Bioprocessing of Renewable Resources to Commodity Bioproducts
1. Edition June 2014
584 Pages, Hardcover
Wiley & Sons Ltd
Short Description
It is universally agreed that the era of cheap fossil oil is going to be over soon. Offering timely solutions to our current energy crisis, Bioprocessing of Renewable Resources to Commodity Bioproducts addresses the latest genetic and metabolic engineering approaches towards the development of recombinant microorganisms for the production of commodity byproducts. Suitable for researchers, practitioners, students, and consultants, the text provides a unique perspective to the industry about the scientific problems and their possible solutions in making a bioprocess work for commercial production of these commodity byproducts.
This book provides the vision of a successful biorefinery--the lignocelluloic biomass needs to be efficiently converted to its constituent monomers, comprising mainly of sugars such as glucose, xylose, mannose and arabinose. Accordingly, the first part of the book deals with aspects crucial for the pretreatment and hydrolysis of biomass to give sugars in high yield, as well as the general aspects of bioprocessing technologies which will enable the development of biorefineries through inputs of metabolic engineering, fermentation, downstream processing and formulation. The second part of the book gives the current status and future directions of the biological processes for production of ethanol (a biofuel as well as an important commodity raw material), solvents (butanol, isobutanol, butanediols, propanediols), organic acids (lactic acid, 3-hydroxy propionic acid, fumaric acid, succinic acid and adipic acid), and amino acid (glutamic acid). The commercial production of some of these commodity bioproducts in the near future will have a far reaching effect in realizing our goal of sustainable conversion of these renewable resources and realizing the concept of biorefinery.
Suitable for researchers, practitioners, graduate students and consultants in biochemical/ bioprocess engineering, industrial microbiology, bioprocess technology, metabolic engineering, environmental science and energy, the book offers:
* Exemplifies the application of metabolic engineering approaches for development of microbial cell factories
* Provides a unique perspective to the industry about the scientific problems and their possible solutions in making a bioprocess work for commercial production of commodity bioproducts
* Discusses the processing of renewable resources, such as plant biomass, for mass production of commodity chemicals and liquid fuels to meet our ever- increasing demands
* Encourages sustainable green technologies for the utilization of renewable resources
* Offers timely solutions to help address the energy problem as non-renewable fossil oil will soon be unavailable
CONTRIBUTORS xix
PART I ENABLING PROCESSING TECHNOLOGIES
1 Biorefineries--Concepts for Sustainability 3
Michael Sauer, Matthias Steiger, Diethard Mattanovich, and Hans Marx
1.1 Introduction 4
1.2 Three Levels for Biomass Use 5
1.3 The Sustainable Removal of Biomass from the Field is Crucial for a Successful Biorefinery 7
1.4 Making Order: Classification of Biorefineries 8
1.5 Quantities of Sustainably Available Biomass 10
1.6 Quantification of Sustainability 11
1.7 Starch- and Sugar-Based Biorefinery 12
1.8 Oilseed Crops 14
1.9 Lignocellulosic Feedstock 16
1.10 Green Biorefinery 19
1.11 Microalgae 20
1.12 Future Prospects--Aiming for Higher Value from Biomass 21
References 24
2 Biomass Logistics 29
