Cognitive-Behavioral Management of Tic Disorders
1. Edition April 2005
324 Pages, Softcover
Wiley & Sons Ltd
Short Description
This book provides a review of what is known about the occurrence and diagnosis of tics. It introduces the various theories currently available to explain the causes and progression of the disorder and provides insight into the assessment and treatment options now available. This comprehensive resource is the only book available that uses the most widely accepted psychological therapy-cognitive behavior therapy-and applies it to the treatment of tics.
Tics affect more than 10% of the population, and can be an unpleasant and disruptive problem. They include chronic tic disorder, Tourette's syndrome and habit disorders such as hair pulling, nail biting and scratching. Treatment is either by medication (without convincing evidence) or psychological means. Before the introduction of habit reversal psychologists had no real alternatives to offer, and even this method lacks evidence for its efficacy and is not widely used. Illustrated throughout with case study examples and containing detailed guidelines for patient and therapist on the use of CBT, this book provides a comprehensive review of what is known about the occurrence and diagnosis of tics. Kieron O'Connor explores the various theories currently available to explain the causes and progression of these disorders, and discusses the assessment and treatment options available. Finally he takes the most widely accepted psychological therapy - cognitive behaviour therapy - and applies it for the first time to the treatment of tics.
Preface.
Acknowledgments.
Chapter 1: The Nature of Tic Disorders.
Definition.
Diagnosis.
What counts as a tic?
Comorbidity and covariation.
Secondary distress.
Prevalence.
Relationship of tics with other disruptive behaviors.
Distinguishing impulsions and compulsions: sensory tics, cognitive tics and obsessions.
Emotional associations.
Self-management strategies.
Coping strategies maintaining the tic cycle.
Functional analysis and situational variability.
Conclusions.
Chapter 2: Understanding Tic Disorders: Etiological Models.
Overview of neurobiological models.
Neurophysiological studies.
Neurobiological treatments.
Genetic factors.
Psychosocial factors.
Neuropsychological aspects.
Emotional regulation.
Learning model.
Psychological treatments.
Behavioral approaches.
Abbreviated versions of habit reversal.
Other tension prevention and exposure techniques.
Conclusions.
Chapter 3: Motor Processing in Tic Disorders.
Motor processing.
Psychology of action.
Tics as behavioral acts.
Human ecology of action.
Motor psychophysiology.
Chronic muscle tension.
The role of frustration in tic onset.
Tic onset and muscle use: the frustration-action/tense-release cycle.
Perfectionist styles of action.
Heightened sensorimotor awareness.
Dysregulation of motor activation cycle and sensory feedback mechanisms.
A cognitive-behavioral/motorpsychophysiological model of tic disorder.
Clinical implications.
Conclusions.
Chapter 4: Empirical Studies Testing the Cognitive-psychophysiological Model.
Overview.
Behavioral activity associated with tic onset in chronic tic and habit disorders.
Validation of a style of planning action (STOP) as a discriminator between tic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder and generalized anxiety.
Brain-behavior relations during motor processing in chronic tic and habit disorders.
A cognitive-behavioral program for the management of chronic tic disorders.
Does behavior therapy modify visuo-motor performance in chronic tic disorder?
Conclusions.
Chapter 5: Future Directions.
The cognitive-behavioral/psychophysiological conceptualization of tic disorders.
Implications for future research.
The TS-OCD spectrum.
Separating impulse from compulse: the case of cognitive tics.
Adaptation of the program to children and to other groups with special needs.
Application of the program to other tension problems.
Chapter 6: Therapist Manual.
Overview of the program.
Assessment procedures.
Ten-stage program.
Session by session protocol.
Trouble-shooting guide.
Case illustrations.
Chapter 7: Client Manual.
Introduction: who is the manual for?
About tics.
A cognitive-behavioral management approach to changing habits.
Overview of tic management model.
Motivation.
Mind over muscle.
Awareness training.
Identifying high- and low-risk activities, and associated thoughts and feelings.
Muscle discrimination exercises.
Relaxing in three dimensions.
Refocusing sensations.
Thinking in action.
Rethinking your thinking.
Beliefs relevant to planning action.
Motor and behavioral restructuring.
Maintaining the new behavior.
Conclusions.
Appendices.
Appendix 1: Questionnaires 1a-1h.
Appendix 2: Manual worksheets 2a-2j.
Appendix 3: Cognitive tics: special Considerations.
Appendix 4: Tic-monitoring diary.
Appendix 5: Graphic examples from daily diaries.
Appendix 6: Daily diary forms and questionnaire.
Appendix 7: Tic quiz.
Appendix 8: Follow-up questionnaire.
Appendix 9: Answers to tic quiz.
References.
Index.