergent Groups 78
2.5 Working with All Partners and the Whole Community 79
Summary 83
Key Terms 83
Assess Your Understanding 85
Summary Questions 85
Review Questions 87
Applying This Chapter 88
You Try It 88
References 89
3 Anticipating Attitudes and Behavior in Disasters: Myths, Exaggerations, and Realities 93
Introduction 93
3.1 General Disaster Attitudes and the Case of Covid-19 94
3.2 The Impact of Hollywood and the Media 97
3.2.1 Hollywood's Portrayal of Disasters 97
3.2.2 The Media's Role in Perpetuating Misconceptions 97
3.3 Research on Myths 99
3.4 Evidence of Exaggeration 103
3.5 Realities about Response and Recovery 108
3.6 The Importance of Understanding Behavior Correctly 113
Summary 116
Key Terms 116
Assess Your Understanding 116
Summary Questions 117
Review Questions 118
Applying This Chapter 119
You Try It 120
References 120
4 Applying Alternative Management Approaches: Disaster Response and Recovery Theory 123
Introduction 123
4.1 The Traditional Model 124
4.1.1 Features of the Traditional Model 126
4.1.2 Strengths of Traditional Model 129
4.1.3 Drawbacks of the Traditional Model 131
4.2 The Professional Model 133
4.2.1 Characteristics of the Professional Model 135
4.2.2 Benefits of the Professional Model 136
4.2.3 Weaknesses of Professional Model 138
4.3 Comparison of the Models 139
Summary 141
Key Terms 141
Assess Your Understanding 142
Summary Questions 142
Review Questions 143
Applying This Chapter 144
You Try It 145
References 145
5 Implementing Initial Response Measures: Hazard Detection, Warning, Evacuation and Sheltering 149
Introduction 149
5.1 Hazard Detection 150
5.1.1 Initial Steps 153
5.1.1.1 Seeking Additional Information 153
5.1.1.2 Notifying and Communicating with Others 154
5.1.1.3 Implementing the Emergency Operations Plan 154
5.1.1.4 Activating the EOC 155
5.2 Issuing Warnings 157
5.2.1 Types of Warning Systems 160
5.2.1.1 Sirens 160
5.2.1.2 Media 161
5.2.1.3 Emergency Alert System 161
5.2.1.4 Reverse 911 161
5.2.1.5 Intercoms, Teletype Writers and Strobe Lights 162
5.2.1.6 Loud-Speakers, Door-to- Door Notification and Weather Radios 162
5.2.1.7 Cell Phones/Smart Phones/Texting 163
5.2.1.8 Social Media 163
5.2.2 Warning Considerations 163
5.3 Evacuation 166
5.3.1 Means of Evacuation 166
5.3.2 Evacuation Behavior 168
5.3.2.1 Reasons Why People Do Not Evacuate 168
5.3.3 Evacuation Considerations 170
5.3.4 Evacuation Procedures 172
5.4 Sheltering 173
5.4.1 Sheltering Types 175
5.4.2 Shelter Use and Characteristics 176
5.4.3 Working with Others to Establish and Manage Shelters 177
Summary 181
Key Terms 181
Assess Your Understanding 182
Summary Questions 182
Review Questions 185
Applying This Chapter 186
You Try It 187
References 187
6 Caring For the Injured, Dead, and Distraught: Overcoming Physical and Emotional Impacts 191
Introduction 191
6.1 Search and Rescue Operations 192
6.1.1 Types of SAR 192
6.1.2 Human Behavior during SAR Operations 193
6.1.3 Issues to Consider When Carrying Out SAR 194
6.1.3.1 Resources Required for SAR 195
6.1.3.2 Situational Awareness in the SAR Function 195
6.1.3.3 Rescuer Needs during SAR Operations 196
6.1.3.4 SAR and Immediate On-Site Emergency Care 196
6.1.3.5 SAR and Limited Time 197
6.1.4 Federal USAR Teams 197
6.1.5 Conducting SAR Operations 200
6.2 Emergency Medical Care, Triage and DMATs 202
6.2.1 Treating the Injured 203
6.2.2 Triage 207
6.2.2.1 The Ethics of Triage 208
6.2.3 Disaster Medical Assistance Teams 209
6.3 Mass Fatality Management 211