Kevin L. Kenney, J. Richard Hess, Nathan A. Stevens, William A. Smith, Ian J. Bonner, and David J. Muth
2.1 Introduction 30
2.2 Method of Assessing Uncertainty, Sensitivity, and Influence of Feedstock Logistic System Parameters 31
2.3 Understanding Uncertainty in the Context of Feedstock Logistics 36
2.4 Future Prospects 40
2.5 Financial Disclosure/Acknowledgments 40
References 41
3 Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Materials 43
Karthik Rajendran and Mohammad J. Taherzadeh
3.1 Introduction 44
3.2 Complexity of Lignocelluloses 45
3.3 Challenges in Pretreatment of Lignocelluloses 52
3.4 Pretreatment Methods and Mechanisms 53
3.5 Economic Outlook 64
3.6 Future Prospects 67
References 68
4 Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass 77
Jonathan J. Stickel, Roman Brunecky, Richard T. Elander, and James D. McMillan
4.1 Introduction 78
4.2 Cellulase, Hemicellulase, and Accessory Enzyme Systems and Their Synergistic Action on Lignocellulosic Biomass 79
4.3 Enzymatic Hydrolysis at High Concentrations of Biomass Solids 83
4.4 Mechanistic Process Modeling and Simulation 88
4.5 Considerations for Process Integration and Economic Viability 91
4.6 Economic Outlook 95
4.7 Future Prospects 96
Acknowledgments 97
References 97
5 Production of Cellulolytic Enzymes 105
Ranjita Biswas, Abhishek Persad, and Virendra S. Bisaria
5.1 Introduction 106
5.2 Hydrolytic Enzymes for Digestion of Lignocelluloses 107
5.3 Desirable Attributes of Cellulase for Hydrolysis of Cellulose 109
5.4 Strategies Used for Enhanced Enzyme Production 110
5.5 Economic Outlook 123
5.6 Future Prospects 123
References 124
6 Bioprocessing Technologies 133
Gopal Chotani, Caroline Peres, Alexandra Schuler, and Peyman Moslemy
6.1 Introduction 134
6.2 Cell Factory Platform 136
6.3 Fermentation Process 142
6.4 Recovery Process 147
6.5 Formulation Process 153
6.6 Final Product Blends 161
6.7 Economic Outlook and Future Prospects 162
Acknowledgment 163
Nomenclature 163
References 163
PART II SPECIFIC COMMODITY BIOPRODUCTS
7 Ethanol from Bacteria 169
Hideshi Yanase
7.1 Introduction 170
7.2 Heteroethanologenic Bacteria 172
7.3 Homoethanologenic Bacteria 183
7.4 Economic Outlook 191
7.5 Future Prospects 192
References 193
8 Ethanol Production from Yeasts 201
Tomohisa Hasunuma, Ryosuke Yamada, and Akihiko Kondo
8.1 Introduction 202
8.2 Ethanol Production from Starchy Biomass 205
8.3 Ethanol Production from Lignocellulosic Biomass 208
8.4 Economic Outlook 218
8.5 Future Prospects 220
References 220
9 Fermentative Biobutanol Production: An Old Topic with Remarkable Recent Advances 227
Yi Wang, Holger Janssen and Hans P. Blaschek
9.1 Introduction 228
9.2 Butanol as a Fuel and Chemical Feedstock 229
9.3 History of ABE Fermentation 230
9.4 Physiology of Clostridial ABE Fermentation 232
9.5 Abe Fermentation Processes, Butanol Toxicity, and Product Recovery 236
9.6 Metabolic Engineering and "Omics"--Analyses of Solventogenic Clostridia 239
9.7 Economic Outlook 246
9.8 Current Status and Future Prospects 247
References 251
10 Bio-based Butanediols Production: The Contributions of Catalysis, Metabolic Engineering, and Synthetic Biology 261
Xiao-Jun Ji and He Huang
10.1 Introduction 262
10.2 Bio-Based 2,3-Butanediol 264
10.3 Bio-Based 1,4-Butanediol 276
10.4 Economic Outlook 279
10.5 Future Prospects 280
Acknowledgments 280
References 280
11 1,3-Propanediol 289
Yaqin Sun, Chengwei Ma, Hongxin Fu, Ying Mu, and Zhilong Xiu
11.1 Introduction 290
11.2 Bioconversion of Glucose into 1,3-Propanediol 291
11.3 Bioconversion of Glycerol into 1,3-Propanediol 292
