Organic Coatings
Science and Technology
4. Edition November 2017
512 Pages, Hardcover
Wiley & Sons Ltd
ISBN:
978-1-119-02689-1
John Wiley & Sons
The definitive guide to organic coatings, thoroughly revised and updated--now with coverage of a range of topics not covered in previous editions
Organic Coatings: Science and Technology, Fourth Edition offers unparalleled coverageof organic coatings technology and its many applications. Written by three leading industry experts (including a new, internationally-recognized coatings scientist) it presents a systematic survey of the field, revises and updates the material from the previous edition, and features new or additional treatment of such topics as superhydrophobic, ice-phobic, antimicrobial, and self-healing coatings; sustainability, artist paints, and exterior architectural primers. making it even more relevant and useful for scientists and engineers in the field, as well as for students in coatings courses.
The book incorporates up-to-date coverage of recent developments in the field with detailed discussions of the principles underlying the technology and their applications in the development, production, and uses of organic coatings. All chapters in this new edition have been updated to assure consistency and to enable extensive cross-referencing. The material presented is also applicable to the related areas of printing inks and adhesives, as well as areas within the plastics industry.
This new edition
* Completely revises outdated chapters to ensure consistency and to enable extensive cross-referencing
* Correlates the empirical technology of coatings with the underlying science throughout
* Provides expert troubleshooting guidance for coatings scientists and technologists
* Features hundreds of illustrative figures and extensive references to the literature
* A new, internationally-recognized coatings scientist brings fresh perspective to the content.
Providing a broad overview for beginners in the field of organic coatings and a handy reference for seasoned professionals, Organic Coatings: Science and Technology, Fourth Edition, gives you the information and answers you need, when you need them.
Chapter 1. Introduction to Coatings
1.1. Definitions and Scope
1.2. Types of Coatings
1.3. Composition of Coatings
1.4. Coating History
1.5. Commercial Considerations
Chapter 2. Polymerization and Film Formation
2.1. Polymers
2.1.1. Molecular Weight (MW)
2.1.2. Morphology and Glass Transition Temperature, Tg
2.2. Polymerization
2.2.1. Chain-Growth Polymerization; Living Polymerizations
2.2.2. Step-Growth Polymerization
2.3. Film Formation
2.3.1. Film Formation by Solvent Evaporation from Solutions of Thermoplastic Binders
2.3.2. Film Formation from Solutions of Thermosetting Resins
2.3.3. Film Formation by Coalescence of Polymer Particles
Chapter 3. Flow
3.1. Shear Flow
3.2. Types of Shear Flow
3.3. Determination of Shear Viscosity
3.3.1. Capillary Viscometers
3.3.2. Rheometers
3.3.3. Rotating Disk Viscometers
3.3.4. Bubble Viscometers
3.3.5. Efflux Cups
3.3.6. Paddle Viscometers
3.4. Shear Viscosity of Resin Solutions
3.4.1. Temperature Dependence of Viscosity
3.4.2. Dilute Polymer Solution Viscosity
3.4.3. Concentrated Polymer Solution Viscosity
3.5. Viscosity of Liquids with Dispersed Phases
3.5.1. Thickeners for Latex Coatings
3.6. Other Modes of Flow
3.6.1. Turbulent Flow
3.6.2. Normal Force Flow
3.6.3. Extensional Flow
Chapter 4. Mechanical Properties
4.1. Introduction
4.2. Basic Mechanical Properties
4.2.1 Glass Transition Temperature (Tg)
4.2.2 Viscoelasticity
4.2.3. Dynamic Mechanical Behavior
4.3. Formulation, Process, and Structure Effects
4.4. Fracture Mechanics
4.5. Abrasion, Scratch, and Mar Resistance
4.5.1. Abrasion Resistance
4.5.2. Scratch and Mar Resistance
4.6. Measurement of Mechanical Properties
4.7. Tests of Coatings on Substrates
4.7.1. Field Exposure Tests
4.7.2. Laboratory Simulation Tests
4.7.3. Empirical Tests
Chapter 5. Exterior Durability
5.1. Photoinitiated Oxidative Degradation
5.2. Photostabilization
5.2.1. UV Absorbers and Excited State Quenchers
5.2.2. Antioxidants
5.2.3. Hindered Amine Light Stabilizers
5.2.4. Pigmentation Effects
5.3. Degradation of Chlorinated Resins
5.4. Hydrolytic Degradation
5.5. Other Modes of Failure on Exterior Exposure
5.6. Testing for Exterior Durability
5.6.1. Natural Weathering
5.6.2. Accelerated Outdoor Exposure
