Thermal Safety of Chemical Processes
Risk Assessment and Process Design
1. Auflage Februar 2008
XIX, 374 Seiten, Hardcover
155 Abbildungen
48 Tabellen
Praktikerbuch
Kurzbeschreibung
Based on the author's many years of experience in industry and teaching, this book adopts a unique approach: Each chapter begins with a case study illustrating the topic and presenting the lessons learned. Backed by a goldmine of examples from industrial practice.
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Based on the author's many years of experience in practicing safety assessment in industry and teaching students or professionals in this area, the topic of this book is seldom found on university curricula and many professionals do not have the knowledge required to interpret thermal data in terms of risks. For this reason, Francis Stoessel adopts a unique systematic how-to-do approach: Each chapter begins with a case history illustrating the topic and presenting the lessons learned from the incident. In so doing, he analyzes a goldmine of numerous examples stemming from industrial practice, additionally providing a series of problems or case studies at the end of each chapter. Divided into three distinct sections, part one looks at the general aspects of thermal process safety, while Part 2 deals with mastering exothermal reactions. The final section discusses the avoidance of secondary reactions, including heat accumulation and thermal confinement.
INTRODUCTION
Case History
Chemical Industry and Safety
Risk Analysis
Safety Data
Systematic Search for Hazards
Key Factors for a Successful Risk Analysis
FUNDAMENTALS OF THERMAL PROCESS SAFETY
Case History: Storage during Week-End
Energy Potential
Effect of Temperature on Reaction Rate
Heat Balance
Runaway Reactions
Problems
ASSESSMENT OF THERMAL RISKS
Case history: Sulfonation
Thermal Risks
Systematic Assessment Procedure
Assessment Procedures
Exercises
EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES
Case History: Diazotization
Calorimetric Measurement Principles
Choice of Instruments Used in Safety Laboratories
Problems
PART II: MASTERING EXOTHERMAL REACTIONS
GENERAL ASPECTS OF REACTOR SAFETY
Case history: Process Deviation
Dynamic Stability of Reactors
Example
BATCH REACTORS
Case History "Nitroaniline"
Principles of Batch Reaction
Strategies of Temperature Control
Isothermal Reactions
Adiabatic Reaction
Polytropic Reaction
Isoperibolic Reaction
Temperature Controlled Reaction
Key Factors for the Safe Design of Batch Reactors
Exercises
SEMI-BATCH REACTORS
Case history
Principles of Semi-Batch Reaction
Reactant Accumulation in Semi-Batch Reactors
Design of Safe Semi-Batch Reactors
Isothermal Reaction
Isoperibolic, Constant Cooling Medium Temperature
Non Isothermal Reaction
Strategies of Feed Control
Choice of Temperature and Feed Rate
Feed Control by Accumulation
Exercises
CONTINUOUS REACTORS
Case History
Continuous Stirred Tank Reactors
Tubular Reactors
Other continuous reactor types
TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF REACTOR SAFETY
Case history: "Process transfer"
Temperature control of industrial reactors
Heat exchange across the wall
Evaporative cooling
Dynamics of the temperature control system and process design
Exercises
RISK REDUCING MEASURES
Case History
Strategies of choice
Eliminating measures
Technical preventing Measures
Emergency measures
Design of technical measures
Exercises
PART III: AVOIDING SECONDARY REACTIONS
THERMAL STABILITY
Case History: Storage During Repair
Thermal Stability and Secondary Decomposition Reactions
Consequences of Secondary Decomposition Reactions
Triggering Condition
Experimental Characterization of Decomposition Reactions
Exercises
AUTOCATALYTIC REACTIONS
Case History: DMSO Recovery
Introduction
Characterization of autocatalytic reactions
Practical Safety Aspects for autocatalytic reactions
Exercises
HEAT CONFINEMENT
Case History
Heat accumulation situations
Heat balance
Heat balance with reactive material
Assessing heat accumulation conditions
Exercises
SYMBOLS