11.4 Metabolic Engineering 302
11.5 Down-Processing of 1,3-Propanediol 308
11.6 Integrated Processes 311
11.7 Economic Outlook 314
11.8 Future Prospects 315
Acknowledgments 316
A List of Abbreviations 316
References 317
12 Isobutanol 327
Bernhard J. Eikmanns and Bastian Blombach
12.1 Introduction 328
12.2 The Access Code for the Microbial Production of Branched-Chain Alcohols: 2-Ketoacid Decarboxylase and an Alcohol Dehydrogenase 329
12.3 Metabolic Engineering Strategies for Directed Production of Isobutanol 331
12.4 Overcoming Isobutanol Cytotoxicity 341
12.5 Process Development for the Production of Isobutanol 343
12.6 Economic Outlook 345
12.7 Future Prospects 346
Abbreviations 347
Nomenclature 347
References 349
13 Lactic Acid 353
Kenji Okano, Tsutomu Tanaka, and Akihiko Kondo
13.1 History of Lactic Acid 354
13.2 Applications of Lactic Acid 354
13.3 Poly Lactic Acid 354
13.4 Conventional Lactic Acid Production 356
13.5 Lactic Acid Production From Renewable Resources 357
13.6 Economic Outlook 373
13.7 Future Prospects 374
Nomenclature 374
References 375
14 Microbial Production of 3-Hydroxypropionic Acid From Renewable Sources: A Green Approach as an Alternative to Conventional Chemistry 381
Vinod Kumar, Somasundar Ashok, and Sunghoon Park
14.1 Introduction 382
14.2 Natural Microbial Production of 3-HP 383
14.3 Production of 3-HP from Glucose by Recombinant Microorganisms 385
14.4 Production of 3-HP from Glycerol by Recombinant Microorganisms 388
14.5 Major Challenges for Microbial Production of 3-HP 396
14.6 Economic Outlook 400
14.7 Future Prospects 401
Acknowledgment 401
List of Abbreviations 402
References 402
15 Fumaric Acid Biosynthesis and Accumulation 409
Israel Goldberg and J. Stefan Rokem
15.1 Introduction 410
15.2 Microbial Synthesis of Fumaric Acid 412
15.3 A Plausible Biochemical Mechanism for Fumaric Acid Biosynthesis and Accumulation in Rhizopus 417
15.4 Toward Engineering Rhizopus for Fumaric Acid Production 422
15.5 Economic Outlook 424
15.6 Future Perspectives 427
Acknowledgment 429
References 430
16 Succinic Acid 435
Boris Litsanov, Melanie Brocker, Marco Oldiges, and Michael Bott
16.1 Succinate as an Important Platform Chemical for a Sustainable Bio-Based Chemistry 436
16.2 Microorganisms for Bio-Succinate Production--Physiology, Metabolic Routes, and Strain Development 437
16.3 Neutral Versus Acidic Conditions for Product Formation 455
16.4 Downstream Processing 456
16.5 Companies Involved in Bio-Succinic Acid Manufacturing 458
16.6 Future Prospects and Economic Outlook 462
References 463
17 Glutamic Acid 473
Takashi Hirasawa and Hiroshi Shimizu
17.1 Introduction 474
17.2 Glutamic Acid Production by Corynebacterium Glutamicum 475
17.3 Glutamic Acid as a Building Block 481
17.4 Economic Outlook 487
17.5 Future Prospects 489
List of Abbreviations 489
References 489
18 Recent Advances for Microbial Production of Xylitol 497
Yong-Cheol Park, Sun-Ki Kim, and Jin-Ho Seo
18.1 Introduction 498
18.2 General Principles for Biological Production of Xylitol 498
18.3 Microbial Production of Xylitol 501
18.4 Xylitol Production by Genetically Engineered Microorganisms 508
18.5 Economic Outlook 514
18.6 Future Prospects 515
Acknowledgments 515
Nomenclature 515
References 516
19 First and Second Generation Production of Bio-Adipic Acid 519
Jozef Bernhard Johann Henry van Duuren and Christoph Wittmann
19.1 Introduction 520
19.2 Production of Bio-Adipic Acid 523
19.3 Ecological Footprint of Bio-Adipic Acid 530
19.4 Economic Outlook 535
19.5 Future Prospects 536
References 538
INDEX 541