Enabling Technologies for High Spectral-efficiency Coherent Optical Communication Networks
Wiley Series in Microwave and Optical Engineering
1. Edition May 2016
648 Pages, Hardcover
Wiley & Sons Ltd
Presents the technological advancements that enable high spectral-efficiency and high-capacity fiber-optic communication systems and networks
This book examines key technology advances in high spectral-efficiency fiber-optic communication systems and networks, enabled by the use of coherent detection and digital signal processing (DSP). The first of this book's 16 chapters is a detailed introduction. Chapter 2 reviews the modulation formats, while Chapter 3 focuses on detection and error correction technologies for coherent optical communication systems. Chapters 4 and 5 are devoted to Nyquist-WDM and orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM). In chapter 6, polarization and nonlinear impairments in coherent optical communication systems are discussed. The fiber nonlinear effects in a non-dispersion-managed system are covered in chapter 7. Chapter 8 describes linear impairment equalization and Chapter 9 discusses various nonlinear mitigation techniques. Signal synchronization is covered in Chapters 10 and 11. Chapter 12 describes the main constraints put on the DSP algorithms by the hardware structure. Chapter 13 addresses the fundamental concepts and recent progress of photonic integration. Optical performance monitoring and elastic optical network technology are the subjects of Chapters 14 and 15. Finally, Chapter 16 discusses spatial-division multiplexing and MIMO processing technology, a potential solution to solve the capacity limit of single-mode fibers.
* Contains basic theories and up-to-date technology advancements in each chapter
* Describes how capacity-approaching coding schemes based on low-density parity check (LDPC) and spatially coupled LDPC codes can be constructed by combining iterative demodulation and decoding
* Demonstrates that fiber nonlinearities can be accurately described by some analytical models, such as GN-EGN model
* Presents impairment equalization and mitigation techniques
Enabling Technologies for High Spectral-efficiency Coherent Optical Communication Networks is a reference for researchers, engineers, and graduate students.
Xiang Zhou is a Tech Lead within Google Platform Advanced Technology. Before joining Google, he was with AT&T Labs, conducting research on various aspects of optical transmission and photonics networking technologies. Dr. Zhou is an OSA fellow and an associate editor for Optics Express. He has extensive publications in the field of optical communications.
Chongjin Xie is a senior director at Ali Infrastructure Service, Alibaba Group. Before joining Alibaba Group, he was a Distinguished Member of Technical Staff at Bell Labs, Alcatel-Lucent. Dr. Xie is a fellow of OSA and senior member of IEEE. He is an associate editor of the Journal of Lightwave Technology and has served in various conference committees.
Preface xvii
1 Introduction 1
Xiang Zhou and Chongjin Xie
1.1 High-Capacity Fiber Transmission Technology Evolution 1
1.2 Fundamentals of Coherent Transmission Technology 4
1.3 Outline of this Book 8
References 9
2 Multidimensional Optimized Optical Modulation Formats 13
Magnus Karlsson and Erik Agrell
2.1 Introduction 13
2.2 Fundamentals of Digital Modulation 15
2.3 Modulation Formats and Their Ideal Performance 20
2.4 Combinations of Coding and Modulation 31
2.5 Experimental Work 40
2.6 Summary and Conclusions 54
References 56
3 Advances in Detection and Error Correction for Coherent Optical Communications: Regular, Irregular, and Spatially Coupled LDPC Code Designs 65
Laurent Schmalen, Stephan ten Brink, and Andreas Leven
3.1 Introduction 65
3.2 Differential Coding for Optical Communications 67
3.3 LDPC-Coded Differential Modulation 83
3.4 Coded Differential Modulation with Spatially Coupled LDPC Codes 101
3.5 Conclusions 112
Appendix: LDPC-Coded Differential Modulation--Decoding Algorithms 112
Differential Decoding 114
LDPC Decoding 115
References 117
4 Spectrally Efficient Multiplexing: Nyquist-WDM 123
Gabriella Bosco
4.1 Introduction 123
4.2 Nyquist Signaling Schemes 125
4.3 Detection of a Nyquist-WDM Signal 134
4.4 Practical Nyquist-WDM Transmitter Implementations 137
4.5 Nyquist-WDM Transmission 146
4.6 Conclusions 149
References 150
5 Spectrally Efficient Multiplexing - OFDM 157
An Li, Di Che, Qian Hu, Xi Chen, and William Shieh
5.1 OFDM Basics 158
5.2 Coherent Optical OFDM (CO-OFDM) 161
5.3 Direct-Detection Optical OFDM (DDO-OFDM) 169
5.4 Self-Coherent Optical OFDM 174
5.5 Discrete Fourier Transform Spread OFDM System (DFT-S OFDM) 180
5.6 OFDM-Based Superchannel Transmissions 183
5.7 Summary 193
