John Wiley & Sons Handbook of Green Analytical Chemistry Cover The emerging field of green analytical chemistry is concerned with the development of analytical pro.. Product #: 978-0-470-97201-4 Regular price: $157.94 $157.94 Auf Lager

Handbook of Green Analytical Chemistry

de la Guardia, Miguel / Garrigues, Salvador

Cover

1. Auflage März 2012
566 Seiten, Hardcover
Praktikerbuch

ISBN: 978-0-470-97201-4
John Wiley & Sons

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The emerging field of green analytical chemistry is concerned with the development of analytical procedures that minimize consumption of hazardous reagents and solvents, and maximize safety for operators and the environment. In recent years there have been significant developments in methodological and technological tools to prevent and reduce the deleterious effects of analytical activities; key strategies include recycling, replacement, reduction and detoxification of reagents and solvents.

The Handbook of Green Analytical Chemistry provides a comprehensive overview of the present state and recent developments in green chemical analysis. A series of detailed chapters, written by international specialists in the field, discuss the fundamental principles of green analytical chemistry and present a catalogue of tools for developing environmentally friendly analytical techniques.

List of Contributors xv

Preface xix

Section I: Concepts 1

1 The Concept of Green Analytical Chemistry 3
Miguel de la Guardia and Salvador Garrigues

1.1 Green Analytical Chemistry in the frame of Green Chemistry 3

1.2 Green Analytical Chemistry versus Analytical Chemistry 7

1.3 The ethical compromise of sustainability 9

1.4 The business opportunities of clean methods 11

1.5 The attitudes of the scientific community 12

References 14

2 Education in Green Analytical Chemistry 17
Miguel de la Guardia and Salvador Garrigues

2.1 The structure of the Analytical Chemistry paradigm 17

2.2 The social perception of Analytical Chemistry 20

2.3 Teaching Analytical Chemistry 21

2.4 Teaching Green Analytical Chemistry 25

2.5 From the bench to the real world 26

2.6 Making sustainable professionals for the future 28

References 29

3 Green Analytical Laboratory Experiments 31
Suparna Dutta and Arabinda K. Das

3.1 Greening the university laboratories 31

3.2 Green laboratory experiments 33

3.3 The place of Green Analytical Chemistry in the future of our laboratories 52

References 52

4 Publishing in Green Analytical Chemistry 55
Salvador Garrigues and Miguel de la Guardia

4.1 A bibliometric study of the literature in Green Analytical Chemistry 56

4.2 Milestones of the literature on Green Analytical Chemistry 57

4.3 The need for powerful keywords 61

4.4 A new attitude of authors faced with green parameters 62

4.5 A proposal for editors and reviewers 64

4.6 The future starts now 65

References 66

Section II: The Analytical Process 67

5 Greening Sampling Techniques 69
José Luis Gómez Ariza and Tamara García Barrera

5.1 Greening analytical chemistry solutions for sampling 70

5.2 New green approaches to reduce problems related to sample losses, sample contamination, transport and storage 70

5.3 Greening analytical in-line systems 76

5.4 In-field sampling 77

5.5 Environmentally friendly sample stabilization 79

5.6 Sampling for automatization 79

5.7 Future possibilities in green sampling 80

References 80

6 Direct Analysis of Samples 85
Sergio Armenta and Miguel de la Guardia

6.1 Remote environmental sensing 85

6.2 Process monitoring: in-line, on-line and at-line measurements 91

6.3 At-line non-destructive or quasi non-destructive measurements 94

6.4 New challenges in direct analysis 97

References 98

7 Green Analytical Chemistry Approaches in Sample Preparation 103
Marek Tobiszewski, Agata Mechlinska and Jacek Namiesnik

7.1 About sample preparation 103

7.2 Miniaturized extraction techniques 104

7.3 Alternative solvents 113

7.4 Assisted extractions 117

7.5 Final remarks 119

References 119

8 Green Sample Preparation with Non-Chromatographic Separation Techniques 125
María Dolores Luque de Castro and Miguel Alcaide Molina

8.1 Sample preparation in the frame of the analytical process 125

8.2 Separation techniques involving a gas-liquid interface 127

8.3 Techniques involving a liquid-liquid interface 133

8.4 Techniques involving a liquid-solid interface 139

8.5 A Green future for sample preparation 145

References 145

9 Capillary Electrophoresis 153
Mihkel Kaljurand

9.1 The capillary electrophoresis separation techniques 153

9.2 Capillary electrophoresis among other liquid phase separation methods 155

9.3 Possible ways of surmounting the disadvantages of CE 167

9.4 Sample preparation in CE 168

9.5 Is capillary electrophoresis a green alternative? 169

References 170

10 Green Chromatography 175
Chi-Yu Lu

10.1 Greening liquid chromatography 175

10.2 Green solvents 176

10.3 Green instruments 178

References 185

11 Green Analytical Atomic Spectrometry 199
Martín Resano, Esperanza García-Ruiz and Miguel A. Belarra

11.1 Atomic spectrometry in the context of Green Analytical Chemistry 199

11.2 Improvements in sample pretreatment strategies 202

11.3 Direct solid sampling techniques 205

11.4 Future for green analytical atomic spectrometry 213

References 215

12 Solid Phase Molecular Spectroscopy 221
Antonio Molina-Díaz, Juan Francisco García-Reyes and Natividad Ramos-Martos

12.1 Solid phase molecular spectroscopy: an approach to Green Analytical Chemistry 221

12.2 Fundamentals of solid phase molecular spectroscopy 222

12.3 Batch mode procedures 225

12.4 Flow mode procedures 226

12.5 Selected examples of application of solid phase molecular spectroscopy 233

12.6 The potential of flow solid phase envisaged from the point of view of Green Analytical Chemistry 235

References 240

13 Derivative Techniques in Molecular Absorption, Fluorimetry and Liquid Chromatography as Tools for Green Analytical Chemistry 245
José Manuel Cano Pavón, Amparo García de Torres, Catalina Bosch Ojeda, Fuensanta Sánchez Rojas and Elisa I. Vereda Alonso

