Principles of Physics: Extended, International Adaptation
12. Auflage Juli 2023
1456 Seiten, Softcover
Wiley & Sons Ltd
ISBN:
978-1-119-82061-1
John Wiley & Sons
Weitere Versionen
Renowned for its interactive focus on conceptual understanding, Halliday and Resnick's Principles of Physics, 12th edition, is an industry-leading resource in physics teaching with expansive, insightful, and accessible treatments of a wide variety of subjects. Focusing on several contemporary areas of research and a wide array of tools that support students' active learning, this book guides students through the process of learning how to effectively read scientific material, identify fundamental concepts, reason through scientific questions, and solve quantitative problems.
This International Adaptation of the twelfth edition is built to be a learning center with practice opportunities, simulations, and videos. Numerous practice and assessment questions are available to ensure that students understand the problem-solving processes behind key concepts and understand their mistakes while working through problems.
1 Measurement
1.1 MEASURING THINGS, INCLUDING LENGTHS
* What Is Physics?
* Measuring Things
* The International System of Units
* Changing Units
* Length
* Significant Figures and Decimal Places
1.2 TIME
* Time
1.3 MASS
* Mass
o The Standard Kilogram
o Kibble Balance
o A Second Mass Standard
o Density
REVIEW & SUMMARY
PROBLEMS
2 Motion Along a Straight Line
2.1 POSITION, DISPLACEMENT, AND AVERAGE VELOCITY
* What Is Physics?
* Motion
* Position and Displacement
* Average Velocity and Average Speed
2.2 INSTANTANEOUS VELOCITY AND SPEED
* Instantaneous Velocity and Speed
2.3 ACCELERATION
* Acceleration
2.4 CONSTANT ACCELERATION
* Constant Acceleration: A Special Case
* Another Look at Constant Acceleration
2.5 FREE-FALL ACCELERATION
* Free-Fall Acceleration
2.6 GRAPHICAL INTEGRATION IN MOTION ANALYSIS
* Graphical Integration in Motion Analysis
REVIEW & SUMMARY
QUESTIONS
PROBLEMS
3 Vectors
3.1 VECTORS AND THEIR COMPONENTS
* What Is Physics?
* Vectors and Scalars
* Adding Vectors Geometrically
* Components of Vectors
3.2 UNIT VECTORS, ADDING VECTORS BY COMPONENTS
* Unit Vectors
* Adding Vectors by Components
* Vectors and the Laws of Physics
3.3 MULTIPLYING VECTORS
* Multiplying Vectors
* Multiplying a Vector by a Scalar
* Multiplying a Vector by a Vector
* The Scalar Product
* The Vector Product
REVIEW & SUMMARY
QUESTIONS
PROBLEMS
4 Motion in Two and Three Dimensions
4.1 POSITION AND DISPLACEMENT
* What Is Physics?
* Position and Displacement
4.2 AVERAGE VELOCITY AND INSTANTANEOUS VELOCITY
* Average Velocity and Instantaneous Velocity
4.3 AVERAGE ACCELERATION AND INSTANTANEOUS ACCELERATION
* Average Acceleration and Instantaneous Acceleration
4.4 PROJECTILE MOTION
* Projectile Motion
o Two Golf Balls
o A Great Student Rouser
o The Horizontal Motion
o The Vertical Motion
o The Equation of the Path
o The Horizontal R
o The Effects of the Air
4.5 UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION
* Uniform Circular Motion
o Proof of Eq. 4.5.1
4.6 RELATIVE MOTION IN ONE DIMENSION
* Relative Motion in One Dimension
4.7 RELATIVE MOTION IN TWO DIMENSIONS
* Relative Motion in Two Dimensions
REVIEW & SUMMARY
QUESTIONS
PROBLEMS
5 Force and Motion--I
5.1 NEWTON'S FIRST AND SECOND LAWS
* What Is Physics?
* Newtonian Mechanics
* Newton's First Law
* Force
o Inertial Reference Frames
* Mass
* Newton's Second Law
5.2 SOME PARTICULAR FORCES
* Some Particular Forces
o The Gravitational Force
o Weight
o The Normal Force
o Friction
o Tension
5.3 APPLYING NEWTON'S LAWS
* Newton's Third Law
* Applying Newton's Laws
REVIEW & SUMMARY
QUESTIONS
PROBLEMS
6 Force and Motion--II
6.1 FRICTION
* What Is Physics?
* Friction
* Properties of Friction
6.2 THE DRAG FORCE AND TERMINAL SPEED
* The Drag Force and Terminal Speed
6.3 UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION
* Uniform Circular Motion
REVIEW & SUMMARY
QUESTIONS
PROBLEMS
7 Kinetic Energy and Work
7.1 KINETIC ENERGY
* What Is Physics?
* What Is Energy?
* Kinetic Energy
7.2 WORK AND KINETIC ENERGY
* Work
* Work and Kinetic Energy
o Finding an Expression for Work
o Work-Kinetic Energy Theorem
7.3 WORK DONE BY THE GRAVITATIONAL FORCE
* Work Done by the Gravitational Force
o Work Done in Lifting and Lowering an Object
7.4 WORK DONE BY A SPRING FORCE
* Work Done by a Spring Force
o The Spring Force
o The Work Done by a Spring Force
o The Work Done by an Applied Force
7.5 WORK DONE BY A GENERAL VARIABLE FORCE
* Work Done by a General Variable Force
o One-Dimensional Analysis
o Three-Dimensional Analysis
o Work-Kinetic Energy Theorem with a Variable Force
7.6 POWER
* Power
REVIEW & SUMMARY
QUESTIONS
PROBLEMS
8 Potential Energy and Conservation of Energy
8.1 POTENTIAL ENERGY
* What Is Physics?
* Work and Potential Energy
o Conservative and Nonconservative Forces
* Path Independence of Conservative Forces
o Proof of Equation 8.1.2
* Determining Potential Energy Values
o Gravitational Potential Energy
o Elastic Potential Energy
8.2 CONSERVATION OF MECHANICAL ENERGY
* Conservation of Mechanical Energy
8.3 READING A POTENTIAL ENERGY CURVE
* Reading a Potential Energy Curve
o Finding the Force Analytically
o The Potential Energy Curve
o Turning Points
o Equilibrium Points
8.4 WORK DONE ON A SYSTEM BY AN EXTERNAL FORCE
* Work Done on a System by an External Force
o No Friction Involved
o Friction Involved
8.5 CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
* Conservation of Energy
o Isolated System
o External Forces and Internal Energy Transfers
o Power
REVIEW & SUMMARY
QUESTIONS
PROBLEMS
9 Center of Mass and Linear Momentum
9.1 CENTER OF MASS
* What Is Physics?
