Smart Zero-energy Buildings and Communities for Smart Grids
1. Edition April 2022
320 Pages, Hardcover
Wiley & Sons Ltd
ISBN:
978-1-78630-684-5
John Wiley & Sons
Further versions
Smart zero-energy buildings and communities have a major role to play in the evolution of the electric grid towards alignment with carbon neutrality policies. The goal to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the built environment can be pursued through a holistic approach, including the drastic reduction of buildings' energy consumption.
The state-of-the-art in this field relates, on the one hand, to design methodologies and innovative technologies which aim to minimize the energy demand at the building level. On the other hand, the development of information and communication technologies, along with the integration of renewable energy and storage, provide the basis for zero and positive energy buildings and communities that can produce, store, manage and exchange energy at a local level.
This book provides a structured and detailed insight of the state-of-the-art in this context based on the analysis of real case studies and applications.
Preface xi
Nikos KAMPELIS
List of Acronyms xv
Nikos KAMPELIS
Chapter 1 The Role of Smart Grids in the Building Sector 1
Denia KOLOKOTSA
1.1 Smart and zero-energy buildings 2
1.1.1 Smart metering 3
1.1.2 Demand response (DR) 4
1.1.3 Distributed systems 6
1.2 Smart and zero-energy communities 6
1.3 Conclusion and future prospects 10
Chapter 2 Integrated Design (ID) Towards Smart Zero-energy Buildings and Smart Grids 13
Theoni KARLESSI, Pietro MURATORE, Luca VENEZIA, Laura STANDARDI, Klemens LEUTGÖB and Anne Sigrid NORDBY
2.1 Introduction 15
2.2 Methodology 16
2.3 Integrated design in smart and zero-energy buildings 17
2.4 ID process principles and guidelines 19
2.4.1 Benefits 22
2.4.2 Barriers 23
2.5 Scope of services 24
2.6 Remuneration models 26
2.7 Application of evaluation tools 28
2.8 Sustainability certification 29
2.9 Consultancy and quality assurance 30
2.10 Measurement of design quality criteria 31
2.11 Defining a client's objectives 33
2.11.1 Capital cost reduction 34
2.11.2 Delivery risk reduction 35
2.12 Defining the tenant's objectives 35
2.12.1 Operational cost reduction 36
2.12.2 Building unsuitability risk reduction 36
2.13 Best practice sites 37
2.13.1 Alexandros N Tombazis and Associates Architects S.A office building 37
2.13.2 APIVITA Commercial and Industrial S.A 42
2.13.3 Stavros Niarchos Foundation Cultural Center 46
2.13.4 Karelas Office Park 50
Chapter 3 Data Analysis and Energy Modeling in Smart and Zero-energy Buildings and Communities 55
Nikos KAMPELIS, Konstantinos GOBAKIS, Vagias VAGIAS, Denia KOLOKOTSA, Laura STANDARDI, Daniela ISIDORI, Cristina CRISTALLI, Fabio Maria MONTAGNINO, Filippo PAREDES, Pietro MURATORE, Luca VENEZIA, Marina Kyprianou DRACOU, Alaric MONTENON, Andri PYRGOU, Theoni KARLESSI and Mat SANTAMOURIS
3.1 Energy signature for the NTL of Cyprus Institute 55
3.2 Athalassa Campus and the NTL building 57
3.2.1 Methodology 61
3.2.2 Description of the Novel Technology case study 63
3.2.3 Data exploration 68
3.2.4 Correlation matrix 71
3.2.5 Regression model 72
3.3 Linear Fresnel solar collector at the NTL building, Cyprus Institute 85
3.3.1 Development of the NTL model 90
3.3.2 Energy performance analysis in the NTL 92
3.3.3 Discussion 100
3.4 Conclusion 101
Chapter 4 On the Comparison of Occupancy in Relation to Energy Consumption and Indoor Environmental Quality: A Case Study 103
Margarita Niki ASSIMAKOPOULOS, Nikolaos BARMPARESOS, Alexandros PANTAZARAS, Theoni KARLESSI and Siew Eang LEE
4.1 Introduction 103
4.2 Methodology 104
4.3 Description of the case building 105
4.4 Description of the experimental procedure 105
4.5 Results 106
4.5.1 Investigation of energy consumption and indoor air quality 106