13.1 The derivative technique as a tool for Green Analytical Chemistry 245

13.2 Derivative absorption spectrometry in the UV-visible region 247

13.3 Derivative fluorescence spectrometry 250

13.4 Use of derivative signal techniques in liquid chromatography 254

References 255

14 Greening Electroanalytical Methods 261
Paloma Yáñez-Sedeño, José M. Pingarrón and Lucas Hernández

14.1 Towards a more environmentally friendly electroanalysis 261

14.2 Electrode materials 262

14.3 Solvents 270

14.4 Electrochemical detection in flowing solutions 274

14.5 Biosensors 278

14.6 Future trends in green electroanalysis 282

References 282

Section III: Strategies 289

15 Energy Savings in Analytical Chemistry 291
Mihkel Koel

15.1 Energy consumption in analytical methods 291

15.2 Economy and saving energy in laboratory practice 294

15.3 Alternative sources of energy for processes 296

15.4 Using alternative solvents for energy savings 302

15.5 Efficient laboratory equipment 305

15.6 Effects of automation and micronization on energy consumption 307

15.7 Assessment of energy efficiency 312

References 316

16 Green Analytical Chemistry and Flow Injection Methodologies 321
Luis Dante Martínez, Soledad Cerutti and Raúl Andrés Gil

16.1 Progress of automated techniques for Green Analytical Chemistry 321

16.2 Flow injection analysis 322

16.3 Sequential injection analysis 325

16.4 Lab-on-valve 327

16.5 Multicommutation 328

16.6 Conclusions and remarks 334

References 334

17 Miniaturization 339
Alberto Escarpa, Miguel Ángel López and Lourdes Ramos

17.1 Current needs and pitfalls in sample preparation 340

17.2 Non-integrated approaches for miniaturized sample preparation 341

17.3 Integrated approaches for sample preparation on microfluidic platforms 353

17.4 Final remarks 378

References 379

18 Micro- and Nanomaterials Based Detection Systems Applied in Lab-on-a-Chip Technology 389
Mariana Medina-Sánchez and Arben Merkoçi

18.1 Micro- and nanotechnology in Green Analytical Chemistry 389

18.2 Nanomaterials-based (bio)sensors 390

18.3 Lab-on-a-chip (LOC) technology 396

18.4 LOC applications 398

18.5 Conclusions and future perspectives 400

References 401

19 Photocatalytic Treatment of Laboratory Wastes Containing Hazardous Organic Compounds 407
Edmondo Pramauro, Alessandra Bianco Prevot and Debora Fabbri

19.1 Photocatalysis 407

19.2 Fundamentals of the photocatalytic process 408

19.3 Limits of the photocatalytic treatment 408

19.4 Usual photocatalytic procedure in laboratory practice 408

19.5 Influence of experimental parameters 411

19.6 Additives reducing the e-/h+ recombination 412

19.7 Analytical control of the photocatalytic treatment 413

19.8 Examples of possible applications of photocatalysis to the treatment of laboratory wastes 413

19.9 Continuous monitoring of photocatalytic treatment 420

References 420

Section IV: Fields of Application 425

20 Green Bioanalytical Chemistry 427
Tadashi Nishio and Hideko Kanazawa

20.1 The analytical techniques in bioanalysis 427

20.2 Environmental-responsive polymers 428

20.3 Preparation of a polymer-modified surface for the stationary phase of environmental-responsive chromatography 430

20.4 Temperature-responsive chromatography for green analytical methods 432

20.5 Biological analysis by temperature-responsive chromatography 432

20.6 Affinity chromatography for green bioseparation 436

20.7 Separation of biologically active molecules by the green chromatographic method 438

20.8 Protein separation by an aqueous chromatographic system 441

20.9 Ice chromatography 442

20.10 High-temperature liquid chromatography 443

20.11 Ionic liquids 443

20.12 The future in green bioanalysis 444

References 444

21 Infrared Spectroscopy in Biodiagnostics: A Green Analytical Approach 449
Mohammadreza Khanmohammadi and Amir Bagheri Garmarudi

21.1 Infrared spectroscopy capabilities 449

21.2 Infrared spectroscopy of bio-active chemicals in a bio-system 451

21.3 Medical analysis of body fluids by infrared spectroscopy 453

21.4 Diagnosis in tissue samples via IR spectroscopic analysis 457

21.5 New trends in infrared spectroscopy assisted biodiagnostics 468

References 470

22 Environmental Analysis 475
Ricardo Erthal Santelli, Marcos Almeida Bezerra, Julio Carlos Afonso, Maria de Fátima Batista de Carvalho, Eliane Padua Oliveira and Aline Soares Freire

22.1 Pollution and its control 475

22.2 Steps of an environmental analysis 476

22.3 Green environmental analysis for water, wastewater and effluent 480

22.4 Green environmental analysis applied for solid samples 485

22.5 Green environmental analysis applied for atmospheric samples 496

References 497

23 Green Industrial Analysis 505
Sergio Armenta and Miguel de la Guardia

23.1 Greening industrial practices for safety and cost reasons 505

23.2 The quality control of raw materials and end products 506

23.3 Process control 510

23.4 Effluent control 511

23.5 Working atmosphere control 514

23.6 The future starts now 515

References 515

Index 519