Ceramic Membranes for Separation and Reaction
1. Auflage März 2007
316 Seiten, Hardcover
Praktikerbuch
Ceramic membranes have been developed for similar process applications to polymeric membranes applications, including ultrafiltration, desalination, gas separation, pervaporation, and biochemical reactions. They are used especially where high alkaline (or acid) feed solution or high temperature operation precludes the use of existing polymeric membranes. In general, a ceramic membrane can be described as a permselective barrier or a fine sieve. Ceramic membranes are usually composite ones consisting of several layers of one or more different ceramic materials. They generally have a macroporous support, one or two mesoporous intermediate layers and a microporous (or a dense) top layer. The bottom layer provides mechanical support, while the middle layers bridge the pore size differences between the support layer and the top layer where the actual separation takes place. Commonly used materials for ceramic membranes are Al2O3, TiO2, ZrO2 and SiO2 or a combination of these materials.
This book is a single-authored guide to the developing area of ceramic membranes. It starts by documenting established procedures of ceramic membrane preparation and characterization. The book then focuses on gas separation, the processes involved with the transport and separation of gases in porous ceramic membranes, ceramic membrane modules for gas treatments, the transport of oxygen and hydrogen in dense ceramic membranes, and ceramic hollow fiber membranes for oxygen enrichment. The final chapter covers ceramic membrane reactors. Chapters provide key examples to illustrate membrane synthesis, characterization and applications in industry. The theoretical principles, advantages and disadvantages of using ceramic membranes under the various conditions are discussed where applicable.
The book is aimed at industrial and academic researchers and process developers working on membrane technology and development. Industries for which this book is applicable include: pharmaceutical, food and beverage, biomedical applications (tissue development), waste and wastewater treatment, petrochemicals and energy conversion. It is also relevant to upper-level undergraduates and Masters students taking modules on membrane science, as well as PhD candidates within departments of chemical and process development who would use this book as a source of reference.
Ceramic Membranes and Membrane Processes.
1.1 Introduction.
1.2 Membrane Processes.
References.
Chapter 2.
Preparation of Ceramic Membranes.
2.1 Introduction.
2.2 Slip casting.
2.3 Tape casting.
2.4 Pressing.
2.5 Extrusion.
2.6 Sol-gel process.
2.7 Dip-coating.
2.8 Chemical vapour deposition (CVD).
2.9 Preparation of hollow fibre ceramic membranes.
Appendix 2.1: Surface forces.
References.
Chapter 3.
Characterisation of Ceramic Membranes.
3.1 Introduction.
3.2 Morphology of membrane surfaces and cross sections.
3.3 Porous ceramic membranes.
(a) Bubble point method.
(b) Liquid displacement method.
(a) Liquid permeation.
(b) Gas permeation.
3.4 Dense ceramic membranes.
Notation.
References.
Chapter 4.
Transport and Separation of Gases in Porous Ceramic Membranes.
4.1 Introduction.
4.2 Performance indicators of gas separation membranes.
4.3 Ceramic membranes for gas separation.
4.4 Transport Mechanisms.
4.5 Modification of porous ceramic membranes for gas separation.
4.6 Resistance model for gas transport in composite membranes.
4.7 System design.
(a) Perfect mixing.
(b) Cross flow.
(c ) Parallel plug flow.
(a) Perfect mixing.
(b) Cross flow.
(c) Cocurrent flow.
(d) Countercurrent flow.
Notation.
References.
Chapter 5.
Ceramic Hollow Fibre Membrane Contactors for Treatment of Gases/Vapours.
5.1 Introduction.
5.2 General review.
5.3 Operating modes and mass transfer coefficients.
5.4 Mass transfer in hollow fibre contactors.
5.5 Effect of chemical reaction.
5.6 Design equations.
Notation.
References.
Appendix A.
Chapter 6.
Mixed Conducting Ceramic Membranes for Oxygen Separation.
6.1 Introduction.
6.2 Fundamentals of mixed conducting ceramic materials.
6.3 Current status in oxygen permeable membranes.
Sr(Co,Fe)O3-d (SCFO).
La(Co,Fe)O3-d (LCFO).
LaGaO3(LGO).
6.4 Dual phase membranes.
6.5 Oxygen transport.
6.6 Air separation.
Cocurrent flow.
Countercurrent flow.
Effect of operating pressures and temperatures.
Effect of flow patterns.
Effect of feed flow rate.
Effect of membrane area.
Comparison with experimental data.
Production of oxygen using hollow fibre modules.
6.7 Further development-challenges and prospects.
Notation.
References.
Chapter 7.
Mixed Conducting Ceramic Membranes for Hydrogen Permeation.
7.1 Introduction.
7.2 Proton and electron (hole) conducting materials and membranes.
7.3 Dual phase membranes.
7.4 Proton transport.
Effect of membrane thickness.
Effect of temperature.
Effect of partial pressure of oxygen.
Comparison with experimental data.
7.5 Applications of proton conducting ceramic membranes.
Notation.
References.
Chapter 8.
Ceramic Membrane Reactors.
8.1 Introduction.
8.2 Membranes as product separators.
8.3 Membranes as a reactant distributor.
Notation.
References.