4.5.2 Days of special interest - high occupancy 110
4.5.3 Days of special interest - increased energy consumption 112
4.6 Discussion and concluding remarks 112
Chapter 5 Indoor Environmental Quality and Energy Consumption Assessment and ANN Predictions for an Integrated Internet-based Energy Management System Towards a Zero-energy Building 115
Denia KOLOKOTSA
5.1 Introduction 115
5.2 Description of the SDE buildings 116
5.2.1 General information 116
5.2.2 Monitoring activities for SDE 3 118
5.3 The power loads and hourly energy consumption 118
5.4 Indoor environmental quality 118
5.4.1 Thermal comfort assessment - time series analysis 127
5.4.2 Indoor air quality 129
5.4.3 The indoor illuminance levels 129
5.5 Cross correlation 135
5.6 Prediction using artificial neural networks (ANN) 136
5.6.1 Prediction of outdoor temperature 137
5.6.2 Prediction of relative humidity 138
5.6.3 Prediction of power loads 139
5.7 Specifications for an integrated internet-based energy management system toward a zero-energy building 141
5.7.1 The phases of the internet-based energy management system for SDE 142
5.7.2 Integration of software and prediction algorithms 149
5.8 Conclusion 149
Chapter 6 Objective and Subjective Evaluation of Thermal Comfort in the Loccioni Leaf Lab, Italy 151
Marina LASKARI, Francesco CARDUCCI, Daniela ISIDORI, Martina SENZACQUA, Laura STANDARDI and Cristina CRISTALLI
6.1 Introduction 151
6.2 Background information 152
6.3 Methodology 153
6.3.1 Subjective measurements 154
6.3.2 Objective measurements 154
6.3.3 Combined analysis of objective and subjective measurements 155
6.3.4 User preferences and satisfaction with internal conditions 157
6.4 Collection of building background data 157
6.5 Collection of monitored data 160
6.6 Right-Now questionnaire survey 162
6.7 Results 166
6.7.1 Analysis of MyLeaf measurements 167
6.7.2 Analysis of Comfort Meter measurements 173
6.7.3 Analysis of Right-Now survey responses 176
6.7.4 Respondent characteristics and thermal comfort 184
6.7.5 Combined analysis of objective and subjective measurements 187
6.7.6 Correlation analysis for MyLeaf and Right-Now survey measurements 190
6.7.7 Correlation analysis for objective and subjective measurements (Research for Innovation office space) 191
6.7.8 Comparison between objective and subjective thermal sensation measurements 195
6.7.9 Determination of acceptable and unacceptable conditions 196
6.8 Conclusion 197
Chapter 7 Smart Meters and User Engagement in the Leaf House 199
Niki GAITANI
7.1 Introduction 199
7.2 Methodology 200
7.3 Analysis of user engagement 201
7.3.1 Development of the questionnaire 201
7.3.2 Leaf House case study 203
7.4 Results 210
7.4.1 Demographics, socioeconomics 210
7.4.2 Physiological, social and behavioral aspects 212
7.4.3 Information level 214
7.4.4 Health and comfort 215
7.4.5 Living situation 217
7.5 Conclusion 218
Chapter 8 Integration of Energy Storage in Smart Communities and Smart Grids 221
Denia KOLOKOTSA, Nikos KAMPELIS, Angeliki MAVRIGIANNAKI, Marco GENTILOZZI, Filippo PAREDES, Fabio Maria MONTAGNINO and Luca VENEZIA
8.1 Energy storage systems in smart grids 223
8.1.1 Electrical and electrochemical energy storage in smart grids 223
8.1.2 Mechanical energy storage in smart grids 228
8.1.3 Thermal energy storage in smart grids 231
8.2 Energy storage and smart grids: case studies 234
8.2.1 Case study 1: the Leaf Community smart grid energy storage system 234
8.2.2 Case study 2: energy storage of CSP and integration with smart grids 244
8.3 Conclusion and future prospects 261
Conclusion and Recommendations 263
Nikos KAMPELIS
References 267
List of Authors 283
Index 287
Nikos KAMPELIS
List of Acronyms xv
Nikos KAMPELIS
Chapter 1 The Role of Smart Grids in the Building Sector 1
Denia KOLOKOTSA
1.1 Smart and zero-energy buildings 2