6.3.1 Mass Fatality Incidents and Their Challenges 212
6.3.2 Responding to Mass Fatality Incidents 214
6.3.3 Disaster Mortuary Operational Response Teams 216
6.4 Stress Management 218
6.4.1 Vulnerability to PTSD/CIS 220
6.4.2 Common Signs of PTSD/CIS 221
6.4.3 Overcoming PTSD/CIS 221
6.4.4 The Merit of Defusings and Debriefings 224
Summary 226
Key Terms 226
Assess Your Understanding 227
Summary Questions 227
Review Questions 230
Applying This Chapter 231
You Try It 231
References 232
7 Managing Public Information, Donations, and Volunteers: Expected Difficulties and Benefits 237
Introduction 237
7.1 The Media and Social Media in Disasters 238
7.1.1 Types of Media and Their Behavior 238
7.1.2 Challenges Associated with the Media 241
7.1.3 Strategies for Working with the Media 243
7.1.4 Social Media and Disasters 245
7.2 Dealing with Donations 249
7.2.1 Challenges Resulting from Donations 251
7.2.1.1 Hurricane Andrew 252
7.2.1.2 Oklahoma City Bombing 253
7.2.1.3 9/11 Terrorist Attacks 255
7.2.2 Recommendations for Donations Management 257
7.3 Volunteer Management 259
7.3.1 Difficulties Associated with Volunteers 262
7.3.2 Strategies for Volunteer Management 263
7.3.2.1 Rely on the Expertise of Nonprofit Organizations and Others 265
7.3.2.2 Register and Care for Volunteers 265
7.3.2.3 Match Their Skills with Disaster Needs 265
7.3.2.4 Evaluate Your Progress 266
7.3.3 The Value of Effective Volunteer Management 266
Summary 268
Key Terms 268
Assess Your Understanding 269
Summary Questions 269
Review Questions 271
Applying This Chapter 272
You Try It 272
References 273
8 Moving Beyond Immediate Needs: Damage Assessment, Disaster Declarations, and Debris Removal 277
Introduction 278
8.1 Assessing Damages 278
8.1.1 Types of Damage Assessment 279
8.1.2 Methods of Conducting Damage Assessment 281
8.2 Challenges in Damage Assessment 283
8.2.1 Accuracy 283
8.2.2 Working with Others 284
8.2.3 Access and Safety 285
8.3 Damage Assessment Procedures 286
8.3.1 Pre-assessment Activities 286
8.3.2 Assessment Considerations 287
8.4 Disaster Declarations 289
8.4.1 Difficulties Associated with the Process 290
8.4.2 Factors Determining Declarations 292
8.4.3 Other Unique Declaration Requirements 293
8.5 Debris Produced by Disasters 295
8.5.1 Types of Debris 295
8.5.2 Debris Management Challenges 298
8.6 Dealing with Debris Effectively 300
8.6.1 Storage Locations, the Environment and Public Information 302
8.6.2 EPA Recommendations for Improving Debris Management 303
8.7 Regulations and Other Considerations 304
8.7.1 Reducing Expenses 305
8.7.2 Preventing Fraud 305
Summary 306
Key Terms 306
Assess Your Understanding 308
Summary Questions 308
Review Questions 311
Applying This Chapter 312
You Try It 312
References 313
9 Promoting Recovery and Mitigation: Disaster Assistance, Rebuilding, and Vulnerability Reduction 317
Introduction 317
9.1 Disaster Impacts and Disaster Assistance 318
9.2 Types of IA 321
9.2.1 Loans and Grants 321
9.2.2 Services 323
9.2.3 Benefits 323
9.3 Facilitating IA 324
9.3.1 National Processing Service Center (NPSC) 324
9.3.2 Disaster Recovery Center (DRC) 325
9.4 Categories of PA 329
9.4.1 Emergency Assistance 329
9.4.1.1 Debris Removal 330
9.4.1.2 Protective Measures 330
9.4.2 Permanent Assistance 330
9.4.2.1 Road Systems 330
9.4.2.2 Water Control 330
9.4.2.3 Public Buildings/Equipment 330
9.4.2.4 Public Utility 330
9.4.2.5 Other Assistance 331
9.5 Accessing PA 331
9.6 Important Issues for Recovery 334
9.6.1 Minimizing Fraud 334