5.6.3. Accelerated Laboratory Weathering Devices
5.6.4. Analysis of Coating Changes During Weathering
5.7. Service Life Prediction
Chapter 6. Adhesion
6.1. Mechanisms of Adhesion
6.1.1. Surface Mechanical Effects on Adhesion
6.1.2. Relationships Between Wetting and Adhesion
6.2. Mechanical Stresses and Adhesion
6.3. Adhesion to Metal Surfaces
6.3.1. Conversion Coating and Pretreatment of Metal Substrates
6.4. Characterization of Surfaces
6.5. Organic Chemical Treatment of Substrates to Enhance Adhesion
6.6. Covalent Bonding to Glass and Metal Substrates
6.7. Adhesion to Plastics and to Coatings
6.8. Testing for Adhesion
Chapter 7. Corrosion Protection by Coatings
7.1. Corrosion Basics
7.2. Corrosion of Uncoated Steel
7.3. Corrosion Protection of Metals
7.3.1. Passivation--Anodic Protection
7.3.2. Cathodic Protection
7.3.3. Barrier Protection and Inhibition
7.4. Corrosion Protection by Intact Coatings
7.4.1. Critical Factors
7.4.2. Adhesion for Corrosion Protection
7.4.3. Factors Affecting Oxygen and Water Permeability
7.5. Corrosion Protection by Nonintact Films
7.5.1. Minimizing Growth of Imperfections--Cathodic Delamination
7.5.2. Primers with Passivating Pigments
7.5.3. Cathodic Protection by Zinc-Rich Primers
7.5.4. Smart Corrosion Control Coatings
7.6. Evaluation and Testing
Chapter 8. Acrylic Resins
8.1. Thermoplastic Acrylic Resins
8.2. Thermosetting Acrylic Resins
8.2.1. Hydroxy-Functional Acrylics
8.2.2. Acrylics Having Other Functional Groups
8.3. Water-Reducible Thermosetting Acrylic Resins
Chapter 9. Latexes
9.1. Emulsion Polymerization
9.1.1. Raw Materials for Emulsion Polymerization
9.1.2. Emulsion Polymerization Variables
9.1.3. Sequential Polymerization
9.2. Acrylic Latexes
9.3. Vinyl Ester Latexes
9.4. Thermosetting Latexes
9.4.1. One-Package Thermosetting Latex Coatings that Require Baking for Cure
9.4.2. Two-package (2K) Thermosetting Latex Coatings that do not Require Baking
9.4.3. One-package Thermosetting Latex Coatings that do not Require Baking
Chapter 10. Polyester Resins
10.1. Hydroxy-Terminated Polyesters for Conventional Solids Coatings
10.1.1. Selection of Polyols
10.1.2. Selection of Polyacids
10.2. Polyester Resins for High Solids Coatings
10.3. Carboxylic Acid-Terminated Polyester Resins
10.4. Carbamate-Functional Polyester Resins
10.5. Water-Reducible Polyester Resins
10.6. Polyester Resins for Powder Coatings
Chapter 11. Amino Resins
11.1. Synthesis of Melamine-Formaldehyde Resins
11.1.1. The Methylolation Reaction
11.1.2. The Etherification Reaction
11.1.3. Self-Condensation Reactions
11.2. Types of MF Resins
11.3. MF Polyol Reactions in Coatings
11.3.1. Catalysis of MF-Polyol Reactions
11.3.2. Kinetics and Mechanism of MF-Polyol Co-condensation
11.3.3. Package Stability Considerations
11.3.4. MF Resin Reactions with Carboxylic Acids, Urethanes, Carbamates, and Malonate-Blocked Isocyanates
11.4. Other Amino Resins
11.4.1. Urea-Formaldehyde Resins
11.4.2. Benzoguanamine-Formaldehyde Resins
11.4.3. Glycoluril-Formaldehyde Resins
11.4.4. Poly(meth)acrylamide-Formaldehyde Resins
Chapter 12. Polyurethanes and Polyisocyanates
12.1. Reactions of Isocyanates
12.2. Kinetics of Isocyanate Reactions with Alcohols
12.2.1. Noncatalyzed Reactions
12.2.2. Catalysts
12.2.3. Interrelationships in Catalysis
12.3. Isocyanates Used in Coatings
12.3.1. Aromatic Isocyanates
12.3.2. Aliphatic Isocyanates
12.4. Two Package (2K) Solventborne Urethane Coatings
12.4.1. 2K Polyurea Coatings
12.5. Blocked Isocyanates
12.5.1. Principles of Blocking and Deblocking
12.5.2. Blocking Groups
12.5.3. Catalysis of Blocked Isocyanate Coatings
12.6. Moisture-Curable Urethane Coatings
12.7. Waterborne Polyurethane Coatings
12.7.1. Polyurethane Dispersions
12.7.2. Acrylic/Polyurethane Blends and Hybrid Dispersions
12.7.2.1. Cross-linked PUD/Acrylate Systems
12.7.3. 2K Waterborne Urethanes
12.8. Hydroxy-Terminated Polyurethanes
Chapter 13. Epoxy and Phenolic Resins
13.1. Epoxy Resins
13.1.1. Bisphenol A Epoxy Resins
13.1.2. Other Epoxy Resins
13.2. Amine Cross-linked Epoxy Resins
13.2.1. Pot Life and Cure Time Considerations
13.2.2. Toxicity and Stoichiometric Considerations
13.2.3. Graininess and Blushing
13.2.4. Tg Considerations
13.2.5. Other Formulating Considerations
13.2.6. Waterborne Epoxy-Amine Systems
13.3. Other Cross-Linking Agents for Epoxy Resins
13.3.1. Phenols
13.3.2. Carboxylic Acids and Anhydrides
13.3.3. Hydroxyl Groups
13.3.4. Mercaptans