* The Center of Mass
o Systems of Particles
o Solid Bodies
9.2 NEWTON'S SECOND LAW FOR A SYSTEM OF PARTICLES
* Newton's Second Law for a System of Particles
o Proof of Equation 9.2.1
9.3 LINEAR MOMENTUM
* Linear Momentum
* The Linear Momentum of a System of Particles
9.4 COLLISION AND IMPULSE
* Collision and Impulse
o Single Collision
o Series of Collisions
9.5 CONSERVATION OF LINEAR MOMENTUM
* Conservation of Linear Momentum
9.6 MOMENTUM AND KINETIC ENERGY IN COLLISIONS
* Momentum and Kinetic Energy in Collisions
* Inelastic Collisions in One Dimension
o One-Dimensional Inelastic Collision
o One-Dimensional Completely Inelastic Collision
o Velocity of the Center of Mass
9.7 ELASTIC COLLISIONS IN ONE DIMENSION
* Elastic Collisions in One Dimension
o Stationary Target
o Moving Target
9.8 COLLISIONS IN TWO DIMENSIONS
* Collisions in Two Dimensions
9.9 SYSTEMS WITH VARYING MASS: A ROCKET
* Systems with Varying Mass: A Rocket
o Finding the Acceleration
o Finding the Velocity
REVIEW & SUMMARY
QUESTIONS
PROBLEMS
10 Rotation
10.1 ROTATIONAL VARIABLES
* What Is Physics?
* Rotational Variables
o Angular Position
o Angular Displacement
o Angular Velocity
o Angular Acceleration
* Are Angular Quantities Vectors?
10.2 ROTATION WITH CONSTANT ANGULAR ACCELERATION
* Rotation with Constant Angular Acceleration
10.3 RELATING THE LINEAR AND ANGULAR VARIABLES
* Relating the Linear and Angular Variables
o The Position
o The Speed
o The Acceleration
10.4 KINETIC ENERGY OF ROTATION
* Kinetic Energy of Rotation
10.5 CALCULATING THE ROTATIONAL INERTIA
* Calculating the Rotational Inertia
o Parallel-Axis Theorem
o Proof of the Parallel-Axis Theorem
10.6 TORQUE
* Torque
10.7 NEWTON'S SECOND LAW FOR ROTATION
* Newton's Second Law for Rotation
o Proof of Equation 10.7.1
10.8 WORK AND ROTATIONAL KINETIC ENERGY
* Work and Rotational Kinetic Energy
o Proof of Eqs. 10.8.4 through 10.8.7
REVIEW & SUMMARY
QUESTIONS
PROBLEMS
11 Rolling, Torque, and Angular Momentum
11.1 ROLLING AS TRANSLATION AND ROTATION COMBINED
* What Is Physics?
* Rolling as Translation and Rotation Combined
o Rolling as Pure Rotation
11.2 FORCES AND KINETIC ENERGY OF ROLLING
* The Kinetic Energy of Rolling
* The Forces of Rolling
o Friction and Rolling
o Rolling Down a Ramp
11.3 THE YO-YO
* The Yo-Yo
11.4 TORQUE REVISITED
* Torque Revisited
11.5 ANGULAR MOMENTUM
* Angular Momentum
11.6 NEWTON'S SECOND LAW IN ANGULAR FORM
* Newton's Second Law in Angular Form
o Proof of Equation 11.6.2
11.7 ANGULAR MOMENTUM OF A RIGID BODY
* The Angular Momentum of a System of Particles
* The Angular Momentum of a Rigid Body Rotating About a Fixed Axis
11.8 CONSERVATION OF ANGULAR MOMENTUM
* Conservation of Angular Momentum
11.9 PRECESSION OF A GYROSCOPE
* Precession of a Gyroscope
REVIEW & SUMMARY
QUESTIONS
PROBLEMS
12 Equilibrium and Elasticity
12.1 EQUILIBRIUM
* What Is Physics?
* Equilibrium
* The Requirements of Equilibrium
* The Center of Gravity
o Proof
12.2 SOME EXAMPLES OF STATIC EQUILIBRIUM
* Some Examples of Static Equilibrium
12.3 ELASTICITY
* Indeterminate Structures
* Elasticity
o Tension and Compression
o Shearing
o Hydraulic Stress
REVIEW & SUMMARY
QUESTIONS
PROBLEMS
13 Gravitation
13.1 NEWTON'S LAW OF GRAVITATION
* What Is Physics?
* Newton's Law of Gravitation
13.2 GRAVITATION AND THE PRINCIPLE OF SUPERPOSITION
* Gravitation and the Principle of Superposition
13.3 GRAVITATION NEAR EARTH'S SURFACE
* Gravitation Near Earth's Surface
13.4 GRAVITATION INSIDE EARTH
* Gravitation Inside Earth
13.5 GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL ENERGY
* Gravitational Potential Energy
o Proof of Equation 13.5.1
o Path Independence
o Potential Energy and Force
o Escape Speed
13.6 PLANETS AND SATELLITES: KEPLER'S LAWS
* Planets and Satellites: Kepler's Laws
13.7 SATELLITES: ORBITS AND ENERGY
* Satellites: Orbits and Energy
13.8 EINSTEIN AND GRAVITATION
* Einstein and Gravitation
o Principle of Equivalence
o Curvature of Space
o Black Holes
REVIEW & SUMMARY
QUESTIONS
PROBLEMS
14 Fluids
14.1 FLUIDS, DENSITY, AND PRESSURE
* What Is Physics?
* What Is a Fluid?
* Density and Pressure
o Density
o Pressure
14.2 FLUIDS AT REST
* Fluids at Rest
14.3 MEASURING PRESSURE
* Measuring Pressure
o The Mercury Barometer
o The Open-Tube Manometer
14.4 PASCAL'S PRINCIPLE
* Pascal's Principle
o Demonstrating Pascal's Principle
o Pascal's Principle and the Hydraulic Lever
14.5 ARCHIMEDES' PRINCIPLE
* Archimedes' Principle
o Floating
o Apparent Weight in a Fluid
14.6 THE EQUATION OF CONTINUITY
* Ideal Fluids in Motion
* The Equation of Continuity
14.7 BERNOULLI'S EQUATION
* Bernoulli's Equation
o Proof of Bernoulli's Equation
REVIEW & SUMMARY
QUESTIONS
PROBLEMS
15 Oscillations
15.1 SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION
* What Is Physics?
* Simple Harmonic Motion
o The Velocity of SHM
o The Acceleration of SHM
* The Force Law for Simple Harmonic Motion
15.2 ENERGY IN SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION
* Energy in Simple Harmonic Motion
15.3 AN ANGULAR SIMPLE HARMONIC OSCILLATOR
* An Angular Simple Harmonic Oscillator
15.4 PENDULUMS, CIRCULAR MOTION
* Pendulums
o The Simple Pendulum
o The Physical Pendulum
o Measuring g
* Simple Harmonic Motion and Uniform Circular Motion
15.5 DAMPED SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION
* Damped Simple Harmonic Motion
15.6 FORCED OSCILLATIONS AND RESONANCE
* Forced Oscillations and Resonance
REVIEW & SUMMARY
QUESTIONS
PROBLEMS
16 Waves--I
16.1 TRANSVERSE WAVES
* What Is Physics?