9.6.2 Protecting the Environment 335
9.6.3 Preserving Historic Buildings 336
9.6.4 Mitigating Future Disasters 337
9.6.4.1 Relocate to a New Site 338
9.6.4.2 Intraurban Relocation 339
9.6.4.3 Rebuild in the Same Area 339
9.7 The Potential for Disagreement 342
9.8 Pressing for Change 344
9.8.1 Lessons from the Loma Prieta Earthquake 345
Summary 347
Key Terms 347
Assessing Your Understanding 349
Summary Questions 349
Review Questions 352
Applying This Chapter 352
You Try It 353
References 353
10 Overcoming Typical Challenges: Vital Considerations for Response and Recovery 357
Introduction 358
10.1 Communication and Coordination 358
10.1.1 Communication and Coordination Barriers 359
10.1.2 Enhancing Communication 360
10.1.3 Improving Coordination 362
10.2 Decision Making and Disasters 363
10.2.1 Overcoming Decision Errors 367
10.3 Transportation Issues and Logistics 369
10.3.1 Dealing with Transportation and Logistics Problems 370
10.4 Vulnerable/Special Populations 372
10.4.1 Gender 374
10.4.2 Racial and Ethnic Groups 375
10.4.3 The Poor 377
10.4.4 Tourists 377
10.4.5 The Elderly 378
10.4.6 Children 378
10.4.7 The Disabled 378
10.4.8 Other Special Needs Groups 379
10.4.9 Meeting the Needs of Vulnerable/Special Populations 380
10.5 Politics and Disasters 382
10.5.1 Overcoming Political Problems 384
10.6 Legal Concerns 385
10.6.1 Disasters and Law 386
10.6.2 Constitutional Rights 387
10.6.3 Negligence 388
10.6.4 Minimizing Liability 389
10.7 Record Keeping and Disasters 390
10.7.1 Record Keeping Problems 390
10.7.2 Keeping Accurate Records 391
Summary 392
Key Terms 393
Assess Your Understanding 394
Summary Questions 394
Review Questions 398
Applying This Chapter 399
You Try It 400
References 401
11 Harnessing Technology and Organization: Tools and Structures for Effective Operations 407
Introduction 408
11.1 The Importance of Technology 408
11.2 Communication Equipment and Interoperability 410
11.2.1 Trunked Radio Systems 410
11.2.2 The Internet 411
11.2.3 Voice over Internet Protocol and Other Equipment 412
11.2.4 ACU-1000 412
11.2.5 Video Conferencing 413
11.2.6 Interoperability 413
11.3 Decision Support Systems (DSSs) 414
11.4 Geographic Information System 416
11.5 Managing Disasters at the Local Level 418
11.5.1 The Incident Command System 418
11.5.2 Incident Command Structure and Principles 419
11.5.3 Pros and Cons of ICS 422
11.5.4 The Emergency Operations Center 424
11.5.5 Characteristics of an EOC 424
11.5.6 Challenges Facing EOCs 426
11.5.7 Using EOCs 427
11.5.8 A Comparison of ICS and EOCs 427
11.5.9 Memorandums of Understanding and Mutual Aid Agreements 428
11.6 Managing Disasters at the State Level 429
11.6.1 Standardized Emergency Management System 429
11.6.2 Emergency Management Assistance Compact 430
11.7 Managing Disasters on a Federal Level 432
11.7.1 The National Incident Management System 433
11.7.2 Goals of NIMS 434
11.7.3 Principles of NIMS 435
11.7.4 Strengths and Weaknesses of NIMS 436
11.7.5 The National Response Framework 437
11.7.6 Emergency Support Functions in the NRF 438
11.7.7 The National Disaster Recovery Framework 440
11.7.8 Recovery Support Functions in the NDRF 442
Summary 443
Key Terms 443
Assessing Your Understanding 445
Summary Questions 445
Review Questions 449
Applying This Chapter 450
You Try It 450
References 451
12 Foreseeing the Future: Prior Lessons, Unaddressed Risks, and Rising Vulnerability 455
Introduction 456
12.1 Disasters on the Rise 456
12.2 Understanding Natural Disasters 459