13.3.5. Homopolymerization
13.4. Water-Reducible Epoxy/Acrylic Graft Copolymers; Epoxy Acrylic Hybrids
13.5. Epoxy Resin Phosphate Esters
13.6. Phenolic Resins
13.6.1. Resole Phenolic Resins
13.6.2. Novolac Phenolic Resins
13.6.3. Ether Derivatives of Phenolic Resins
Chapter 14. Drying Oils
14.1. Compositions of Natural Oils
14.2. Autoxidation and Cross-Linking
14.2.1. Nonconjugated Drying Oils
14.2.2. Catalysis of Autoxidation and Cross-Linking
14.2.3. Conjugated Drying Oils
14.3. Synthetic and Modified Drying Oils
14.3.1. Heat Bodied Oils, Blown Oils, and Dimer Acids
14.3.2. Varnishes
14.3.3. Synthetic Conjugated Oils
14.3.4. Esters of Higher Functionality Polyols
14.3.5. Maleated Oils
14.3.6. Vinyl-Modified Oils
Chapter 15. Alkyd Resins
15.1. Oxidizing Alkyds
15.1.1. Monobasic Acid Selection
15.1.2. Polyol Selection
15.1.3. Dibasic Acid Selection
15.2. High Solids Oxidizing Alkyds
15.3. Water-Borne Oxidizing Alkyds
15.3.1. Water-Reducible Alkyds
15.3.2. Alkyd Emulsions
15.4. Nonoxidizing Alkyds
15.5. Synthetic Procedures for Alkyd Resins
15.5.1. Synthesis from Oils or Fatty Acids
15.5.2. Process Variations
15.6. Modified Alkyds
15.7. Uralkyds and Other Autoxidizable Urethanes
15.7.1. Uralkyds
15.7.2. Autoxidizable Polyurethane Dispersions
15.8. Epoxy Esters
Chapter 16. Silicon Derivatives
16.1. Silicones
16.1.1. Silicone Rubbers and Resins
16.1.2. Modified Silicone Resins
16.1.3. Silicone-Modified Resins
16.2. Reactive Silanes
16.3. Orthosilicates
16.3.1. Sol-Gel Coatings
Chapter 17. Other Resins and Cross-linkers
17.1. Halogenated Polymers
17.1.1. Solution Grade Thermoplastic Vinyl Chloride Copolymers
17.1.2. Vinyl chloride Dispersion Copolymers
17.1.3. Chlorinated Rubber, Chlorinated Ethylene/Vinyl Acetate Copolymer, and Chlorinated Polyethylene
17.1.4. Fluorinated Polymers
17.2. Cellulose Derivatives Soluble in Organic Solvents
17.2.1. Nitrocellulose
17.2.2. Cellulose Acetobutyrate
17.3. Unsaturated Polyester Resins
17.4. (Meth)acrylated Oligomers
17.5. 2-Hydroxyalkylamide Cross-Linkers
17.6. Acetoacetate Cross-Linking Systems
17.7. Polyaziridine Cross-Linkers
17.8. Polycarbodiimide Cross-Linkers
17.9. Polycarbonates
17.10. Non-Isocyanate Two-Package Binders
17.10.1. Carbamate-Aldehyde Chemistry
17.10.2. Michael Addition Chemistry
17.11. Dihydrazides
Chapter 18. Solvents
18.1. Solvent Composition
18.2. Solubility
18.2.1. Solubility Parameters
18.2.2. Three-Dimensional Solubility Parameters
18.2.3. Other Solubility Theories
18.2.4. Practical Considerations
18.3. Solvent Evaporation Rates
18.3.1. Evaporation of Single Solvents
18.3.2. Relative Evaporation Rates
18.3.3. Evaporation of Mixed Solvents
18.3.4. Evaporation of Solvents from Coating Films
18.3.5. Evaporation of Solvents from High Solids Coatings
18.3.6. Volatile Loss from Waterborne Coatings
18.4. Viscosity Effects
18.5. Flammability
18.6. Other Physical Properties
18.7. Toxic Hazards
18.8. Atmospheric Photochemical Effects
18.9. Regulation of Solvent Emission from Coatings
18.9.1. Determination of VOC
18.9.2. Regulations
Chapter 19. Color and Appearance
19.1. Light
19.2. Light-Object Interactions
19.2.1. Surface Reflection
19.2.2. Absorption Effects
19.2.3. Scattering
19.2.4. Multiple Interaction Effects
19.3. Hiding
19.4. Metallic and Interference Colors
19.5. The Observer
19.6. Interactions of Light Source, Object, and Observer
19.7. Color Systems
19.8. Color Mixing
19.9. Color Matching
19.9.1. Information Requirements
19.9.2. Color Matching Procedures
19.9.3. Rendering of Color
19.10. Gloss
19.10.1. Variables in Specular Gloss
19.10.2. Gloss Measurement
Chapter 20. Pigments
20.1. White Pigments
20.1.1. Titanium Dioxide
20.1.2. Other White Pigments
20.2. Color Pigments
20.2.1. Yellow and Orange Pigments
20.2.2. Red Pigments
20.2.3. Blue and Green Pigments
20.2.4. Black Pigments
20.2.5. Effect Pigments: Metallic, Interference, and Cholesteric Pigments
20.3. Inert Pigments
20.4. Functional Pigments
20.5. Nano-Pigments
Chapter 21. Pigment Dispersion
21.1. Dispersion in Organic Media
21.1.1. Wetting
21.1.2. Separation
21.1.3. Stabilization
21.2. Formulation of Nonaqueous Mill Bases
21.2.1. Daniel Flow Point Method
21.2.2. Oil Absorption Values
21.3. Dispersions in Aqueous Media
21.3.1. Stabilization of aqueous dispersions
21.4. Dispersion Equipment and Processes
21.4.1. High-Speed Disk (HSD) Dispersers
21.4.2. Rotor/Stator Mixers
21.4.3. Ball Mills
21.4.4. Media Mills
