Preface 5

Part I - Requirements and General Guidelines for Management of Instruments and Measurements 7

1 International System of Units (SI) 9
2 International Calibration System (ILAC) 15
3 European Calibration System (EA) 17
4 Traceability and Compatibility of the Measures 21
5 Measurement Uncertainty 23
6 Calibration of Measuring Instruments 29
7 Requirements in the Quality Management Systems ISO 9001, 14001, 16949, and EN 9100 35
8 Requirements in the Measurement Management Systems ISO 10012 39
9 Criteria for Instrument Selection in Relation to the Measurement Requirements 49
10 Criteria for Conformity Evaluation of the Measuring Instrument 53
11 Notes to Legislative Requirements for Initial and Periodic Calibration Checks 59
12 Notes to Technical Requirements on Document Management According to FDA 21 CFR Part 11 65

Part II - Requirements and Criteria for the Management and Calibration of Measuring Instruments 71

1 Physical Quantities 73
1.1 Pressure 75
1.2 Flow 87
1.3 Level 113
1.4 Temperature 119
1.5 Humidity 143
1.6 Viscosity 153
1.7 Density 163
1.8 Mass 175

2 Chemicals for Liquids 191
2.1 pH 193
2.2 Redox 199
2.3 Turbidity 205
2.4 Conductivity 211
2.5 Dissolved Oxygen 217
2.6 Dissolved Ions 223
2.7 Colorimetry 229
2.8 Refractometry 235

3 Chemicals for Gases 241
3.1 Infrared Analyzers 243
3.2 Ultraviolet Analyzers 247
3.3 Comburent Gases 251
3.4 Combustible Gases 255
3.5 Chromatography 261
3.6 Spectrometry 267

4 Mechanical Quantities 273
4.1 Length 275
4.2 Force 287
4.3 Torque 291
4.4 Velocity (and Rotation) 295
4.5 Vibration (and Acceleration) 299
4.6 Sound and Noise 305

5 Electrical Quantities 315
5.1 Indicators 317
5.2 Oscilloscopes 321
5.3 Transformers 325
5.4 Energy Meters 329
5.5 Clamp Meters 333
5.6 Multimeters 337

Analytical Index for Acronyms, Terms, and Instruments to be Calibrated 341

Alessandro Brunelli has worked for more than 40 years in the field of training and certification in industrial instrumentation at an experimental laboratory. He graduated from the Higher Institute of Industrial Technology Mechanical of the Polytechnic (University) of Milan in 1974 and later became a professor of mechanical and thermal measurement at the Polytechnic of Milan.
As a technologist, Brunelli participates in the activities of National, European, and International standardization for mechanical and electronic equipment. He is responsible for the Italian National Unification (UNI) commission on "Metrology of Pressure and Temperature" and is secretary of the technical committee Italian Electrotechnical Committee (CEI) on "Industrial-Processes Measurement, Control and Automation."
During his career, Brunelli published many papers in the areas of measurement and automation of industrial processes. He published two monographs relating to humidity and flow measurement, a series of five volumes on measurement and control in industrial applications, a specific volume titled Industrial Measurements: Physical & Mechanical, and a two-volume Instrumentation Handbook series.

A. Brunelli, Polytechnic University, Milan, Italy