* Types of Waves
* Transverse and Longitudinal Waves
* Wavelength and Frequency
o Amplitude and Phase
o Wavelength and Angular Wave Number
o Period, Angular Frequency, and Frequency
o Phase Constant
* The Speed of a Traveling Wave
16.2 WAVE SPEED ON A STRETCHED STRING
* Wave Speed on a Stretched String
o Dimensional Analysis
o Derivation from Newton's Second Law
16.3 ENERGY AND POWER OF A WAVE TRAVELING ALONG A STRING
* Energy and Power of a Wave Traveling Along a String
o Kinetic Energy
o Elastic Potential Energy
o Energy Transport
o The Rate of Energy Transmission
16.4 THE WAVE EQUATION
* The Wave Equation
16.5 INTERFERENCE OF WAVES
* The Principle of Superposition for Waves
* Interference of Waves
16.6 PHASORS
* Phasors
16.7 STANDING WAVES AND RESONANCE
* Standing Waves
* Standing Waves and Resonance
REVIEW & SUMMARY
QUESTIONS
PROBLEMS
17 Waves--II
17.1 SPEED OF SOUND
* What Is Physics?
* Sound Waves
* The Speed of Sound
o Formal Derivation of Eq. 17.1.3
17.2 TRAVELING SOUND WAVES
* Traveling Sound Waves
o Derivation of Eqs. 17.2.2 and 17.2.3
17.3 INTERFERENCE
* Interference
17.4 INTENSITY AND SOUND LEVEL
* Intensity and Sound Level
o Variation of Intensity with Distance
o The Decibel Scale
o Derivation of Eq. 17.4.2
17.5 SOURCES OF MUSICAL SOUND
* Sources of Musical Sound
17.6 BEATS
* Beats
17.7 THE DOPPLER EFFECT
* The Doppler Effect
o Detector Moving, Source Stationary
o Source Moving, Detector Stationary
o General Doppler Effect Equation
17.8 SUPERSONIC SPEEDS, SHOCK WAVES
* Supersonic Speeds, Shock Waves
REVIEW & SUMMARY
QUESTIONS
PROBLEMS
18 Temperature, Heat, and the First Law of Thermodynamics
18.1 TEMPERATURE
* What Is Physics?
* Temperature
* The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
* Measuring Temperature
o The Triple Point of Water
o The Constant-Volume Gas Thermometer
18.2 THE CELSIUS AND FAHRENHEIT SCALES
* The Celsius and Fahrenheit Scales
18.3 THERMAL EXPANSION
* Thermal Expansion
o Linear Expansion
o Volume Expansion
18.4 ABSORPTION OF HEAT
* Temperature and Heat
* The Absorption of Heat by Solids and Liquids
o Heat Capacity
o Specific Heat
o Molar Specific Heat
o An Important Point
o Heats of Transformation
18.5 THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
* A Closer Look at Heat and Work
* The First Law of Thermodynamics
* Some Special Cases of the First Law of Thermodynamics
18.6 HEAT TRANSFER MECHANISMS
* Heat Transfer Mechanisms
o Conduction
o Thermal Resistance to Conduction (R-Value)
o Conduction Through a Composite Slab
o Convection
o Radiation
REVIEW & SUMMARY
QUESTIONS
PROBLEMS
19 The Kinetic Theory of Gases
19.1 AVOGADRO'S NUMBER
* What Is Physics?
* Avogadro's Number
19.2 IDEAL GASES
* Ideal Gases
o Work Done by an Ideal Gas at Constant Temperature
o Work Done at Constant Volume and at Constant Pressure
19.3 PRESSURE, TEMPERATURE, AND RMS SPEED
* Pressure, Temperature, and RMS Speed
19.4 TRANSLATIONAL KINETIC ENERGY
* Translational Kinetic Energy
19.5 MEAN FREE PATH
* Mean Free Path
19.6 THE DISTRIBUTION OF MOLECULAR SPEEDS
* The Distribution of Molecular Speeds
o Average, RMS, and Most Probable Speeds
19.7 THE MOLAR SPECIFIC HEATS OF AN IDEAL GAS
* The Molar Specific Heats of an Ideal Gas
o Internal Energy Eint
o Molar Specific Heat at Constant Volume
o Molar Specific Heat at Constant Pressure
19.8 DEGREES OF FREEDOM AND MOLAR SPECIFIC HEATS
* Degrees of Freedom and Molar Specific Heats
* A Hint of Quantum Theory
19.9 THE ADIABATIC EXPANSION OF AN IDEAL GAS
* The Adiabatic Expansion of an Ideal Gas
o Proof of Eq. 19.9.1
o Free Expansions
REVIEW & SUMMARY
QUESTIONS
PROBLEMS
20 Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics
20.1 ENTROPY
* What Is Physics?
* Irreversible Processes and Entropy
* Change in Entropy
o Entropy as a State Function
* The Second Law of Thermodynamics
o Force Due to Entropy
20.2 ENTROPY IN THE REAL WORLD: ENGINES
* Entropy in the Real World: Engines
o A Carnot Engine
o Efficiency of a Carnot Engine
o Stirling Engine
20.3 REFRIGERATORS AND REAL ENGINES
* Entropy in the Real World: Refrigerators
* The Efficiencies of Real Engines
20.4 A STATISTICAL VIEW OF ENTROPY
* A Statistical View of Entropy
o Probability and Entropy
REVIEW & SUMMARY
QUESTIONS
PROBLEMS
21 Coulomb's Law
21.1 COULOMB'S LAW
* What Is Physics?
* Electric Charge
* Conductors and Insulators
o Blue Flashes from a Wintergreen Candy
* Coulomb's Law
o Spherical Conductors
21.2 CHARGE IS QUANTIZED
* Charge Is Quantized
21.3 CHARGE IS CONSERVED
* Charge Is Conserved
o PET Scans
REVIEW & SUMMARY
QUESTIONS
PROBLEMS
22 Electric Fields
22.1 THE ELECTRIC FIELD
* What Is Physics?
* The Electric Field
* Electric Field Lines
22.2 THE ELECTRIC FIELD DUE TO A CHARGED PARTICLE
* The Electric Field Due to a Point Charge
22.3 THE ELECTRIC FIELD DUE TO A DIPOLE
* The Electric Field Due to an Electric Dipole
22.4 THE ELECTRIC FIELD DUE TO A LINE OF CHARGE
* The Electric Field Due to a Line of Charge
22.5 THE ELECTRIC FIELD DUE TO A CHARGED DISK
* The Electric Field Due to a Charged Disk
22.6 A POINT CHARGE IN AN ELECTRIC FIELD
* A Point Charge in an Electric Field
o Measuring the Elementary Charge
o Ink-Jet Printing
o Electrical Breakdown and Sparking
22.7 A DIPOLE IN AN ELECTRIC FIELD
* A Dipole in an Electric Field
o Potential Energy of an Electric Dipole
o Microwave Cooking
REVIEW & SUMMARY
QUESTIONS
PROBLEMS
23 Gauss' Law
23.1 ELECTRIC FLUX
* What Is Physics?
