An Introduction to LTE: LTE, LTE-Advanced, SAE, VoLTE and 4G Mobile Communications
2. Auflage Juli 2014
486 Seiten, Hardcover
Praktikerbuch
Following on from the successful first edition (March 2012), this book gives a clear explanation of what LTE does and how it works. The content is expressed at a systems level, offering readers the opportunity to grasp the key factors that make LTE the hot topic amongst vendors and operators across the globe. The book assumes no more than a basic knowledge of mobile telecommunication systems, and the reader is not expected to have any previous knowledge of the complex mathematical operations that underpin LTE.
This second edition introduces new material for the current state of the industry, such as the new features of LTE in Releases 11 and 12, notably coordinated multipoint transmission and proximity services; the main short- and long-term solutions for LTE voice calls, namely circuit switched fallback and the IP multimedia subsystem; and the evolution and current state of the LTE market. It also extends some of the material from the first edition, such as inter-operation with other technologies such as GSM, UMTS, wireless local area networks and cdma2000; additional features of LTE Advanced, notably heterogeneous networks and traffic offloading; data transport in the evolved packet core; coverage and capacity estimation for LTE; and a more rigorous treatment of modulation, demodulation and OFDMA. The author breaks down the system into logical blocks, by initially introducing the architecture of LTE, explaining the
techniques used for radio transmission and reception and the overall operation of the system, and concluding with more specialized topics such as LTE voice calls and the later releases of the specifications. This methodical approach enables readers to move on to tackle the specifications and the more advanced texts with confidence.
Acknowledgements xxiii
List of Abbreviations xxv
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Architectural Review of UMTS and GSM 1
1.2 History of Mobile Telecommunication Systems 6
1.3 The Need for LTE 8
1.4 From UMTS to LTE 11
1.5 From LTE to LTE-Advanced 16
1.6 The 3GPP Specifications for LTE 17
References 19
2 System Architecture Evolution 21
2.1 High-Level Architecture of LTE 21
2.2 User Equipment 21
2.3 Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network 23
2.4 Evolved Packet Core 25
2.5 Communication Protocols 30
2.6 Example Signalling Flows 34
2.7 Bearer Management 36
2.8 State Diagrams 40
2.9 Spectrum Allocation 43
References 45
3 Digital Wireless Communications 49
3.1 Radio Transmission and Reception 49
3.2 Radio Transmission in a Mobile Cellular Network 56
3.3 Impairments to the Received Signal 58
3.4 Error Management 61
References 65
4 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access 67
4.1 Principles of OFDMA 67
4.2 Benefits and Additional Features of OFDMA 75
4.3 Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access 82
References 85
5 Multiple Antenna Techniques 87
5.1 Diversity Processing 87
5.2 Spatial Multiplexing 90
5.3 Beamforming 101
References 104
6 Architecture of the LTE Air Interface 105
6.1 Air Interface Protocol Stack 105
6.2 Logical, Transport and Physical Channels 107
6.3 The Resource Grid 111
6.4 Multiple Antenna Transmission 118
6.5 Resource Element Mapping 119
References 123
7 Cell Acquisition 125
7.1 Acquisition Procedure 125
7.2 Synchronization Signals 126
7.3 Downlink Reference Signals 128
7.4 Physical Broadcast Channel 129
7.5 Physical Control Format Indicator Channel 130
7.6 System Information 131
7.7 Procedures after Acquisition 133
References 134
8 Data Transmission and Reception 135
8.1 Data Transmission Procedures 135
8.2 Transmission of Scheduling Messages on the PDCCH 139
8.3 Data Transmission on the PDSCH and PUSCH 144
