Earth's Deep Water Cycle
Geophysical Monograph Series (Series Nr. 168)
1. Edition January 2006
314 Pages, Hardcover
Wiley & Sons Ltd
Published by the American Geophysical Union as part of the Geophysical Monograph Series, Volume 168.
The distribution of H2O in the Earth is under debate. Although liquid water covers 70% of the surface, the oceans represent only about 0.025% of the planet's mass-far less water than thought to have been present during Earth's formation. If our planet is "missing" most of its original water, could it reside in the mantle? Can we detect it seismically?
Recognition of the capacity of some deep-mantle minerals to absorb water has propelled an interdisciplinary field of research addressing these two questions, and more. Earth's Deep Water Cycle advances the field with experimental, modeling, and seismic studies that focus on the physical characteristics of "hydrated" minerals, the potentially H2O-rich transition zone (410-660 km depth), and our detection abilities.
Integrated perspectives from four fields of research are featured:
* Mineral physics and geochemistry
* Seismology and electrical conductivity
* Properties of deep hydrous mantle
* Global models and consequences of a deep-Earth water cycle
From experimental synthesis and physical properties measurements to geophysical observations and geodynamic modeling, we are beginning to understand what parameters and data are needed to detect or refute the possibility of water in the deep Earth.
Steven D. Jacobsen and Suzan van der Lee vii
I. Overviews
Nominally Anhydrous Minerals and Earth's Deep WaterCycle
Joseph R. Smyth and Steven D. Jacobsen 1
Seismological Constraints on Earth's Deep WaterCycle
Suzan van der Lee and Douglas A. Wiens 13
II. Water Storage and Stability of Hydrous Phases in theMantle
Phase Relations of Hydrous Peridotite: Implications for WaterCirculation in the Earth's Mantle
Tetsuya Komabayashi 29
Hydrogen Incorporation in Natural Mantle Olivines
Jed L. Mosenfelder, Thomas G. Sharp, Paul D. Asimow, and GeorgeR. Rossman 45
Water in Transition Zone and Lower Mantle Minerals
Nathalie Bolfan-Casanova, Catherine A. McCammon, and Stephen J.Mackwell 57
Raman Spectroscopic Studies of Hydrous and Nominally AnhydrousDeep Mantle Phases
Annette K. Kleppe and Andrew P. Jephcoat 69
III. Physical Properties of a Deep Hydrous Mantle
Influence of Water on Major Phase Transitions in theEarth's Mantle
Konstantin D. Litasov, Eiji Ohtani, and Asami Sano 95
Influence of Hydrogen-Related Defects on the ElectricalConductivity
and Plastic Deformation of Mantle Minerals: A Critical Review
Shun-ichiro Karato 113
Effect of Water on the Sound Velocities of Ringwoodite in theTransition Zone
Steven D. Jacobsen and Joseph R. Smyth 131
High-Pressure and High-Temperature Stability and Equation ofState of
Superhydrous Phase B
Toru Inoue, Takayuki Ueda, Yuji Higo, Akihiro Yamada, TetsuoIrifune, and Ken-ichi Funakoshi 147
Phase Diagram and Physical Properties of H2O at High Pressures andTemperatures:
Applications to Planetary Interiors
Jung-Fu Lin, Eric Schwegler, and Choong-Shik Yoo 159
IV. Observational Constraints on Water in the Deep Mantle
Water Content in the Mantle Transition Zone Beneath the NorthPacific Derived From the Electrical Conductivity Anomaly
Takao Koyama, Hisayoshi Shimizu, Hisashi Utada, Masahiro Ichiki,Eiji Ohtani, and Ryota Hae 171
A Water-Rich Transition Zone Beneath the Eastern United Statesand Gulf of Mexico
From Multiple ScS Reverberations
Anna M. Courtier and Justin Revenaugh 181
Low Velocity Zone Atop the Transition Zone in the Western USFrom S Waveform Triplication
Teh-Ru Alex Song and Don V. Helmberger 195
Mantle Transition Zone Thickness in the Central South-AmericanSubduction Zone
Jochen Braunmiller, Suzan van der Lee, Lindsey Doermann215
Towards Mapping the Three-Dimensional Distribution of Water inthe Upper Mantle
From Velocity and Attenuation Tomography
Azusa Shito, Shun-ichiro Karato, Kyoko N. Matsukage, and YuNishihara 225
Towards Mapping the Three-Dimensional Distribution of Water inthe Transition Zone
From P-Velocity Tomography and 660-Km Discontinuity Depths
Daisuke Suetsugu, Toru Inoue, Akira Yamada, Dapeng Zhao, andMasayuki Obayashi 237
Seismic Evidence for Subduction-Transported Water in the LowerMantle
Jesse F. Lawrence and Michael E. Wysession 251
V. Models of a Deep Water Cycle
Implications of Subduction Rehydration for Earth's DeepWater Cycle
Lars Rüpke, Jason Phipps Morgan, and Jacqueline EabyDixon 263
Petrologic Structure of a Hydrous 410 km Discontinuity
Marc M. Hirschmann, Anthony C. Withers, and Cyril Aubaud277
The Transition-Zone Water Filter Model for Global MaterialCirculation:
Where do we Stand?
Shun-ichiro Karato, David Bercovici, Garrett Leahy, GuillaumeRichard and Zhicheng Jing 289