* Electric Flux
23.2 GAUSS' LAW
* Gauss' Law
* Gauss' Law and Coulomb's Law
23.3 A CHARGED ISOLATED CONDUCTOR
* A Charged Isolated Conductor
o An Isolated Conductor with a Cavity
o The Conductor Removed
o The External Electric Field
23.4 APPLYING GAUSS' LAW: CYLINDRICAL SYMMETRY
* Applying Gauss' Law: Cylindrical Symmetry
23.5 APPLYING GAUSS' LAW: PLANAR SYMMETRY
* Applying Gauss' Law: Planar Symmetry
o Nonconducting Sheet
o Two Conducting Plates
23.6 APPLYING GAUSS' LAW: SPHERICAL SYMMETRY
* Applying Gauss' Law: Spherical Symmetry
REVIEW & SUMMARY
QUESTIONS
PROBLEMS
24 Electric Potential
24.1 ELECTRIC POTENTIAL
* What Is Physics?
* Electric Potential and Electric Potential Energy
24.2 EQUIPOTENTIAL SURFACES AND THE ELECTRIC FIELD
* Equipotential Surfaces
* Calculating the Potential from the Field
24.3 POTENTIAL DUE TO A CHARGED PARTICLE
* Potential Due to a Charged Particle
* Potential Due to a Group of Charged Particles
24.4 POTENTIAL DUE TO AN ELECTRIC DIPOLE
* Potential Due to an Electric Dipole
o Induced Dipole Moment
24.5 POTENTIAL DUE TO A CONTINUOUS CHARGE DISTRIBUTION
* Potential Due to a Continuous Charge Distribution
o Line of Charge
o Charged Disk
24.6 CALCULATING THE FIELD FROM THE POTENTIAL
* Calculating the Field from the Potential
24.7 ELECTRIC POTENTIAL ENERGY OF A SYSTEM OF CHARGED PARTICLES
* Electric Potential Energy of a System of Charged Particles
24.8 POTENTIAL OF A CHARGED ISOLATED CONDUCTOR
* Potential of a Charged Isolated Conductor
o Spark Discharge from a Charged Conductor
o Isolated Conductor in an External Electric Field
REVIEW & SUMMARY
QUESTIONS
PROBLEMS
25 Capacitance
25.1 CAPACITANCE
* What Is Physics?
* Capacitance
o Charging a Capacitor
25.2 CALCULATING THE CAPACITANCE
* Calculating the Capacitance
o Calculating the Electric Field
o Calculating the Potential Difference
o A Parallel-Plate Capacitor
o A Cylindrical Capacitor
o A Spherical Capacitor
o An Isolated Sphere
25.3 CAPACITORS IN PARALLEL AND IN SERIES
* Capacitors in Parallel and in Series
o Capacitors in Parallel
o Capacitors in Series
25.4 ENERGY STORED IN AN ELECTRIC FIELD
* Energy Stored in an Electric Field
o Explosions in Airborne Dust
o Energy Density
25.5 CAPACITOR WITH A DIELECTRIC
* Capacitor with a Dielectric
* Dielectrics: An Atomic View
25.6 DIELECTRICS AND GAUSS' LAW
* Dielectrics and Gauss' Law
REVIEW & SUMMARY
QUESTIONS
PROBLEMS
26 Current and Resistance
26.1 ELECTRIC CURRENT
* What Is Physics?
* Electric Current
o The Directions of Currents
26.2 CURRENT DENSITY
* Current Density
o Drift Speed
26.3 RESISTANCE AND RESISTIVITY
* Resistance and Resistivity
o Calculating Resistance from Resistivity
o Variation with Temperature
26.4 OHM'S LAW
* Ohm's Law
* A Microscopic View of Ohm's Law
26.5 POWER, SEMICONDUCTORS, SUPERCONDUCTORS
* Power in Electric Circuits
* Semiconductors
* Superconductors
REVIEW & SUMMARY
QUESTIONS
PROBLEMS
27 Circuits
27.1 SINGLE-LOOP CIRCUITS
* What Is Physics?
* "Pumping" Charges
* Work, Energy, and Emf
* Calculating the Current in a Single-Loop Circuit
o Energy Method
o Potential Method
* Other Single-Loop Circuits
o Internal Resistance
o Resistances in Series
* Potential Difference Between Two Points
o Potential Difference Across a Real Battery
o Grounding a Circuit
o Power, Potential, and Emf
27.2 MULTILOOP CIRCUITS
* Multiloop Circuits
o Resistances in Parallel
27.3 THE AMMETER AND THE VOLTMETER
* The Ammeter and the Voltmeter
27.4 RC CIRCUITS
* RC Circuits
o Charging a Capacitor
o The Time Constant
o Discharging a Capacitor
o Derivation of Eq. 27.4.4
REVIEW & SUMMARY
QUESTIONS
PROBLEMS
28 Magnetic Fields
28.1 MAGNETIC FIELDS AND THE DEFINITION OF
* What Is Physics?
* What Produces a Magnetic Field?
* The Definition of
o Finding the Magnetic Force on a Particle
o Magnetic Field Lines
28.2 CROSSED FIELDS: DISCOVERY OF THE ELECTRON
* Crossed Fields: Discovery of the Electron
28.3 CROSSED FIELDS: THE HALL EFFECT
* Crossed Fields: The Hall Effect
o Magnetohydrodynamic Drive
28.4 A CIRCULATING CHARGED PARTICLE
* A Circulating Charged Particle
o Helical Paths
28.5 CYCLOTRONS AND SYNCHROTRONS
* Cyclotrons and Synchrotrons
o The Proton Synchrotron
28.6 MAGNETIC FORCE ON A CURRENT-CARRYING WIRE
* Magnetic Force on a Current-Carrying Wire
28.7 TORQUE ON A CURRENT LOOP
* Torque on a Current Loop
28.8 THE MAGNETIC DIPOLE MOMENT
* The Magnetic Dipole Moment
REVIEW & SUMMARY
QUESTIONS
PROBLEMS
29 Magnetic Fields Due to Currents
29.1 MAGNETIC FIELD DUE TO A CURRENT
* What Is Physics?
* Calculating the Magnetic Field Due to a Current
o Magnetic Field Due to a Current in a Long Straight Wire
o Proof of Equation 29.1.4
o Magnetic Field Due to a Current in a Circular Arc of Wire
29.2 FORCE BETWEEN TWO PARALLEL CURRENTS
* Force Between Two Parallel Currents
o Rail Gun
29.3 AMPERE'S LAW
* Ampere's Law
o Magnetic Field Outside a Long Straight Wire with Current
o Magnetic Field Inside a Long Straight Wire with Current
29.4 SOLENOIDS AND TOROIDS
* Solenoids and Toroids
o Magnetic Field of a Solenoid
o Magnetic Field of a Toroid
29.5 A CURRENT-CARRYING COIL AS A MAGNETIC DIPOLE
* A Current-Carrying Coil as a Magnetic Dipole
o Magnetic Field of a Coil
o Proof of Equation 29.5.2
REVIEW & SUMMARY
QUESTIONS
PROBLEMS
30 Induction and Inductance
30.1 FARADAY'S LAW AND LENZ'S LAW
* What Is Physics?