8.4 Transmission of Hybrid ARQ Indicators on the PHICH 148
8.5 Uplink Control Information 149
8.6 Transmission of Uplink Control Information on the PUCCH 153
8.7 Uplink Reference Signals 155
8.8 Power Control 157
8.9 Discontinuous Reception 159
References 161
9 Random Access 163
9.1 Transmission of Random Access Preambles on the PRACH 163
9.2 Non-Contention-Based Procedure 166
9.3 Contention-Based Procedure 167
References 169
10 Air Interface Layer 2 171
10.1 Medium Access Control Protocol 171
10.2 Radio Link Control Protocol 176
10.3 Packet Data Convergence Protocol 180
References 183
11 Power-On and Power-Off Procedures 185
11.1 Power-On Sequence 185
11.2 Network and Cell Selection 187
11.3 RRC Connection Establishment 189
11.4 Attach Procedure 191
11.5 Detach Procedure 199
References 200
12 Security Procedures 203
12.1 Network Access Security 203
12.2 Network Domain Security 210
References 212
13 Quality of Service, Policy and Charging 215
13.1 Policy and Charging Control 215
13.2 Policy and Charging Control Architecture 219
13.3 Session Management Procedures 222
13.4 Data Transport in the Evolved Packet Core 228
13.5 Charging and Billing 231
References 234
14 Mobility Management 237
14.1 Transitions between Mobility Management States 237
14.2 Cell Reselection in RRC_IDLE 241
14.3 Measurements in RRC_CONNECTED 247
14.4 Handover in RRC_CONNECTED 250
References 253
15 Inter-operation with UMTS and GSM 255
15.1 System Architecture 255
15.2 Power-On Procedures 259
15.3 Mobility Management in RRC_IDLE 259
15.4 Mobility Management in RRC_CONNECTED 262
References 268
16 Inter-operation with Non-3GPP Technologies 271
16.1 Generic System Architecture 271
16.2 Generic Signalling Procedures 275
16.3 Inter-Operation with cdma2000 HRPD 280
References 286
17 Self-Optimizing Networks 289
17.1 Self-Configuration of an eNB 289
17.2 Inter-Cell Interference Coordination 292
17.3 Mobility Management 292
17.4 Radio Access Network Information Management 295
17.5 Drive Test Minimization 297
References 298
18 Enhancements in Release 9 301
18.1 Multimedia Broadcast/Multicast Service 301
18.2 Location Services 306
18.3 Other Enhancements in Release 9 309
References 310
19 LTE-Advanced and Release 10 313
19.1 Carrier Aggregation 313
19.2 Enhanced Downlink MIMO 318
19.3 Enhanced Uplink MIMO 321
19.4 Relays 322
19.5 Heterogeneous Networks 324
19.6 Traffic Offload Techniques 326
19.7 Overload Control for Machine-Type Communications 330
References 331
20 Releases 11 and 12 333
20.1 Coordinated Multipoint Transmission and Reception 333
20.2 Enhanced Physical Downlink Control Channel 337
20.3 Interference Avoidance for in Device Coexistence 338
20.4 Machine-Type Communications 339
20.5 Mobile Data Applications 340
20.6 New Features in Release 12 341
20.7 Release 12 Studies 345
References 346
21 Circuit Switched Fallback 349
21.1 Delivery of Voice and Text Messages over LTE 349
21.2 System Architecture 353
21.3 Attach Procedure 355
21.4 Mobility Management 357
21.5 Call Setup 359
21.6 SMS over SGs 365
21.7 Circuit Switched Fallback to cdma2000 1xRTT 366
21.8 Performance of Circuit Switched Fallback 367
References 368
22 VoLTE and the IP Multimedia Subsystem 371
22.1 Introduction 371
22.2 Hardware Architecture of the IMS 373
22.3 Signalling Protocols 381
22.4 Service Provision in the IMS 382
22.5 VoLTE Registration Procedure 384
22.6 Call Setup and Release 390
22.7 Access Domain Selection 397
22.8 Single Radio Voice Call Continuity 398
22.9 IMS Centralized Services 405
22.10 IMS Emergency Calls 406
22.11 Delivery of SMS Messages over the IMS 408
References 410
23 Performance of LTE and LTE-Advanced 413
23.1 Peak Data Rates of LTE and LTE-Advanced 413
23.2 Coverage of an LTE Cell 416
23.3 Capacity of an LTE Cell 421
23.4 Performance of Voice over IP 424
References 427
Bibliography 429
Index 431