12.2.1 Responding to a Natural Disaster 461
12.3 Understanding Technological Disasters 466
12.3.1 Responding to HazMat Incidents 467
12.4 Understanding Acts of Violence 469
12.4.1 Responding to Acts of Violence 471
12.5 Understanding Terrorism 474
12.5.1 Responding to Terrorist Disasters 475
12.5.2 Protecting First Responders 477
12.5.3 Protecting Evidence 478
12.5.4 Relying on Other Organizations 479
12.6 Unfolding and Unrecognized Hazards 481
12.6.1 Environmental Degradation, Global Warning, and Climate Change 481
12.6.2 Pole Reversals 485
12.6.3 Asteroid Strikes 486
12.6.4 Biological and Public Health Threats 488
12.6.5 Information/Computer Technology Hazards 494
12.6.6 Responding to Information/Computer Technology Disasters 496
12.7 Increased Vulnerability 497
12.7.1 Persistent Poverty 497
12.7.2 Growing Population and Urbanization 498
12.7.3 The Benefit and Challenge of Diversity 498
12.7.4 Further Industrialization 499
12.7.5 Internationalization 500
12.7.6 Improper Land Use and Construction 500
12.7.7 Weak Emergency Management Institutions 501
12.7.8 Other Factors 502
Summary 504
Key Terms 504
Assess Your Understanding 506
Summary Questions 506
Review Questions 511
Applying This Chapter 511
You Try It 512
References 513
13 Enhancing Disaster Resilience: Preparedness, Improvisation, Spontaneous Planning, Leadership, and Professionalism 517
Introduction 518
13.1 Reducing Vulnerability and Preparing Your Community 518
13.1.1 Establishing an Ordinance 519
13.1.2 Creating a Preparedness Council 520
13.2 Acquiring Resources 522
13.2.1 Resource Lists 522
13.2.2 Annual Budgets 522
13.2.3 Grants 523
13.2.4 Applying for and Managing Grants 524
13.3 Designing and Establishing an EOC 525
13.4 Hazard and Vulnerability Assessment 527
13.5 Writing an EOP 528
13.6 First Responder and Organizational Training 530
13.7 Disaster Exercises 531
13.7.1 Types of Exercises 531
13.7.2 Managing Exercises 532
13.7.3 Exercise Participants and Other Considerations 533
13.8 Public Education 534
13.9 Improvisation, Creativity, Flexibility and Spontaneous Planning 536
13.10 Leadership and Professionalism 542
13.10.1 Becoming a Professional Emergency Manager 543
Summary 546
Key Terms 546
Assess Your Understanding 547
Summary Questions 548
Review Questions 552
Applying This Chapter 552
You Try It 553
References 554
Index 559
Foreword xix
Preface xxi
Acknowledgments xxv
About the Companion Website xxvi
1 Knowing What to Expect: Hazards, Vulnerability, and Disasters 1
Introduction 2
1.1 The Occurrence of Disasters 2
1.1.1 Important Concepts 2
1.1.2 Preview of Disaster Response and Recovery 6
1.2 Types of Hazards 7
1.2.1 Natural Hazards 7
1.2.2 Atmospheric Hazards 8
1.2.3 Hydrologic Hazards 15
1.2.4 Geologic Hazards 16
1.2.5 Seismic and Volcanic Hazards 18
1.2.6 Wildfire Hazards 20
1.2.7 Biological Hazards 21
1.3 Technological Hazards 24
1.3.1 Industrial Hazards 24
1.3.2 Environmental Hazards 25
1.3.3 Nuclear Hazards 27
1.3.4 Structural Fire Hazards 28
1.3.5 Structural Collapse Hazards 28
1.3.6 Transportation Hazards 30
1.4 Civil/Conflict Hazards 32
1.4.1 Panic Flight 33
1.4.2 Riots 33
1.4.3 Mass Shootings 35
1.4.4 Terrorism 36
1.4.5 War 38
1.5 The Complexity of Disasters 38
1.5.1 The Impact of Disasters 40
1.5.2 Changes Associated with Disasters 41
1.5.3 The Need for Response and Recovery Operations 42
Summary 44
Key Terms 44
Assess Your Understanding 47
Summary Questions 47
Review Questions 49
Applying This Chapter 49
You Try It 50
References 51
