Modeling and Control of Engines and Drivelines
Automotive Series
1. Edition April 2014
588 Pages, Hardcover
Wiley & Sons Ltd
Control systems have come to play an important role in the performance of modern vehicles with regards to meeting goals on low emissions and low fuel consumption. To achieve these goals, modeling, simulation, and analysis have become standard tools for the development of control systems in the automotive industry.
Modeling and Control of Engines and Drivelines provides an up-to-date treatment of the topic from a clear perspective of systems engineering and control systems, which are at the core of vehicle design.
This book has three main goals. The first is to provide a thorough understanding of component models as building blocks. It has therefore been important to provide measurements from real processes, to explain the underlying physics, to describe the modeling considerations, and to validate the resulting models experimentally. Second, the authors show how the models are used in the current design of control and diagnosis systems. These system designs are never used in isolation, so the third goal is to provide a complete setting for system integration and evaluation, including complete vehicle models together with actual requirements and driving cycle analysis.
Key features:
* Covers signals, systems, and control in modern vehicles
* Covers the basic dynamics of internal combustion engines and drivelines
* Provides a set of standard models and includes examples and case studies
* Covers turbo- and super-charging, and automotive dependability and diagnosis
* Accompanied by a web site hosting example models and problems and solutions
Modeling and Control of Engines and Drivelines is a comprehensive reference for graduate students and the authors' close collaboration with the automotive industry ensures that the knowledge and skills that practicing engineers need when analysing and developing new powertrain systems are also covered.
Series Preface xix
Part I VEHICLE - PROPULSION FUNDAMENTALS
1 Introduction 3
1.1 Trends 4
1.2 Vehicle Propulsion 8
1.3 Organization of the Book 11
2 Vehicle 15
2.1 Vehicle Propulsion Dynamics 15
2.2 Driving Resistance 16
2.3 Driving Resistance Models 28
2.4 Driver Behavior and Road Modeling 32
2.5 Mission Simulation 34
2.6 Vehicle Characterization/Characteristics 34
2.7 Fuel Consumption 36
2.8 Emission Regulations 39
3 Powertrain 45
3.1 Powertrain Architectures 45
3.2 Vehicle Propulsion Control 50
3.3 Torque-Based Powertrain Control 52
3.4 Hybrid Powertrains 58
3.5 Outlook and Simulation 60
Part II ENGINE - FUNDAMENTALS
4 Engine - Introduction 69
4.1 Air, Fuel, and Air/Fuel Ratio 69
4.2 Engine Geometry 73
4.3 Engine Performance 74
4.4 Downsizing and Turbocharging 77
5 Thermodynamics and Working Cycles 81
5.1 The Four-Stroke Cycle 81
5.2 Thermodynamic Cycle Analysis 85
5.3 Efficiency of Ideal Cycles 98
5.4 Models for In-Cylinder Processes 105
6 Combustion and Emissions 119
6.1 Mixture Preparation and Combustion 119
6.2 SI Engine Combustion 121
6.3 CI Engine Combustion 126
6.4 Engine Emissions 128
6.5 Exhaust Gas Treatment 137
Part III ENGINE - MODELING AND CONTROL
7 Mean Value Engine Modeling 145
7.1 Engine Sensors and Actuators 146
7.2 Flow Restriction Models 149
7.3 Throttle Flow Modeling 156
7.4 Mass Flow Into the Cylinders 159
7.5 Volumes 162
7.6 Example - Intake Manifold 166
7.7 Fuel Path and (A/F) Ratio 168
7.8 In-Cylinder Pressure and Instantaneous Torque 180
7.9 Mean Value Model for Engine Torque 186
7.10 Engine-Out Temperature 193
7.11 Heat Transfer and Exhaust Temperatures 196
7.12 Heat Exchangers and Intercoolers 203
7.13 Throttle Plate Motion 206
8 Turbocharging Basics and Models 211
8.1 Supercharging and Turbocharging Basics 211
8.2 Turbocharging Basic Principles and Performance 214