21.4.5. Three Roll and Two Roll Mills
21.4.6. Extruders
21.4.7. Ultrasound
21.4.8. Stir-in Pigments
21.5. Evaluation of Dispersions
Chapter 22. Effect of Pigments on Coating Properties
22.1. PVC and CPVC
22.1.1. Factors Controlling CPVC
22.1.2. Determination of CPVC
22.1.3. CPVC of Latex Coatings
22.2. Relationships Between Film Properties and PVC
22.2.1. Mechanical Properties
22.2.2. Effects of Porosity
22.2.3. Effects on Curing and Film Formation
Chapter 23. Application Methods
23.1. Brushes, Pads, and Hand Rollers
23.1.1. Brush and Pad Application
23.1.2. Hand Roller Application
23.2. Spray Application
23.2.1. Air Spray Guns
23.2.2. Airless Spray Guns
23.2.3. Electrostatic Spraying
23.2.4. Hot Spray
23.2.5. Supercritical Fluid Spray
23.2.6. Formulation Considerations for Spray-Applied Coatings
22.2.7. Overspray Disposal
23.3. Dip and Flow Coating
23.4. Roll Coating
23.5. Curtain Coating
Chapter 24. Film Defects
24.1. Surface Tension
24.2. Leveling
24.3. Sagging and Drip Marks
24.4. Crawling, Cratering, and Related Defects
24.5. Floating and Flooding; Hammer Finishes
24.6. Wrinkling; Wrinkle Finishes
24.7. Bubbling and Popping
24.8. Foaming
24.9. Dirt
Chapter 25. Solventborne and High Solids Coatings
25.1. Primers
25.1.1. Binders for Primers
25.1.2. Pigmentation of Primers
25.1.3. High Solids Primers
25.2. Top Coats
25.2.1. Binders for Top Coats
25.2.2. Formulating Solventborne Coatings for Lower VOC
Chapter 26. Waterborne Coatings
26.1. Water-Reducible Coatings
26.2. Latex-Based Coatings
26.3. Emulsion Coatings
Chapter 27. Electrodeposition Coatings
27.1. Anionic Electrodeposition Coatings
27.2. Cationic Electrodeposition Coatings
27.3. Effect of Variables on Electrodeposition
27.4. Application of Electrodeposition Coatings
27.5. Advantages and Disadvantages of Electrodeposition
27.6. Autodeposition Coatings
Chapter 28. Powder Coatings
28.1. Binders for Thermosetting Powder Coatings
28.1.1. Epoxy Binders
28.1.2. Hybrid Binders
28.1.3. Polyester Binders
28.1.4. Acrylic Binders
28.1.5. Silicon-Containing Binders
28.1.6. UV Cure and Hot Press Powder Coatings
28.2. Binders for Thermoplastic Powder Coatings
28.3. Formulation of Thermosetting Powder Coatings
28.3.1. Low Gloss Powder Coatings
28.4. Manufacture of Powder Coatings
28.4.1. Production
28.4.2. Quality Control
28.5. Application Methods
28.5.1. Electrostatic Spray Application
28.5.2. Other Application Methods
28.6. Advantages and Limitations
Chapter 29. Radiation Cure Coatings
29.1. UV Curing
29.1.1. Absorption - the Primary Process
29.2. Free Radical Initiated UV Cure
29.2.1. Unimolecular (Type I or PI1) Photoinitiators
29.2.2. Bimolecular (Type II or PI2) Photoinitiators
29.2.3. Macromolecular Photoinitiators
29.2.4. Oxygen Inhibition
29.2.5. Vehicles for Free Radical Initiated UV Cure
29.2.6. Waterborne UV Cure Coatings
29.3. Cationic UV Cure
29.3.1. Vehicles for Cationic UV Cure
29.4. Hybrid Free Radical/Cationic Polymerization
29.5. Effects of Pigmentation
29.6. Electron Beam Cure Coatings
29.7. Dual UV/Thermal Cure
29.8, Selected Applications
29.9. Advantages, Disadvantages and Selected Advances
Chapter 30. Product Coatings for Metal Substrates
30.1. OEM Automotive Coatings
30.1.1. Automotive Paint Process
30.1.2. Electrodeposition Coating Formulation
30.1.3. Automotive Primers
30.1.4. Automotive Basecoats
30.1.5. Automotive Clearcoats
30.1.6. Factory Repair Procedures
30.2. Appliance Coatings
30.3. Container Coatings
30.3.1. Interior Can Linings
30.3.2. Exterior Can Coatings
30.4. Coil Coating
30.4.1. Advantages and Limitations of Coil Coating
30.5. Coatings for Aircraft
Chapter 31. Product Coatings for Nonmetallic Substrates
31.1. Coatings for Wood
31.1.1. Coatings for Wood Furniture
31.1.2. Waterborne Wood Finishes
31.1.3. UV-Cured Furniture Finishes
31.1.4. Panel, Siding and Flooring Finishes
31.2. Coating of Plastics
31.2.1. In-Mold Coating
31.2.2. Post-Mold Coating
Chapter 32. Architectural Coatings
32.1. Exterior House Paints and Primers
32.2. Flat and Semigloss Interior Paints
32.3. Gloss Enamels
32.3.1. Alkyd Gloss Enamels
32.3.2. Latex Gloss Enamels
Chapter 33. Special Purpose Coatings
33.1. Maintenance Paints
33.1.1. Barrier Coating Systems
33.1.2. Systems with Zinc-Rich Primers
33.1.3. Systems with Passivating Pigment Containing Primers
33.1.4. Overcoating Existing Industrial Maintenance Paints
33.2. Marine Coatings
33.2.1. Above the Water Line and Interior