2 Understanding the Actors: Roles and Responsibilities of Relevant Stakeholders 53
Introduction 53
2.1 The Public Sector 54
2.1.1 Local Government 55
2.1.2 County and Regional Governments 58
2.1.3 State Government 59
2.1.4 Federal Government 61
2.1.5 Tribal Government 66
2.2 The Private Sector 67
2.2.1 Business Continuity, Disaster Recovery and Risk Management 68
2.2.2 Transportation 68
2.2.3 Sheltering and Housing 69
2.2.4 Emergency and Long-Term Medical Care 69
2.2.5 Media Reporting 70
2.2.6 Volunteers and Donations 70
2.2.7 Insurance Provision and Claim Settlement 70
2.2.8 Utility Restoration and Community Reconstruction 71
2.2.9 Vending of Goods and Services 72
2.3 The Non-profit Sector 73
2.3.1 The Red Cross 73
2.3.2 Faith-Based Organizations 75
2.3.3 Community Groups 75
2.4 Emergent Groups 78
2.5 Working with All Partners and the Whole Community 79
Summary 83
Key Terms 83
Assess Your Understanding 85
Summary Questions 85
Review Questions 87
Applying This Chapter 88
You Try It 88
References 89
3 Anticipating Attitudes and Behavior in Disasters: Myths, Exaggerations, and Realities 93
Introduction 93
3.1 General Disaster Attitudes and the Case of Covid-19 94
3.2 The Impact of Hollywood and the Media 97
3.2.1 Hollywood's Portrayal of Disasters 97
3.2.2 The Media's Role in Perpetuating Misconceptions 97
3.3 Research on Myths 99
3.4 Evidence of Exaggeration 103
3.5 Realities about Response and Recovery 108
3.6 The Importance of Understanding Behavior Correctly 113
Summary 116
Key Terms 116
Assess Your Understanding 116
Summary Questions 117
Review Questions 118
Applying This Chapter 119
You Try It 120
References 120
4 Applying Alternative Management Approaches: Disaster Response and Recovery Theory 123
Introduction 123
4.1 The Traditional Model 124
4.1.1 Features of the Traditional Model 126
4.1.2 Strengths of Traditional Model 129
4.1.3 Drawbacks of the Traditional Model 131
4.2 The Professional Model 133
4.2.1 Characteristics of the Professional Model 135
4.2.2 Benefits of the Professional Model 136
4.2.3 Weaknesses of Professional Model 138
4.3 Comparison of the Models 139
Summary 141
Key Terms 141
Assess Your Understanding 142
Summary Questions 142
Review Questions 143
Applying This Chapter 144
You Try It 145
References 145
5 Implementing Initial Response Measures: Hazard Detection, Warning, Evacuation and Sheltering 149
Introduction 149
5.1 Hazard Detection 150
5.1.1 Initial Steps 153
5.1.1.1 Seeking Additional Information 153
5.1.1.2 Notifying and Communicating with Others 154
5.1.1.3 Implementing the Emergency Operations Plan 154
5.1.1.4 Activating the EOC 155
5.2 Issuing Warnings 157
5.2.1 Types of Warning Systems 160
5.2.1.1 Sirens 160
5.2.1.2 Media 161
5.2.1.3 Emergency Alert System 161
5.2.1.4 Reverse 911 161
5.2.1.5 Intercoms, Teletype Writers and Strobe Lights 162
5.2.1.6 Loud-Speakers, Door-to- Door Notification and Weather Radios 162
5.2.1.7 Cell Phones/Smart Phones/Texting 163
5.2.1.8 Social Media 163
5.2.2 Warning Considerations 163
5.3 Evacuation 166
5.3.1 Means of Evacuation 166
5.3.2 Evacuation Behavior 168
5.3.2.1 Reasons Why People Do Not Evacuate 168
5.3.3 Evacuation Considerations 170
5.3.4 Evacuation Procedures 172
5.4 Sheltering 173
5.4.1 Sheltering Types 175
5.4.2 Shelter Use and Characteristics 176
5.4.3 Working with Others to Establish and Manage Shelters 177
Summary 181
Key Terms 181
Assess Your Understanding 182
Summary Questions 182
Review Questions 185
Applying This Chapter 186
You Try It 187