8.3 Dimensional Analysis 220
8.4 Compressor and Turbine Performance Maps 223
8.5 Turbocharger Models and Parametrizations 232
8.6 Compressor Operation and Modeling 232
8.7 Turbine Operation and Modeling 249
8.8 Transient Response and Turbo Lag 254
8.9 Example - Turbocharged SI Engine 255
8.10 Example - Turbocharged Diesel Engine 257
9 Engine Management Systems - An Introduction 263
9.1 Engine Management System (EMS) 263
9.2 Basic Functionality and Software Structure 266
9.3 Calibration and Parameter Representation 267
10 Basic Control of SI Engines 271
10.1 Three Basic SI Engine Controllers 272
10.2 Throttle Servo 279
10.3 Fuel Management and lambda Control 282
10.4 Other Factors that Influence lambda Control 294
10.5 Ignition Control 299
10.6 Idle Speed Control 306
10.7 Torque Management and Idle Speed Control 307
10.8 Turbo Control 308
10.9 Dependability and Graceful Degradation 315
11 Basic Control of Diesel Engines 317
11.1 Overview of Diesel Engine Operation and Control 317
11.2 Basic Torque Control 320
11.3 Additional Torque Controllers 322
11.4 Fuel Control 323
11.5 Control of Gas Flows 327
11.6 Case Study: EGR and VGT Control and Tuning 332
11.7 Diesel After Treatment Control 346
12 Engine-Some Advanced Concepts 349
12.1 Variable Valve Actuation 349
12.2 Variable Compression 356
12.3 Signal Interpretation and Feedback Control 361
Part IV DRIVELINE - MODELING AND CONTROL
13 Driveline Introduction 373
13.1 Driveline 373
13.2 Motivations for Driveline Modeling and Control 373
13.3 Behavior without Appropriate Control 376
13.4 Approach 380
14 Driveline Modeling 381
14.1 General Modeling Methodology 381
14.2 A Basic Complete Model - A Rigid Driveline 384
14.3 Driveline Surge 386
14.4 Additional Driveline Dynamics 391
14.5 Clutch Influence and Backlash in General 396
14.6 Modeling of Neutral Gear and Open Clutch 404
14.7 Clutch Modeling 406
14.8 Torque Converter 409
14.9 Concluding Remarks on Modeling 411
15 Driveline Control 413
15.1 Characteristics of Driveline Control 414
15.2 Basics of Driveline Control 419
15.3 Driveline Speed Control 427
15.4 Control of Driveline Torques 443
15.5 Transmission Torque Control 448
15.6 Driveshaft Torsion Control 459
15.7 Recapitulation and Concluding Remarks 467
Part V DIAGNOSIS AND DEPENDABILITY
16 Diagnosis and Dependability 473
16.1 Dependability 474
16.2 Basic Definitions and Concepts 479
16.3 Introducing Methodology 482
16.4 Engineering of Diagnosis Systems 494
16.5 Selected Automotive Applications 494
16.6 History, Legislation, and OBD 520
16.7 Legislation 521
A Thermodynamic Data and Heat Transfer Formulas 527
A.1 Thermodynamic Data and Some Constants 527
A.2 Fuel Data 528
A.3 Dimensionless Numbers 528
A.4 Heat Transfer Basics 529
References 541
Index 555
Since 1992, Lars Nielsen has been a Professor of Vehicular Systems holding the Sten Gustafsson chair at Linköping University. His main research interests are in automotive modeling, control, and diagnosis, and he has been active in all aspects of this field during its expansion and growth since the nineties. His supervision has led to thirty graduate exams, in many cases with significant industrial participation. The collaboration aspect has also been strong in his role as center director for two large centers of excellence (ECSEL 1996-2002, LINK-SIC 2010- ). In the international research community, he was the Chairman of Automotive Control within the International Federation of Automatic Control (2002-2005), and then the Chairman of all Transportation and Vehicle Systems (2005-2011). Selected national commissions of trust are Board Member of the Swedish Research Council-NT (2001-2006), and vice chair in IVA II - the electrical engineering division of the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering (2010-).