33.2.2. At and Below the Water Line
33.2.3. Other Types of Marine Coatings
33.3. Automobile Refinish Paints
33.4. Traffic Striping Paints
Chapter 34. Functional Coatings
34.1. Superhydrophobic and Superhydrophilic Coatings
34.2. Ice-phobic Coatings
34.3. Self-Healing Coatings
34.4. Environmentally Sensing Coatings
34.5. Antimicrobial Coatings
1.1. Definitions and Scope
1.2. Types of Coatings
1.3. Composition of Coatings
1.4. Coating History
1.5. Commercial Considerations
Chapter 2. Polymerization and Film Formation
2.1. Polymers
2.1.1. Molecular Weight (MW)
2.1.2. Morphology and Glass Transition Temperature, Tg
2.2. Polymerization
2.2.1. Chain-Growth Polymerization; Living Polymerizations
2.2.2. Step-Growth Polymerization
2.3. Film Formation
2.3.1. Film Formation by Solvent Evaporation from Solutions of Thermoplastic Binders
2.3.2. Film Formation from Solutions of Thermosetting Resins
2.3.3. Film Formation by Coalescence of Polymer Particles
Chapter 3. Flow
3.1. Shear Flow
3.2. Types of Shear Flow
3.3. Determination of Shear Viscosity
3.3.1. Capillary Viscometers
3.3.2. Rheometers
3.3.3. Rotating Disk Viscometers
3.3.4. Bubble Viscometers
3.3.5. Efflux Cups
3.3.6. Paddle Viscometers
3.4. Shear Viscosity of Resin Solutions
3.4.1. Temperature Dependence of Viscosity
3.4.2. Dilute Polymer Solution Viscosity
3.4.3. Concentrated Polymer Solution Viscosity
3.5. Viscosity of Liquids with Dispersed Phases
3.5.1. Thickeners for Latex Coatings
3.6. Other Modes of Flow
3.6.1. Turbulent Flow
3.6.2. Normal Force Flow
3.6.3. Extensional Flow
Chapter 4. Mechanical Properties
4.1. Introduction
4.2. Basic Mechanical Properties
4.2.1 Glass Transition Temperature (Tg)
4.2.2 Viscoelasticity
4.2.3. Dynamic Mechanical Behavior
4.3. Formulation, Process, and Structure Effects
4.4. Fracture Mechanics
4.5. Abrasion, Scratch, and Mar Resistance
4.5.1. Abrasion Resistance
4.5.2. Scratch and Mar Resistance
4.6. Measurement of Mechanical Properties
4.7. Tests of Coatings on Substrates
4.7.1. Field Exposure Tests
4.7.2. Laboratory Simulation Tests
4.7.3. Empirical Tests
Chapter 5. Exterior Durability
5.1. Photoinitiated Oxidative Degradation
5.2. Photostabilization
5.2.1. UV Absorbers and Excited State Quenchers
5.2.2. Antioxidants
5.2.3. Hindered Amine Light Stabilizers
5.2.4. Pigmentation Effects
5.3. Degradation of Chlorinated Resins
5.4. Hydrolytic Degradation
5.5. Other Modes of Failure on Exterior Exposure
5.6. Testing for Exterior Durability
5.6.1. Natural Weathering
5.6.2. Accelerated Outdoor Exposure
5.6.3. Accelerated Laboratory Weathering Devices
5.6.4. Analysis of Coating Changes During Weathering
5.7. Service Life Prediction
Chapter 6. Adhesion
6.1. Mechanisms of Adhesion
6.1.1. Surface Mechanical Effects on Adhesion
6.1.2. Relationships Between Wetting and Adhesion
6.2. Mechanical Stresses and Adhesion
6.3. Adhesion to Metal Surfaces
6.3.1. Conversion Coating and Pretreatment of Metal Substrates
6.4. Characterization of Surfaces
6.5. Organic Chemical Treatment of Substrates to Enhance Adhesion
6.6. Covalent Bonding to Glass and Metal Substrates
6.7. Adhesion to Plastics and to Coatings
6.8. Testing for Adhesion
Chapter 7. Corrosion Protection by Coatings
7.1. Corrosion Basics
7.2. Corrosion of Uncoated Steel
7.3. Corrosion Protection of Metals
7.3.1. Passivation--Anodic Protection
7.3.2. Cathodic Protection
7.3.3. Barrier Protection and Inhibition
7.4. Corrosion Protection by Intact Coatings
7.4.1. Critical Factors
7.4.2. Adhesion for Corrosion Protection
7.4.3. Factors Affecting Oxygen and Water Permeability
7.5. Corrosion Protection by Nonintact Films
7.5.1. Minimizing Growth of Imperfections--Cathodic Delamination
7.5.2. Primers with Passivating Pigments
7.5.3. Cathodic Protection by Zinc-Rich Primers
7.5.4. Smart Corrosion Control Coatings
7.6. Evaluation and Testing
Chapter 8. Acrylic Resins
8.1. Thermoplastic Acrylic Resins
8.2. Thermosetting Acrylic Resins
8.2.1. Hydroxy-Functional Acrylics
8.2.2. Acrylics Having Other Functional Groups
8.3. Water-Reducible Thermosetting Acrylic Resins
Chapter 9. Latexes
9.1. Emulsion Polymerization
9.1.1. Raw Materials for Emulsion Polymerization
9.1.2. Emulsion Polymerization Variables
9.1.3. Sequential Polymerization
9.2. Acrylic Latexes
9.3. Vinyl Ester Latexes
9.4. Thermosetting Latexes
9.4.1. One-Package Thermosetting Latex Coatings that Require Baking for Cure
9.4.2. Two-package (2K) Thermosetting Latex Coatings that do not Require Baking