References 187
6 Caring For the Injured, Dead, and Distraught: Overcoming Physical and Emotional Impacts 191
Introduction 191
6.1 Search and Rescue Operations 192
6.1.1 Types of SAR 192
6.1.2 Human Behavior during SAR Operations 193
6.1.3 Issues to Consider When Carrying Out SAR 194
6.1.3.1 Resources Required for SAR 195
6.1.3.2 Situational Awareness in the SAR Function 195
6.1.3.3 Rescuer Needs during SAR Operations 196
6.1.3.4 SAR and Immediate On-Site Emergency Care 196
6.1.3.5 SAR and Limited Time 197
6.1.4 Federal USAR Teams 197
6.1.5 Conducting SAR Operations 200
6.2 Emergency Medical Care, Triage and DMATs 202
6.2.1 Treating the Injured 203
6.2.2 Triage 207
6.2.2.1 The Ethics of Triage 208
6.2.3 Disaster Medical Assistance Teams 209
6.3 Mass Fatality Management 211
6.3.1 Mass Fatality Incidents and Their Challenges 212
6.3.2 Responding to Mass Fatality Incidents 214
6.3.3 Disaster Mortuary Operational Response Teams 216
6.4 Stress Management 218
6.4.1 Vulnerability to PTSD/CIS 220
6.4.2 Common Signs of PTSD/CIS 221
6.4.3 Overcoming PTSD/CIS 221
6.4.4 The Merit of Defusings and Debriefings 224
Summary 226
Key Terms 226
Assess Your Understanding 227
Summary Questions 227
Review Questions 230
Applying This Chapter 231
You Try It 231
References 232
7 Managing Public Information, Donations, and Volunteers: Expected Difficulties and Benefits 237
Introduction 237
7.1 The Media and Social Media in Disasters 238
7.1.1 Types of Media and Their Behavior 238
7.1.2 Challenges Associated with the Media 241
7.1.3 Strategies for Working with the Media 243
7.1.4 Social Media and Disasters 245
7.2 Dealing with Donations 249
7.2.1 Challenges Resulting from Donations 251
7.2.1.1 Hurricane Andrew 252
7.2.1.2 Oklahoma City Bombing 253
7.2.1.3 9/11 Terrorist Attacks 255
7.2.2 Recommendations for Donations Management 257
7.3 Volunteer Management 259
7.3.1 Difficulties Associated with Volunteers 262
7.3.2 Strategies for Volunteer Management 263
7.3.2.1 Rely on the Expertise of Nonprofit Organizations and Others 265
7.3.2.2 Register and Care for Volunteers 265
7.3.2.3 Match Their Skills with Disaster Needs 265
7.3.2.4 Evaluate Your Progress 266
7.3.3 The Value of Effective Volunteer Management 266
Summary 268
Key Terms 268
Assess Your Understanding 269
Summary Questions 269
Review Questions 271
Applying This Chapter 272
You Try It 272
References 273
8 Moving Beyond Immediate Needs: Damage Assessment, Disaster Declarations, and Debris Removal 277
Introduction 278
8.1 Assessing Damages 278
8.1.1 Types of Damage Assessment 279
8.1.2 Methods of Conducting Damage Assessment 281
8.2 Challenges in Damage Assessment 283
8.2.1 Accuracy 283
8.2.2 Working with Others 284
8.2.3 Access and Safety 285
8.3 Damage Assessment Procedures 286
8.3.1 Pre-assessment Activities 286
8.3.2 Assessment Considerations 287
8.4 Disaster Declarations 289
8.4.1 Difficulties Associated with the Process 290
8.4.2 Factors Determining Declarations 292
8.4.3 Other Unique Declaration Requirements 293
8.5 Debris Produced by Disasters 295
8.5.1 Types of Debris 295
8.5.2 Debris Management Challenges 298
8.6 Dealing with Debris Effectively 300
8.6.1 Storage Locations, the Environment and Public Information 302
8.6.2 EPA Recommendations for Improving Debris Management 303
8.7 Regulations and Other Considerations 304
8.7.1 Reducing Expenses 305
8.7.2 Preventing Fraud 305
Summary 306
Key Terms 306
Assess Your Understanding 308
Summary Questions 308
Review Questions 311
Applying This Chapter 312