* Two Experiments
* Faraday's Law of Induction
o A Quantitative Treatment
* Lenz's Law
o Electric Guitars
30.2 INDUCTION AND ENERGY TRANSFERS
* Induction and Energy Transfers
o Burns During MRI Scans
o Eddy Currents
o Induction Furnaces
30.3 INDUCED ELECTRIC FIELDS
* Induced Electric Fields
o A Reformulation of Faraday's Law
o A New Look at Electric Potential
30.4 INDUCTORS AND IND
1.1 MEASURING THINGS, INCLUDING LENGTHS
* What Is Physics?
* Measuring Things
* The International System of Units
* Changing Units
* Length
* Significant Figures and Decimal Places
1.2 TIME
* Time
1.3 MASS
* Mass
o The Standard Kilogram
o Kibble Balance
o A Second Mass Standard
o Density
REVIEW & SUMMARY
PROBLEMS
2 Motion Along a Straight Line
2.1 POSITION, DISPLACEMENT, AND AVERAGE VELOCITY
* What Is Physics?
* Motion
* Position and Displacement
* Average Velocity and Average Speed
2.2 INSTANTANEOUS VELOCITY AND SPEED
* Instantaneous Velocity and Speed
2.3 ACCELERATION
* Acceleration
2.4 CONSTANT ACCELERATION
* Constant Acceleration: A Special Case
* Another Look at Constant Acceleration
2.5 FREE-FALL ACCELERATION
* Free-Fall Acceleration
2.6 GRAPHICAL INTEGRATION IN MOTION ANALYSIS
* Graphical Integration in Motion Analysis
REVIEW & SUMMARY
QUESTIONS
PROBLEMS
3 Vectors
3.1 VECTORS AND THEIR COMPONENTS
* What Is Physics?
* Vectors and Scalars
* Adding Vectors Geometrically
* Components of Vectors
3.2 UNIT VECTORS, ADDING VECTORS BY COMPONENTS
* Unit Vectors
* Adding Vectors by Components
* Vectors and the Laws of Physics
3.3 MULTIPLYING VECTORS
* Multiplying Vectors
* Multiplying a Vector by a Scalar
* Multiplying a Vector by a Vector
* The Scalar Product
* The Vector Product
REVIEW & SUMMARY
QUESTIONS
PROBLEMS
4 Motion in Two and Three Dimensions
4.1 POSITION AND DISPLACEMENT
* What Is Physics?
* Position and Displacement
4.2 AVERAGE VELOCITY AND INSTANTANEOUS VELOCITY
* Average Velocity and Instantaneous Velocity
4.3 AVERAGE ACCELERATION AND INSTANTANEOUS ACCELERATION
* Average Acceleration and Instantaneous Acceleration
4.4 PROJECTILE MOTION
* Projectile Motion
o Two Golf Balls
o A Great Student Rouser
o The Horizontal Motion
o The Vertical Motion
o The Equation of the Path
o The Horizontal R
o The Effects of the Air
4.5 UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION
* Uniform Circular Motion
o Proof of Eq. 4.5.1
4.6 RELATIVE MOTION IN ONE DIMENSION
* Relative Motion in One Dimension
4.7 RELATIVE MOTION IN TWO DIMENSIONS
* Relative Motion in Two Dimensions
REVIEW & SUMMARY
QUESTIONS
PROBLEMS
5 Force and Motion--I
5.1 NEWTON'S FIRST AND SECOND LAWS
* What Is Physics?
* Newtonian Mechanics
* Newton's First Law
* Force
o Inertial Reference Frames
* Mass
* Newton's Second Law
5.2 SOME PARTICULAR FORCES
* Some Particular Forces
o The Gravitational Force
o Weight
o The Normal Force
o Friction
o Tension
5.3 APPLYING NEWTON'S LAWS
* Newton's Third Law
* Applying Newton's Laws
REVIEW & SUMMARY
QUESTIONS
PROBLEMS
6 Force and Motion--II
6.1 FRICTION
* What Is Physics?
* Friction
* Properties of Friction
6.2 THE DRAG FORCE AND TERMINAL SPEED
* The Drag Force and Terminal Speed
6.3 UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION
* Uniform Circular Motion
REVIEW & SUMMARY
QUESTIONS
PROBLEMS
7 Kinetic Energy and Work
7.1 KINETIC ENERGY
* What Is Physics?
* What Is Energy?
* Kinetic Energy
7.2 WORK AND KINETIC ENERGY
* Work
* Work and Kinetic Energy
o Finding an Expression for Work
o Work-Kinetic Energy Theorem
7.3 WORK DONE BY THE GRAVITATIONAL FORCE
* Work Done by the Gravitational Force
o Work Done in Lifting and Lowering an Object
7.4 WORK DONE BY A SPRING FORCE
* Work Done by a Spring Force
o The Spring Force
o The Work Done by a Spring Force
o The Work Done by an Applied Force
7.5 WORK DONE BY A GENERAL VARIABLE FORCE
* Work Done by a General Variable Force
o One-Dimensional Analysis
o Three-Dimensional Analysis
o Work-Kinetic Energy Theorem with a Variable Force
7.6 POWER
* Power
REVIEW & SUMMARY
QUESTIONS
PROBLEMS
8 Potential Energy and Conservation of Energy
8.1 POTENTIAL ENERGY
* What Is Physics?
* Work and Potential Energy
o Conservative and Nonconservative Forces
* Path Independence of Conservative Forces
o Proof of Equation 8.1.2
* Determining Potential Energy Values
o Gravitational Potential Energy
o Elastic Potential Energy
8.2 CONSERVATION OF MECHANICAL ENERGY
* Conservation of Mechanical Energy
8.3 READING A POTENTIAL ENERGY CURVE
* Reading a Potential Energy Curve
o Finding the Force Analytically
o The Potential Energy Curve
o Turning Points
o Equilibrium Points
8.4 WORK DONE ON A SYSTEM BY AN EXTERNAL FORCE
* Work Done on a System by an External Force
o No Friction Involved
o Friction Involved
8.5 CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
* Conservation of Energy
o Isolated System
o External Forces and Internal Energy Transfers
o Power
REVIEW & SUMMARY
QUESTIONS
PROBLEMS
9 Center of Mass and Linear Momentum
9.1 CENTER OF MASS
* What Is Physics?
* The Center of Mass
o Systems of Particles
o Solid Bodies
9.2 NEWTON'S SECOND LAW FOR A SYSTEM OF PARTICLES
* Newton's Second Law for a System of Particles
o Proof of Equation 9.2.1
9.3 LINEAR MOMENTUM
* Linear Momentum
* The Linear Momentum of a System of Particles
9.4 COLLISION AND IMPULSE
* Collision and Impulse
o Single Collision
o Series of Collisions
9.5 CONSERVATION OF LINEAR MOMENTUM
* Conservation of Linear Momentum
9.6 MOMENTUM AND KINETIC ENERGY IN COLLISIONS
* Momentum and Kinetic Energy in Collisions
* Inelastic Collisions in One Dimension
o One-Dimensional Inelastic Collision
o One-Dimensional Completely Inelastic Collision
o Velocity of the Center of Mass
9.7 ELASTIC COLLISIONS IN ONE DIMENSION
* Elastic Collisions in One Dimension
o Stationary Target
o Moving Target
9.8 COLLISIONS IN TWO DIMENSIONS
* Collisions in Two Dimensions
9.9 SYSTEMS WITH VARYING MASS: A ROCKET
* Systems with Varying Mass: A Rocket
o Finding the Acceleration
o Finding the Velocity
REVIEW & SUMMARY
QUESTIONS
PROBLEMS
10 Rotation
10.1 ROTATIONAL VARIABLES
* What Is Physics?