9.4.3. One-package Thermosetting Latex Coatings that do not Require Baking
Chapter 10. Polyester Resins
10.1. Hydroxy-Terminated Polyesters for Conventional Solids Coatings
10.1.1. Selection of Polyols
10.1.2. Selection of Polyacids
10.2. Polyester Resins for High Solids Coatings
10.3. Carboxylic Acid-Terminated Polyester Resins
10.4. Carbamate-Functional Polyester Resins
10.5. Water-Reducible Polyester Resins
10.6. Polyester Resins for Powder Coatings
Chapter 11. Amino Resins
11.1. Synthesis of Melamine-Formaldehyde Resins
11.1.1. The Methylolation Reaction
11.1.2. The Etherification Reaction
11.1.3. Self-Condensation Reactions
11.2. Types of MF Resins
11.3. MF Polyol Reactions in Coatings
11.3.1. Catalysis of MF-Polyol Reactions
11.3.2. Kinetics and Mechanism of MF-Polyol Co-condensation
11.3.3. Package Stability Considerations
11.3.4. MF Resin Reactions with Carboxylic Acids, Urethanes, Carbamates, and Malonate-Blocked Isocyanates
11.4. Other Amino Resins
11.4.1. Urea-Formaldehyde Resins
11.4.2. Benzoguanamine-Formaldehyde Resins
11.4.3. Glycoluril-Formaldehyde Resins
11.4.4. Poly(meth)acrylamide-Formaldehyde Resins
Chapter 12. Polyurethanes and Polyisocyanates
12.1. Reactions of Isocyanates
12.2. Kinetics of Isocyanate Reactions with Alcohols
12.2.1. Noncatalyzed Reactions
12.2.2. Catalysts
12.2.3. Interrelationships in Catalysis
12.3. Isocyanates Used in Coatings
12.3.1. Aromatic Isocyanates
12.3.2. Aliphatic Isocyanates
12.4. Two Package (2K) Solventborne Urethane Coatings
12.4.1. 2K Polyurea Coatings
12.5. Blocked Isocyanates
12.5.1. Principles of Blocking and Deblocking
12.5.2. Blocking Groups
12.5.3. Catalysis of Blocked Isocyanate Coatings
12.6. Moisture-Curable Urethane Coatings
12.7. Waterborne Polyurethane Coatings
12.7.1. Polyurethane Dispersions
12.7.2. Acrylic/Polyurethane Blends and Hybrid Dispersions
12.7.2.1. Cross-linked PUD/Acrylate Systems
12.7.3. 2K Waterborne Urethanes
12.8. Hydroxy-Terminated Polyurethanes
Chapter 13. Epoxy and Phenolic Resins
13.1. Epoxy Resins
13.1.1. Bisphenol A Epoxy Resins
13.1.2. Other Epoxy Resins
13.2. Amine Cross-linked Epoxy Resins
13.2.1. Pot Life and Cure Time Considerations
13.2.2. Toxicity and Stoichiometric Considerations
13.2.3. Graininess and Blushing
13.2.4. Tg Considerations
13.2.5. Other Formulating Considerations
13.2.6. Waterborne Epoxy-Amine Systems
13.3. Other Cross-Linking Agents for Epoxy Resins
13.3.1. Phenols
13.3.2. Carboxylic Acids and Anhydrides
13.3.3. Hydroxyl Groups
13.3.4. Mercaptans
13.3.5. Homopolymerization
13.4. Water-Reducible Epoxy/Acrylic Graft Copolymers; Epoxy Acrylic Hybrids
13.5. Epoxy Resin Phosphate Esters
13.6. Phenolic Resins
13.6.1. Resole Phenolic Resins
13.6.2. Novolac Phenolic Resins
13.6.3. Ether Derivatives of Phenolic Resins
Chapter 14. Drying Oils
14.1. Compositions of Natural Oils
14.2. Autoxidation and Cross-Linking
14.2.1. Nonconjugated Drying Oils
14.2.2. Catalysis of Autoxidation and Cross-Linking
14.2.3. Conjugated Drying Oils
14.3. Synthetic and Modified Drying Oils
14.3.1. Heat Bodied Oils, Blown Oils, and Dimer Acids
14.3.2. Varnishes
14.3.3. Synthetic Conjugated Oils
14.3.4. Esters of Higher Functionality Polyols
14.3.5. Maleated Oils
14.3.6. Vinyl-Modified Oils
Chapter 15. Alkyd Resins
15.1. Oxidizing Alkyds
15.1.1. Monobasic Acid Selection
15.1.2. Polyol Selection
15.1.3. Dibasic Acid Selection
15.2. High Solids Oxidizing Alkyds
15.3. Water-Borne Oxidizing Alkyds
15.3.1. Water-Reducible Alkyds
15.3.2. Alkyd Emulsions
15.4. Nonoxidizing Alkyds
15.5. Synthetic Procedures for Alkyd Resins
15.5.1. Synthesis from Oils or Fatty Acids
15.5.2. Process Variations
15.6. Modified Alkyds
15.7. Uralkyds and Other Autoxidizable Urethanes
15.7.1. Uralkyds
15.7.2. Autoxidizable Polyurethane Dispersions
15.8. Epoxy Esters
Chapter 16. Silicon Derivatives
16.1. Silicones
16.1.1. Silicone Rubbers and Resins
16.1.2. Modified Silicone Resins
16.1.3. Silicone-Modified Resins
16.2. Reactive Silanes
16.3. Orthosilicates
16.3.1. Sol-Gel Coatings
Chapter 17. Other Resins and Cross-linkers
17.1. Halogenated Polymers
17.1.1. Solution Grade Thermoplastic Vinyl Chloride Copolymers
17.1.2. Vinyl chloride Dispersion Copolymers
17.1.3. Chlorinated Rubber, Chlorinated Ethylene/Vinyl Acetate Copolymer, and Chlorinated Polyethylene
17.1.4. Fluorinated Polymers
17.2. Cellulose Derivatives Soluble in Organic Solvents
17.2.1. Nitrocellulose