You Try It 312
References 313
9 Promoting Recovery and Mitigation: Disaster Assistance, Rebuilding, and Vulnerability Reduction 317
Introduction 317
9.1 Disaster Impacts and Disaster Assistance 318
9.2 Types of IA 321
9.2.1 Loans and Grants 321
9.2.2 Services 323
9.2.3 Benefits 323
9.3 Facilitating IA 324
9.3.1 National Processing Service Center (NPSC) 324
9.3.2 Disaster Recovery Center (DRC) 325
9.4 Categories of PA 329
9.4.1 Emergency Assistance 329
9.4.1.1 Debris Removal 330
9.4.1.2 Protective Measures 330
9.4.2 Permanent Assistance 330
9.4.2.1 Road Systems 330
9.4.2.2 Water Control 330
9.4.2.3 Public Buildings/Equipment 330
9.4.2.4 Public Utility 330
9.4.2.5 Other Assistance 331
9.5 Accessing PA 331
9.6 Important Issues for Recovery 334
9.6.1 Minimizing Fraud 334
9.6.2 Protecting the Environment 335
9.6.3 Preserving Historic Buildings 336
9.6.4 Mitigating Future Disasters 337
9.6.4.1 Relocate to a New Site 338
9.6.4.2 Intraurban Relocation 339
9.6.4.3 Rebuild in the Same Area 339
9.7 The Potential for Disagreement 342
9.8 Pressing for Change 344
9.8.1 Lessons from the Loma Prieta Earthquake 345
Summary 347
Key Terms 347
Assessing Your Understanding 349
Summary Questions 349
Review Questions 352
Applying This Chapter 352
You Try It 353
References 353
10 Overcoming Typical Challenges: Vital Considerations for Response and Recovery 357
Introduction 358
10.1 Communication and Coordination 358
10.1.1 Communication and Coordination Barriers 359
10.1.2 Enhancing Communication 360
10.1.3 Improving Coordination 362
10.2 Decision Making and Disasters 363
10.2.1 Overcoming Decision Errors 367
10.3 Transportation Issues and Logistics 369
10.3.1 Dealing with Transportation and Logistics Problems 370
10.4 Vulnerable/Special Populations 372
10.4.1 Gender 374
10.4.2 Racial and Ethnic Groups 375
10.4.3 The Poor 377
10.4.4 Tourists 377
10.4.5 The Elderly 378
10.4.6 Children 378
10.4.7 The Disabled 378
10.4.8 Other Special Needs Groups 379
10.4.9 Meeting the Needs of Vulnerable/Special Populations 380
10.5 Politics and Disasters 382
10.5.1 Overcoming Political Problems 384
10.6 Legal Concerns 385
10.6.1 Disasters and Law 386
10.6.2 Constitutional Rights 387
10.6.3 Negligence 388
10.6.4 Minimizing Liability 389
10.7 Record Keeping and Disasters 390
10.7.1 Record Keeping Problems 390
10.7.2 Keeping Accurate Records 391
Summary 392
Key Terms 393
Assess Your Understanding 394
Summary Questions 394
Review Questions 398
Applying This Chapter 399
You Try It 400
References 401
11 Harnessing Technology and Organization: Tools and Structures for Effective Operations 407
Introduction 408
11.1 The Importance of Technology 408
11.2 Communication Equipment and Interoperability 410
11.2.1 Trunked Radio Systems 410
11.2.2 The Internet 411
11.2.3 Voice over Internet Protocol and Other Equipment 412
11.2.4 ACU-1000 412
11.2.5 Video Conferencing 413
11.2.6 Interoperability 413
11.3 Decision Support Systems (DSSs) 414
11.4 Geographic Information System 416
11.5 Managing Disasters at the Local Level 418
11.5.1 The Incident Command System 418
11.5.2 Incident Command Structure and Principles 419
11.5.3 Pros and Cons of ICS 422
11.5.4 The Emergency Operations Center 424
11.5.5 Characteristics of an EOC 424
11.5.6 Challenges Facing EOCs 426
11.5.7 Using EOCs 427
11.5.8 A Comparison of ICS and EOCs 427
11.5.9 Memorandums of Understanding and Mutual Aid Agreements 428
11.6 Managing Disasters at the State Level 429
11.6.1 Standardized Emergency Management System 429