References 194
6 Polarization and Nonlinear Impairments in Fiber Communication Systems 201
Chongjin Xie
6.1 Introduction 201
6.2 Polarization of Light 202
6.3 PMD and PDL in Optical Communication Systems 206
6.4 Modeling of Nonlinear Effects in Optical Fibers 209
6.5 Coherent Optical Communication Systems and Signal Equalization 211
6.6 PMD and PDL Impairments in Coherent Systems 215
6.7 Nonlinear Impairments in Coherent Systems 228
6.8 Summary 240
References 241
7 Analytical Modeling of the Impact of Fiber Non-Linear Propagation on Coherent Systems and Networks 247
Pierluigi Poggiolini, Yanchao Jiang, Andrea Carena, and Fabrizio Forghieri
7.1 Why are Analytical Models Important? 247
7.2 Background 248
7.3 Introducing the GN-EGN Model Class 260
7.4 Model Selection Guide 269
7.5 Conclusion 294
Acknowledgements 295
Appendix 295
A.1 The White-Noise Approximation 295
A.1.2 The Link Function my 296
A.1.3 The EGN Model Formulas for the X2-X4 and M1-M3 Islands 297
A.1.4 Outline of GN-EGN Model Derivation 299
A.1.5 List of Acronyms 303
References 304
8 Digital Equalization in Coherent Optical Transmission Systems 311
Seb Savory
8.1 Introduction 311
8.2 Primer on the Mathematics of Least Squares Finite Impulse Response Filters 312
8.3 Equalization of Chromatic Dispersion 318
8.4 Equalization of Polarization-Mode Dispersion 323
8.5 Concluding Remarks and Future Research Directions 329
Acknowledgments 330
References 330
9 Nonlinear Compensation for Digital Coherent Transmission 333
Guifang Li
9.1 Introduction 333
9.2 Digital Backward Propagation (DBP) 334
9.3 Reducing DBP Complexity for Dispersion-Unmanaged WDM Transmission 339
9.4 DBP for Dispersion-Managed WDM Transmission 342
9.5 DBP for Polarization-Multiplexed Transmission 349
9.6 Future Research 350
References 351
10 Timing Synchronization in Coherent Optical Transmission Systems 355
Han Sun and Kuang-Tsan Wu
10.1 Introduction 355
10.2 Overall System Environment 357
10.3 Jitter Penalty and Jitter Sources in a Coherent System 359
10.4 Digital Phase Detectors 368
10.5 The Chromatic Dispersion Problem 383
10.6 The Polarization-Mode Dispersion Problem 386
10.7 Timing Synchronization for Coherent Optical OFDM 390
10.8 Future Research 391
References 392
11 Carrier Recovery in Coherent Optical Communication Systems 395
Xiang Zhou
11.1 Introduction 395
11.2 Optimal Carrier Recovery 397
11.3 Hardware-Efficient Phase Recovery Algorithms 399
11.4 Hardware-Efficient Frequency Recovery Algorithms 416
11.5 Equalizer-Phase Noise Interaction and its Mitigation 424
11.6 Carrier Recovery in Coherent OFDM Systems 429
11.7 Conclusions and Future Research Directions 430
References 431
12 Real-Time Implementation of High-Speed Digital Coherent Transceivers 435
Timo Pfau
12.1 Algorithm Constraints 435
12.2 Hardware Implementation of Digital Coherent Receivers 442
References 446
13 Photonic Integration 447
Po Dong and Sethumadhavan Chandrasekhar
13.1 Introduction 447
13.2 Overview of Photonic Integration Technologies 449
13.3 Transmitters 451
13.4 Receivers 459
13.5 Conclusions 467
Acknowledgments 467
References 467
14 Optical Performance Monitoring for Fiber-Optic Communication Networks 473
Faisal N. Khan, Zhenhua Dong, Chao Lu, and Alan Pak Tao Lau
14.1 Introduction 473
14.2 OPM TECHNIQUES FOR DIRECT DETECTION SYSTEMS 482
14.3 OPM For Coherent Detection Systems 490
14.4 Integrating OPM Functionalities in Networking 499
14.5 Conclusions and Outlook 499
Acknowledgments 500
References 500
15 Rate-Adaptable Optical Transmission and Elastic Optical Networks 507
Patricia Layec, Annalisa Morea, Yvan Pointurier, and Jean-Christophe Antona
15.1 Introduction 507
15.2 Key Building Blocks 511
15.3 Practical Considerations for Elastic WDM Transmission 527
15.4 Opportunities for Elastic Technologies in Core Networks 530
15.5 Long Term Opportunities 534
15.6 Conclusions 539
Acknowledgments 539
References 539
16 Space-Division Multiplexing and MIMO Processing 547
Roland Ryf and Nicolas K. Fontaine
16.1 Space-Division Multiplexing in Optical Fibers 547
16.2 Optical Fibers for SDM Transmission 548
16.3 Optical Transmission in SDM Fibers with Low Crosstalk 551
16.4 MIMO-Based Optical Transmission in SDM Fibers 553
16.5 Impulse Response in SDM Fibers with Mode Coupling 558
16.6 MIMO-Based SDM Transmission Results 566
16.7 Optical Components for SDM Transmission 568
16.8 Conclusion 593
Acknowledgments 593
References 594
Index 609
Chongjin Xie is a senior director at Ali Infrastructure Service, Alibaba Group. Before joining Alibaba Group, he was a Distinguished Member of Technical Staff at Bell Labs, Alcatel-Lucent. Dr. Xie is a fellow of OSA and senior member of IEEE. He is an associate editor of the Journal of Lightwave Technology and has served in various conference committees.