17.2.2. Cellulose Acetobutyrate
17.3. Unsaturated Polyester Resins
17.4. (Meth)acrylated Oligomers
17.5. 2-Hydroxyalkylamide Cross-Linkers
17.6. Acetoacetate Cross-Linking Systems
17.7. Polyaziridine Cross-Linkers
17.8. Polycarbodiimide Cross-Linkers
17.9. Polycarbonates
17.10. Non-Isocyanate Two-Package Binders
17.10.1. Carbamate-Aldehyde Chemistry
17.10.2. Michael Addition Chemistry
17.11. Dihydrazides
Chapter 18. Solvents
18.1. Solvent Composition
18.2. Solubility
18.2.1. Solubility Parameters
18.2.2. Three-Dimensional Solubility Parameters
18.2.3. Other Solubility Theories
18.2.4. Practical Considerations
18.3. Solvent Evaporation Rates
18.3.1. Evaporation of Single Solvents
18.3.2. Relative Evaporation Rates
18.3.3. Evaporation of Mixed Solvents
18.3.4. Evaporation of Solvents from Coating Films
18.3.5. Evaporation of Solvents from High Solids Coatings
18.3.6. Volatile Loss from Waterborne Coatings
18.4. Viscosity Effects
18.5. Flammability
18.6. Other Physical Properties
18.7. Toxic Hazards
18.8. Atmospheric Photochemical Effects
18.9. Regulation of Solvent Emission from Coatings
18.9.1. Determination of VOC
18.9.2. Regulations
Chapter 19. Color and Appearance
19.1. Light
19.2. Light-Object Interactions
19.2.1. Surface Reflection
19.2.2. Absorption Effects
19.2.3. Scattering
19.2.4. Multiple Interaction Effects
19.3. Hiding
19.4. Metallic and Interference Colors
19.5. The Observer
19.6. Interactions of Light Source, Object, and Observer
19.7. Color Systems
19.8. Color Mixing
19.9. Color Matching
19.9.1. Information Requirements
19.9.2. Color Matching Procedures
19.9.3. Rendering of Color
19.10. Gloss
19.10.1. Variables in Specular Gloss
19.10.2. Gloss Measurement
Chapter 20. Pigments
20.1. White Pigments
20.1.1. Titanium Dioxide
20.1.2. Other White Pigments
20.2. Color Pigments
20.2.1. Yellow and Orange Pigments
20.2.2. Red Pigments
20.2.3. Blue and Green Pigments
20.2.4. Black Pigments
20.2.5. Effect Pigments: Metallic, Interference, and Cholesteric Pigments
20.3. Inert Pigments
20.4. Functional Pigments
20.5. Nano-Pigments
Chapter 21. Pigment Dispersion
21.1. Dispersion in Organic Media
21.1.1. Wetting
21.1.2. Separation
21.1.3. Stabilization
21.2. Formulation of Nonaqueous Mill Bases
21.2.1. Daniel Flow Point Method
21.2.2. Oil Absorption Values
21.3. Dispersions in Aqueous Media
21.3.1. Stabilization of aqueous dispersions
21.4. Dispersion Equipment and Processes
21.4.1. High-Speed Disk (HSD) Dispersers
21.4.2. Rotor/Stator Mixers
21.4.3. Ball Mills
21.4.4. Media Mills
21.4.5. Three Roll and Two Roll Mills
21.4.6. Extruders
21.4.7. Ultrasound
21.4.8. Stir-in Pigments
21.5. Evaluation of Dispersions
Chapter 22. Effect of Pigments on Coating Properties
22.1. PVC and CPVC
22.1.1. Factors Controlling CPVC
22.1.2. Determination of CPVC
22.1.3. CPVC of Latex Coatings
22.2. Relationships Between Film Properties and PVC
22.2.1. Mechanical Properties
22.2.2. Effects of Porosity
22.2.3. Effects on Curing and Film Formation
Chapter 23. Application Methods
23.1. Brushes, Pads, and Hand Rollers
23.1.1. Brush and Pad Application
23.1.2. Hand Roller Application
23.2. Spray Application
23.2.1. Air Spray Guns
23.2.2. Airless Spray Guns
23.2.3. Electrostatic Spraying
23.2.4. Hot Spray
23.2.5. Supercritical Fluid Spray
23.2.6. Formulation Considerations for Spray-Applied Coatings
22.2.7. Overspray Disposal
23.3. Dip and Flow Coating
23.4. Roll Coating
23.5. Curtain Coating
Chapter 24. Film Defects
24.1. Surface Tension
24.2. Leveling
24.3. Sagging and Drip Marks
24.4. Crawling, Cratering, and Related Defects
24.5. Floating and Flooding; Hammer Finishes
24.6. Wrinkling; Wrinkle Finishes
24.7. Bubbling and Popping
24.8. Foaming
24.9. Dirt
Chapter 25. Solventborne and High Solids Coatings
25.1. Primers
25.1.1. Binders for Primers
25.1.2. Pigmentation of Primers
25.1.3. High Solids Primers
25.2. Top Coats
25.2.1. Binders for Top Coats
25.2.2. Formulating Solventborne Coatings for Lower VOC
Chapter 26. Waterborne Coatings
26.1. Water-Reducible Coatings
26.2. Latex-Based Coatings
26.3. Emulsion Coatings
Chapter 27. Electrodeposition Coatings
27.1. Anionic Electrodeposition Coatings
27.2. Cationic Electrodeposition Coatings
27.3. Effect of Variables on Electrodeposition
27.4. Application of Electrodeposition Coatings
27.5. Advantages and Disadvantages of Electrodeposition
27.6. Autodeposition Coatings
Chapter 28. Powder Coatings