11.6.2 Emergency Management Assistance Compact 430
11.7 Managing Disasters on a Federal Level 432
11.7.1 The National Incident Management System 433
11.7.2 Goals of NIMS 434
11.7.3 Principles of NIMS 435
11.7.4 Strengths and Weaknesses of NIMS 436
11.7.5 The National Response Framework 437
11.7.6 Emergency Support Functions in the NRF 438
11.7.7 The National Disaster Recovery Framework 440
11.7.8 Recovery Support Functions in the NDRF 442
Summary 443
Key Terms 443
Assessing Your Understanding 445
Summary Questions 445
Review Questions 449
Applying This Chapter 450
You Try It 450
References 451
12 Foreseeing the Future: Prior Lessons, Unaddressed Risks, and Rising Vulnerability 455
Introduction 456
12.1 Disasters on the Rise 456
12.2 Understanding Natural Disasters 459
12.2.1 Responding to a Natural Disaster 461
12.3 Understanding Technological Disasters 466
12.3.1 Responding to HazMat Incidents 467
12.4 Understanding Acts of Violence 469
12.4.1 Responding to Acts of Violence 471
12.5 Understanding Terrorism 474
12.5.1 Responding to Terrorist Disasters 475
12.5.2 Protecting First Responders 477
12.5.3 Protecting Evidence 478
12.5.4 Relying on Other Organizations 479
12.6 Unfolding and Unrecognized Hazards 481
12.6.1 Environmental Degradation, Global Warning, and Climate Change 481
12.6.2 Pole Reversals 485
12.6.3 Asteroid Strikes 486
12.6.4 Biological and Public Health Threats 488
12.6.5 Information/Computer Technology Hazards 494
12.6.6 Responding to Information/Computer Technology Disasters 496
12.7 Increased Vulnerability 497
12.7.1 Persistent Poverty 497
12.7.2 Growing Population and Urbanization 498
12.7.3 The Benefit and Challenge of Diversity 498
12.7.4 Further Industrialization 499
12.7.5 Internationalization 500
12.7.6 Improper Land Use and Construction 500
12.7.7 Weak Emergency Management Institutions 501
12.7.8 Other Factors 502
Summary 504
Key Terms 504
Assess Your Understanding 506
Summary Questions 506
Review Questions 511
Applying This Chapter 511
You Try It 512
References 513
13 Enhancing Disaster Resilience: Preparedness, Improvisation, Spontaneous Planning, Leadership, and Professionalism 517
Introduction 518
13.1 Reducing Vulnerability and Preparing Your Community 518
13.1.1 Establishing an Ordinance 519
13.1.2 Creating a Preparedness Council 520
13.2 Acquiring Resources 522
13.2.1 Resource Lists 522
13.2.2 Annual Budgets 522
13.2.3 Grants 523
13.2.4 Applying for and Managing Grants 524
13.3 Designing and Establishing an EOC 525
13.4 Hazard and Vulnerability Assessment 527
13.5 Writing an EOP 528
13.6 First Responder and Organizational Training 530
13.7 Disaster Exercises 531
13.7.1 Types of Exercises 531
13.7.2 Managing Exercises 532
13.7.3 Exercise Participants and Other Considerations 533
13.8 Public Education 534
13.9 Improvisation, Creativity, Flexibility and Spontaneous Planning 536
13.10 Leadership and Professionalism 542
13.10.1 Becoming a Professional Emergency Manager 543
Summary 546
Key Terms 546
Assess Your Understanding 547
Summary Questions 548
Review Questions 552
Applying This Chapter 552
You Try It 553
References 554
Index 559
David A. McEntire is a Professor in the Department of Emergency Services at Utah Valley University, where he previously served as Dean of the College of Health and Public Service. Dr.??McEntire has taught and written extensively on emergency management and is a recipient of the Blanchard Award for Academic Excellence in Emergency Management Higher Education.