* Rotational Variables
o Angular Position
o Angular Displacement
o Angular Velocity
o Angular Acceleration
* Are Angular Quantities Vectors?
10.2 ROTATION WITH CONSTANT ANGULAR ACCELERATION
* Rotation with Constant Angular Acceleration
10.3 RELATING THE LINEAR AND ANGULAR VARIABLES
* Relating the Linear and Angular Variables
o The Position
o The Speed
o The Acceleration
10.4 KINETIC ENERGY OF ROTATION
* Kinetic Energy of Rotation
10.5 CALCULATING THE ROTATIONAL INERTIA
* Calculating the Rotational Inertia
o Parallel-Axis Theorem
o Proof of the Parallel-Axis Theorem
10.6 TORQUE
* Torque
10.7 NEWTON'S SECOND LAW FOR ROTATION
* Newton's Second Law for Rotation
o Proof of Equation 10.7.1
10.8 WORK AND ROTATIONAL KINETIC ENERGY
* Work and Rotational Kinetic Energy
o Proof of Eqs. 10.8.4 through 10.8.7
REVIEW & SUMMARY
QUESTIONS
PROBLEMS
11 Rolling, Torque, and Angular Momentum
11.1 ROLLING AS TRANSLATION AND ROTATION COMBINED
* What Is Physics?
* Rolling as Translation and Rotation Combined
o Rolling as Pure Rotation
11.2 FORCES AND KINETIC ENERGY OF ROLLING
* The Kinetic Energy of Rolling
* The Forces of Rolling
o Friction and Rolling
o Rolling Down a Ramp
11.3 THE YO-YO
* The Yo-Yo
11.4 TORQUE REVISITED
* Torque Revisited
11.5 ANGULAR MOMENTUM
* Angular Momentum
11.6 NEWTON'S SECOND LAW IN ANGULAR FORM
* Newton's Second Law in Angular Form
o Proof of Equation 11.6.2
11.7 ANGULAR MOMENTUM OF A RIGID BODY
* The Angular Momentum of a System of Particles
* The Angular Momentum of a Rigid Body Rotating About a Fixed Axis
11.8 CONSERVATION OF ANGULAR MOMENTUM
* Conservation of Angular Momentum
11.9 PRECESSION OF A GYROSCOPE
* Precession of a Gyroscope
REVIEW & SUMMARY
QUESTIONS
PROBLEMS
12 Equilibrium and Elasticity
12.1 EQUILIBRIUM
* What Is Physics?
* Equilibrium
* The Requirements of Equilibrium
* The Center of Gravity
o Proof
12.2 SOME EXAMPLES OF STATIC EQUILIBRIUM
* Some Examples of Static Equilibrium
12.3 ELASTICITY
* Indeterminate Structures
* Elasticity
o Tension and Compression
o Shearing
o Hydraulic Stress
REVIEW & SUMMARY
QUESTIONS
PROBLEMS
13 Gravitation
13.1 NEWTON'S LAW OF GRAVITATION
* What Is Physics?
* Newton's Law of Gravitation
13.2 GRAVITATION AND THE PRINCIPLE OF SUPERPOSITION
* Gravitation and the Principle of Superposition
13.3 GRAVITATION NEAR EARTH'S SURFACE
* Gravitation Near Earth's Surface
13.4 GRAVITATION INSIDE EARTH
* Gravitation Inside Earth
13.5 GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL ENERGY
* Gravitational Potential Energy
o Proof of Equation 13.5.1
o Path Independence
o Potential Energy and Force
o Escape Speed
13.6 PLANETS AND SATELLITES: KEPLER'S LAWS
* Planets and Satellites: Kepler's Laws
13.7 SATELLITES: ORBITS AND ENERGY
* Satellites: Orbits and Energy
13.8 EINSTEIN AND GRAVITATION
* Einstein and Gravitation
o Principle of Equivalence
o Curvature of Space
o Black Holes
REVIEW & SUMMARY
QUESTIONS
PROBLEMS
14 Fluids
14.1 FLUIDS, DENSITY, AND PRESSURE
* What Is Physics?
* What Is a Fluid?
* Density and Pressure
o Density
o Pressure
14.2 FLUIDS AT REST
* Fluids at Rest
14.3 MEASURING PRESSURE
* Measuring Pressure
o The Mercury Barometer
o The Open-Tube Manometer
14.4 PASCAL'S PRINCIPLE
* Pascal's Principle
o Demonstrating Pascal's Principle
o Pascal's Principle and the Hydraulic Lever
14.5 ARCHIMEDES' PRINCIPLE
* Archimedes' Principle
o Floating
o Apparent Weight in a Fluid
14.6 THE EQUATION OF CONTINUITY
* Ideal Fluids in Motion
* The Equation of Continuity
14.7 BERNOULLI'S EQUATION
* Bernoulli's Equation
o Proof of Bernoulli's Equation
REVIEW & SUMMARY
QUESTIONS
PROBLEMS
15 Oscillations
15.1 SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION
* What Is Physics?
* Simple Harmonic Motion
o The Velocity of SHM
o The Acceleration of SHM
* The Force Law for Simple Harmonic Motion
15.2 ENERGY IN SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION
* Energy in Simple Harmonic Motion
15.3 AN ANGULAR SIMPLE HARMONIC OSCILLATOR
* An Angular Simple Harmonic Oscillator
15.4 PENDULUMS, CIRCULAR MOTION
* Pendulums
o The Simple Pendulum
o The Physical Pendulum
o Measuring g
* Simple Harmonic Motion and Uniform Circular Motion
15.5 DAMPED SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION
* Damped Simple Harmonic Motion
15.6 FORCED OSCILLATIONS AND RESONANCE
* Forced Oscillations and Resonance
REVIEW & SUMMARY
QUESTIONS
PROBLEMS
16 Waves--I
16.1 TRANSVERSE WAVES
* What Is Physics?
* Types of Waves
* Transverse and Longitudinal Waves
* Wavelength and Frequency
o Amplitude and Phase
o Wavelength and Angular Wave Number
o Period, Angular Frequency, and Frequency
o Phase Constant
* The Speed of a Traveling Wave
16.2 WAVE SPEED ON A STRETCHED STRING
* Wave Speed on a Stretched String
o Dimensional Analysis
o Derivation from Newton's Second Law
16.3 ENERGY AND POWER OF A WAVE TRAVELING ALONG A STRING
* Energy and Power of a Wave Traveling Along a String
o Kinetic Energy
o Elastic Potential Energy
o Energy Transport
o The Rate of Energy Transmission
16.4 THE WAVE EQUATION
* The Wave Equation
16.5 INTERFERENCE OF WAVES
* The Principle of Superposition for Waves
* Interference of Waves
16.6 PHASORS
* Phasors
16.7 STANDING WAVES AND RESONANCE
* Standing Waves
* Standing Waves and Resonance
REVIEW & SUMMARY
QUESTIONS
PROBLEMS
17 Waves--II
17.1 SPEED OF SOUND
* What Is Physics?