28.1. Binders for Thermosetting Powder Coatings
28.1.1. Epoxy Binders
28.1.2. Hybrid Binders
28.1.3. Polyester Binders
28.1.4. Acrylic Binders
28.1.5. Silicon-Containing Binders
28.1.6. UV Cure and Hot Press Powder Coatings
28.2. Binders for Thermoplastic Powder Coatings
28.3. Formulation of Thermosetting Powder Coatings
28.3.1. Low Gloss Powder Coatings
28.4. Manufacture of Powder Coatings
28.4.1. Production
28.4.2. Quality Control
28.5. Application Methods
28.5.1. Electrostatic Spray Application
28.5.2. Other Application Methods
28.6. Advantages and Limitations
Chapter 29. Radiation Cure Coatings
29.1. UV Curing
29.1.1. Absorption - the Primary Process
29.2. Free Radical Initiated UV Cure
29.2.1. Unimolecular (Type I or PI1) Photoinitiators
29.2.2. Bimolecular (Type II or PI2) Photoinitiators
29.2.3. Macromolecular Photoinitiators
29.2.4. Oxygen Inhibition
29.2.5. Vehicles for Free Radical Initiated UV Cure
29.2.6. Waterborne UV Cure Coatings
29.3. Cationic UV Cure
29.3.1. Vehicles for Cationic UV Cure
29.4. Hybrid Free Radical/Cationic Polymerization
29.5. Effects of Pigmentation
29.6. Electron Beam Cure Coatings
29.7. Dual UV/Thermal Cure
29.8, Selected Applications
29.9. Advantages, Disadvantages and Selected Advances
Chapter 30. Product Coatings for Metal Substrates
30.1. OEM Automotive Coatings
30.1.1. Automotive Paint Process
30.1.2. Electrodeposition Coating Formulation
30.1.3. Automotive Primers
30.1.4. Automotive Basecoats
30.1.5. Automotive Clearcoats
30.1.6. Factory Repair Procedures
30.2. Appliance Coatings
30.3. Container Coatings
30.3.1. Interior Can Linings
30.3.2. Exterior Can Coatings
30.4. Coil Coating
30.4.1. Advantages and Limitations of Coil Coating
30.5. Coatings for Aircraft
Chapter 31. Product Coatings for Nonmetallic Substrates
31.1. Coatings for Wood
31.1.1. Coatings for Wood Furniture
31.1.2. Waterborne Wood Finishes
31.1.3. UV-Cured Furniture Finishes
31.1.4. Panel, Siding and Flooring Finishes
31.2. Coating of Plastics
31.2.1. In-Mold Coating
31.2.2. Post-Mold Coating
Chapter 32. Architectural Coatings
32.1. Exterior House Paints and Primers
32.2. Flat and Semigloss Interior Paints
32.3. Gloss Enamels
32.3.1. Alkyd Gloss Enamels
32.3.2. Latex Gloss Enamels
Chapter 33. Special Purpose Coatings
33.1. Maintenance Paints
33.1.1. Barrier Coating Systems
33.1.2. Systems with Zinc-Rich Primers
33.1.3. Systems with Passivating Pigment Containing Primers
33.1.4. Overcoating Existing Industrial Maintenance Paints
33.2. Marine Coatings
33.2.1. Above the Water Line and Interior
33.2.2. At and Below the Water Line
33.2.3. Other Types of Marine Coatings
33.3. Automobile Refinish Paints
33.4. Traffic Striping Paints
Chapter 34. Functional Coatings
34.1. Superhydrophobic and Superhydrophilic Coatings
34.2. Ice-phobic Coatings
34.3. Self-Healing Coatings
34.4. Environmentally Sensing Coatings
34.5. Antimicrobial Coatings
Frank N. Jones is a consultant and an Emeritus Professor at Eastern Michigan University, where he was Director, of the National Science Foundation Industry/University Cooperative Research Center in Coatings. Previously he was Professor and Chair of the Department of Polymers and Coatings at North Dakota State University.
Mark E. Nichols is currently Technical Leader, Paint and Corrosion Research at the Ford Motor Company and the Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Coatings Technology and Research. He is the recipient of the Industry Excellence Award from the ACA as well as a Roon Award.
Socrates Peter Pappas is formerly an industry Consultant, Corporate Scientist at Kodak Polychrome Graphics and Scientific Fellow at Loctite Corporation. He was also an Assistant Professor at Emory University and a Professor at North Dakota State University in the Departments of Chemistry as well as Polymers and Coatings.
Mark E. Nichols is currently Technical Leader, Paint and Corrosion Research at the Ford Motor Company and the Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Coatings Technology and Research. He is the recipient of the Industry Excellence Award from the ACA as well as a Roon Award.
Socrates Peter Pappas is formerly an industry Consultant, Corporate Scientist at Kodak Polychrome Graphics and Scientific Fellow at Loctite Corporation. He was also an Assistant Professor at Emory University and a Professor at North Dakota State University in the Departments of Chemistry as well as Polymers and Coatings.
