List of Contributors vii

Preface ix

Acknowledgements xi

Part I Background, Assessment and Aetiology 1

1 Symptoms, Clinical Characteristics and Consequences 3
Magnus Hakeberg and Jesper Lundgren

2 Background Description and Epidemiology 21
Magne Raadal and Erik Skaret

3 Assessment of Dental Phobia and Anxiety 33
Kristin Haukebø and Margrethe Vika

4 Aetiology of Dental Phobia 45
Tiril Willumsen, Kristin Haukebø and Magne Raadal

5 Intra-Oral Injection Phobia 63
Margrethe Vika and Maren Lillehaug Agdal

6 Dental Anxiety in Children and Adolescents 79
Gunilla Klingberg

Part II Treatments 89

7 Cognitive Behaviour Therapy: Principles, Procedures and Evidence Base 91
Lars-Göran Öst and David M. Clark

8 Multimodal Cognitive Behavioural Treatment 109
Jesper Lundgren and Ulla Wide Boman

9 One-Session Treatment of Dental Phobia 119
Lars-Göran Öst

10 The Combined Treatment 135
Erik Skaret

11 Dental Treatment under Sedation 153
Magne Raadal

12 Effects of Cognitive Behavioural Treatments: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis 163
Lars-Göran Öst and Gerd Kvale

Part III Cultural Aspects, Prevention and Future Research 183

13 Different Treatment Approaches in Different Cultures and Health-Care Systems 185
Peter Milgrom, Lisa J. Heaton and J. Timothy Newton

14 Prevention of Dental Phobia 201
Erik Skaret and Magne Raadal

15 Future Research and Applications 221
Lars-Göran Öst and Erik Skaret

Index 231

Lars-Göran Öst is Professor and Chair of Clinical Psychology at Stockholm University, Sweden, and Professor of Clinical Psychology at the University of Bergen, Norway. Considered the pioneer of one-day phobia treatment, he is a regular keynote speaker at major CBT conferences and has lectured at universities worldwide. He is a former editor of the Scandinavian Journal of Behaviour Therapy and Behavioural Psychotherapy, and serves on the editorial boards of Behaviour Research and Therapy, Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, Journal of Anxiety Disorders, Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, Applied and Preventative Psychology, Journal of Experimental Psychopathology, Behaviour Therapy, and Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice.

Erik Skaret is Professor Emeritus in Behavioral Sciences in Dentistry, Institute of Clinical Dentistry, Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Oslo. He has many years of experience with research and psychological treatment of dental phobia and intra-oral injection phobia based on CBT. Other research areas are prevention of dental anxiety and avoidance of dental care in children and adolescents. He has published widely in peer-reviewed journals.

L.-G. Öst, Stockholm University, Sweden; E. Skaret, University of Oslo, Norway