* Sound Waves
* The Speed of Sound
o Formal Derivation of Eq. 17.1.3
17.2 TRAVELING SOUND WAVES
* Traveling Sound Waves
o Derivation of Eqs. 17.2.2 and 17.2.3
17.3 INTERFERENCE
* Interference
17.4 INTENSITY AND SOUND LEVEL
* Intensity and Sound Level
o Variation of Intensity with Distance
o The Decibel Scale
o Derivation of Eq. 17.4.2
17.5 SOURCES OF MUSICAL SOUND
* Sources of Musical Sound
17.6 BEATS
* Beats
17.7 THE DOPPLER EFFECT
* The Doppler Effect
o Detector Moving, Source Stationary
o Source Moving, Detector Stationary
o General Doppler Effect Equation
17.8 SUPERSONIC SPEEDS, SHOCK WAVES
* Supersonic Speeds, Shock Waves
REVIEW & SUMMARY
QUESTIONS
PROBLEMS
18 Temperature, Heat, and the First Law of Thermodynamics
18.1 TEMPERATURE
* What Is Physics?
* Temperature
* The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
* Measuring Temperature
o The Triple Point of Water
o The Constant-Volume Gas Thermometer
18.2 THE CELSIUS AND FAHRENHEIT SCALES
* The Celsius and Fahrenheit Scales
18.3 THERMAL EXPANSION
* Thermal Expansion
o Linear Expansion
o Volume Expansion
18.4 ABSORPTION OF HEAT
* Temperature and Heat
* The Absorption of Heat by Solids and Liquids
o Heat Capacity
o Specific Heat
o Molar Specific Heat
o An Important Point
o Heats of Transformation
18.5 THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
* A Closer Look at Heat and Work
* The First Law of Thermodynamics
* Some Special Cases of the First Law of Thermodynamics
18.6 HEAT TRANSFER MECHANISMS
* Heat Transfer Mechanisms
o Conduction
o Thermal Resistance to Conduction (R-Value)
o Conduction Through a Composite Slab
o Convection
o Radiation
REVIEW & SUMMARY
QUESTIONS
PROBLEMS
19 The Kinetic Theory of Gases
19.1 AVOGADRO'S NUMBER
* What Is Physics?
* Avogadro's Number
19.2 IDEAL GASES
* Ideal Gases
o Work Done by an Ideal Gas at Constant Temperature
o Work Done at Constant Volume and at Constant Pressure
19.3 PRESSURE, TEMPERATURE, AND RMS SPEED
* Pressure, Temperature, and RMS Speed
19.4 TRANSLATIONAL KINETIC ENERGY
* Translational Kinetic Energy
19.5 MEAN FREE PATH
* Mean Free Path
19.6 THE DISTRIBUTION OF MOLECULAR SPEEDS
* The Distribution of Molecular Speeds
o Average, RMS, and Most Probable Speeds
19.7 THE MOLAR SPECIFIC HEATS OF AN IDEAL GAS
* The Molar Specific Heats of an Ideal Gas
o Internal Energy Eint
o Molar Specific Heat at Constant Volume
o Molar Specific Heat at Constant Pressure
19.8 DEGREES OF FREEDOM AND MOLAR SPECIFIC HEATS
* Degrees of Freedom and Molar Specific Heats
* A Hint of Quantum Theory
19.9 THE ADIABATIC EXPANSION OF AN IDEAL GAS
* The Adiabatic Expansion of an Ideal Gas
o Proof of Eq. 19.9.1
o Free Expansions
REVIEW & SUMMARY
QUESTIONS
PROBLEMS
20 Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics
20.1 ENTROPY
* What Is Physics?
* Irreversible Processes and Entropy
* Change in Entropy
o Entropy as a State Function
* The Second Law of Thermodynamics
o Force Due to Entropy
20.2 ENTROPY IN THE REAL WORLD: ENGINES
* Entropy in the Real World: Engines
o A Carnot Engine
o Efficiency of a Carnot Engine
o Stirling Engine
20.3 REFRIGERATORS AND REAL ENGINES
* Entropy in the Real World: Refrigerators
* The Efficiencies of Real Engines
20.4 A STATISTICAL VIEW OF ENTROPY
* A Statistical View of Entropy
o Probability and Entropy
REVIEW & SUMMARY
QUESTIONS
PROBLEMS
21 Coulomb's Law
21.1 COULOMB'S LAW
* What Is Physics?
* Electric Charge
* Conductors and Insulators
o Blue Flashes from a Wintergreen Candy
* Coulomb's Law
o Spherical Conductors
21.2 CHARGE IS QUANTIZED
* Charge Is Quantized
21.3 CHARGE IS CONSERVED
* Charge Is Conserved
o PET Scans
REVIEW & SUMMARY
QUESTIONS
PROBLEMS
22 Electric Fields
22.1 THE ELECTRIC FIELD
* What Is Physics?
* The Electric Field
* Electric Field Lines
22.2 THE ELECTRIC FIELD DUE TO A CHARGED PARTICLE
* The Electric Field Due to a Point Charge
22.3 THE ELECTRIC FIELD DUE TO A DIPOLE
* The Electric Field Due to an Electric Dipole
22.4 THE ELECTRIC FIELD DUE TO A LINE OF CHARGE
* The Electric Field Due to a Line of Charge
22.5 THE ELECTRIC FIELD DUE TO A CHARGED DISK
* The Electric Field Due to a Charged Disk
22.6 A POINT CHARGE IN AN ELECTRIC FIELD
* A Point Charge in an Electric Field
o Measuring the Elementary Charge
o Ink-Jet Printing
o Electrical Breakdown and Sparking
22.7 A DIPOLE IN AN ELECTRIC FIELD
* A Dipole in an Electric Field
o Potential Energy of an Electric Dipole
o Microwave Cooking
REVIEW & SUMMARY
QUESTIONS
PROBLEMS
23 Gauss' Law
23.1 ELECTRIC FLUX
* What Is Physics?
* Electric Flux
23.2 GAUSS' LAW
* Gauss' Law
* Gauss' Law and Coulomb's Law
23.3 A CHARGED ISOLATED CONDUCTOR
* A Charged Isolated Conductor
o An Isolated Conductor with a Cavity
o The Conductor Removed
o The External Electric Field
23.4 APPLYING GAUSS' LAW: CYLINDRICAL SYMMETRY
* Applying Gauss' Law: Cylindrical Symmetry
23.5 APPLYING GAUSS' LAW: PLANAR SYMMETRY
* Applying Gauss' Law: Planar Symmetry
o Nonconducting Sheet
o Two Conducting Plates
23.6 APPLYING GAUSS' LAW: SPHERICAL SYMMETRY
* Applying Gauss' Law: Spherical Symmetry
REVIEW & SUMMARY
QUESTIONS
PROBLEMS
24 Electric Potential
24.1 ELECTRIC POTENTIAL
* What Is Physics?
* Electric Potential and Electric Potential Energy
24.2 EQUIPOTENTIAL SURFACES AND THE ELECTRIC FIELD
* Equipotential Surfaces
* Calculating the Potential from the Field
24.3 POTENTIAL DUE TO A CHARGED PARTICLE
* Potential Due to a Charged Particle
* Potential Due to a Group of Charged Particles
24.4 POTENTIAL DUE TO AN ELECTRIC DIPOLE
* Potential Due to an Electric Dipole
o Induced Dipole Moment
24.5 POTENTIAL DUE TO A CONTINUOUS CHARGE DISTRIBUTION
* Potential Due to a Continuous Charge Distribution
o Line of Charge
o Charged Disk
24.6 CALCULATING THE FIELD FROM THE POTENTIAL
* Calculating the Field from the Potential
24.7 ELECTRIC POTENTIAL ENERGY OF A SYSTEM OF CHARGED PARTICLES
* Electric Potential Energy of a System of Charged Particles
24.8 POTENTIAL OF A CHARGED ISOLATED CONDUCTOR
* Potential of a Charged Isolated Conductor
o Spark Discharge from a Charged Conductor
o Isolated Conductor in an External Electric Field
REVIEW & SUMMARY
QUESTIONS
PROBLEMS
25 Capacitance
25.1 CAPACITANCE
* What Is Physics?
* Capacitance
o Charging a Capacitor
25.2 CALCULATING THE CAPACITANCE
* Calculating the Capacitance
o Calculating the Electric Field
o Calculating the Potential Difference
o A Parallel-Plate Capacitor
o A Cylindrical Capacitor
o A Spherical Capacitor
o An Isolated Sphere
25.3 CAPACITORS IN PARALLEL AND IN SERIES
* Capacitors in Parallel and in Series
o Capacitors in Parallel
o Capacitors in Series
25.4 ENERGY STORED IN AN ELECTRIC FIELD
* Energy Stored in an Electric Field
o Explosions in Airborne Dust
o Energy Density
25.5 CAPACITOR WITH A DIELECTRIC
* Capacitor with a Dielectric
* Dielectrics: An Atomic View
25.6 DIELECTRICS AND GAUSS' LAW
* Dielectrics and Gauss' Law
REVIEW & SUMMARY
QUESTIONS
PROBLEMS
26 Current and Resistance
26.1 ELECTRIC CURRENT
* What Is Physics?
* Electric Current
o The Directions of Currents
26.2 CURRENT DENSITY
* Current Density
o Drift Speed
26.3 RESISTANCE AND RESISTIVITY
* Resistance and Resistivity
o Calculating Resistance from Resistivity
o Variation with Temperature
26.4 OHM'S LAW
* Ohm's Law
* A Microscopic View of Ohm's Law
26.5 POWER, SEMICONDUCTORS, SUPERCONDUCTORS
* Power in Electric Circuits
* Semiconductors
* Superconductors
REVIEW & SUMMARY
QUESTIONS
PROBLEMS
27 Circuits
27.1 SINGLE-LOOP CIRCUITS
* What Is Physics?
* "Pumping" Charges
* Work, Energy, and Emf
* Calculating the Current in a Single-Loop Circuit
o Energy Method
o Potential Method
* Other Single-Loop Circuits
o Internal Resistance
o Resistances in Series
* Potential Difference Between Two Points
o Potential Difference Across a Real Battery
o Grounding a Circuit
o Power, Potential, and Emf
27.2 MULTILOOP CIRCUITS
* Multiloop Circuits
o Resistances in Parallel
27.3 THE AMMETER AND THE VOLTMETER
* The Ammeter and the Voltmeter
27.4 RC CIRCUITS
* RC Circuits
o Charging a Capacitor
o The Time Constant
o Discharging a Capacitor
o Derivation of Eq. 27.4.4
REVIEW & SUMMARY
QUESTIONS
PROBLEMS
28 Magnetic Fields
28.1 MAGNETIC FIELDS AND THE DEFINITION OF
* What Is Physics?
* What Produces a Magnetic Field?
* The Definition of
o Finding the Magnetic Force on a Particle
o Magnetic Field Lines
28.2 CROSSED FIELDS: DISCOVERY OF THE ELECTRON
* Crossed Fields: Discovery of the Electron
28.3 CROSSED FIELDS: THE HALL EFFECT
* Crossed Fields: The Hall Effect
o Magnetohydrodynamic Drive
28.4 A CIRCULATING CHARGED PARTICLE
* A Circulating Charged Particle
o Helical Paths
28.5 CYCLOTRONS AND SYNCHROTRONS
* Cyclotrons and Synchrotrons
o The Proton Synchrotron
28.6 MAGNETIC FORCE ON A CURRENT-CARRYING WIRE
* Magnetic Force on a Current-Carrying Wire
28.7 TORQUE ON A CURRENT LOOP
* Torque on a Current Loop
28.8 THE MAGNETIC DIPOLE MOMENT
* The Magnetic Dipole Moment
REVIEW & SUMMARY
QUESTIONS
PROBLEMS
29 Magnetic Fields Due to Currents
29.1 MAGNETIC FIELD DUE TO A CURRENT
* What Is Physics?
* Calculating the Magnetic Field Due to a Current
o Magnetic Field Due to a Current in a Long Straight Wire
o Proof of Equation 29.1.4
o Magnetic Field Due to a Current in a Circular Arc of Wire
29.2 FORCE BETWEEN TWO PARALLEL CURRENTS
* Force Between Two Parallel Currents
o Rail Gun
29.3 AMPERE'S LAW
* Ampere's Law
o Magnetic Field Outside a Long Straight Wire with Current
o Magnetic Field Inside a Long Straight Wire with Current
29.4 SOLENOIDS AND TOROIDS
* Solenoids and Toroids
o Magnetic Field of a Solenoid
o Magnetic Field of a Toroid
29.5 A CURRENT-CARRYING COIL AS A MAGNETIC DIPOLE
* A Current-Carrying Coil as a Magnetic Dipole
o Magnetic Field of a Coil
o Proof of Equation 29.5.2
REVIEW & SUMMARY
QUESTIONS
PROBLEMS
30 Induction and Inductance
30.1 FARADAY'S LAW AND LENZ'S LAW
* What Is Physics?
* Two Experiments
* Faraday's Law of Induction
o A Quantitative Treatment
* Lenz's Law
o Electric Guitars
30.2 INDUCTION AND ENERGY TRANSFERS
* Induction and Energy Transfers
o Burns During MRI Scans
o Eddy Currents
o Induction Furnaces
30.3 INDUCED ELECTRIC FIELDS
* Induced Electric Fields
o A Reformulation of Faraday's Law
o A New Look at Electric Potential
30.4 INDUCTORS AND IND