1.1.1 Smart metering 3
1.1.2 Demand response (DR) 4
1.1.3 Distributed systems 6
1.2 Smart and zero-energy communities 6
1.3 Conclusion and future prospects 10
Chapter 2 Integrated Design (ID) Towards Smart Zero-energy Buildings and Smart Grids 13
Theoni KARLESSI, Pietro MURATORE, Luca VENEZIA, Laura STANDARDI, Klemens LEUTGÖB and Anne Sigrid NORDBY
2.1 Introduction 15
2.2 Methodology 16
2.3 Integrated design in smart and zero-energy buildings 17
2.4 ID process principles and guidelines 19
2.4.1 Benefits 22
2.4.2 Barriers 23
2.5 Scope of services 24
2.6 Remuneration models 26
2.7 Application of evaluation tools 28
2.8 Sustainability certification 29
2.9 Consultancy and quality assurance 30
2.10 Measurement of design quality criteria 31
2.11 Defining a client's objectives 33
2.11.1 Capital cost reduction 34
2.11.2 Delivery risk reduction 35
2.12 Defining the tenant's objectives 35
2.12.1 Operational cost reduction 36
2.12.2 Building unsuitability risk reduction 36
2.13 Best practice sites 37
2.13.1 Alexandros N Tombazis and Associates Architects S.A office building 37
2.13.2 APIVITA Commercial and Industrial S.A 42
2.13.3 Stavros Niarchos Foundation Cultural Center 46
2.13.4 Karelas Office Park 50
Chapter 3 Data Analysis and Energy Modeling in Smart and Zero-energy Buildings and Communities 55
Nikos KAMPELIS, Konstantinos GOBAKIS, Vagias VAGIAS, Denia KOLOKOTSA, Laura STANDARDI, Daniela ISIDORI, Cristina CRISTALLI, Fabio Maria MONTAGNINO, Filippo PAREDES, Pietro MURATORE, Luca VENEZIA, Marina Kyprianou DRACOU, Alaric MONTENON, Andri PYRGOU, Theoni KARLESSI and Mat SANTAMOURIS
3.1 Energy signature for the NTL of Cyprus Institute 55
3.2 Athalassa Campus and the NTL building 57
3.2.1 Methodology 61
3.2.2 Description of the Novel Technology case study 63
3.2.3 Data exploration 68
3.2.4 Correlation matrix 71
3.2.5 Regression model 72
3.3 Linear Fresnel solar collector at the NTL building, Cyprus Institute 85
3.3.1 Development of the NTL model 90
3.3.2 Energy performance analysis in the NTL 92
3.3.3 Discussion 100
3.4 Conclusion 101
Chapter 4 On the Comparison of Occupancy in Relation to Energy Consumption and Indoor Environmental Quality: A Case Study 103
Margarita Niki ASSIMAKOPOULOS, Nikolaos BARMPARESOS, Alexandros PANTAZARAS, Theoni KARLESSI and Siew Eang LEE
4.1 Introduction 103
4.2 Methodology 104
4.3 Description of the case building 105
4.4 Description of the experimental procedure 105
4.5 Results 106
4.5.1 Investigation of energy consumption and indoor air quality 106
4.5.2 Days of special interest - high occupancy 110
4.5.3 Days of special interest - increased energy consumption 112
4.6 Discussion and concluding remarks 112
Chapter 5 Indoor Environmental Quality and Energy Consumption Assessment and ANN Predictions for an Integrated Internet-based Energy Management System Towards a Zero-energy Building 115
Denia KOLOKOTSA
5.1 Introduction 115
5.2 Description of the SDE buildings 116
5.2.1 General information 116
5.2.2 Monitoring activities for SDE 3 118
5.3 The power loads and hourly energy consumption 118
5.4 Indoor environmental quality 118
5.4.1 Thermal comfort assessment - time series analysis 127
5.4.2 Indoor air quality 129
5.4.3 The indoor illuminance levels 129
5.5 Cross correlation 135
5.6 Prediction using artificial neural networks (ANN) 136
5.6.1 Prediction of outdoor temperature 137
5.6.2 Prediction of relative humidity 138
5.6.3 Prediction of power loads 139
5.7 Specifications for an integrated internet-based energy management system toward a zero-energy building 141
5.7.1 The phases of the internet-based energy management system for SDE 142
5.7.2 Integration of software and prediction algorithms 149
5.8 Conclusion 149
Chapter 6 Objective and Subjective Evaluation of Thermal Comfort in the Loccioni Leaf Lab, Italy 151
Marina LASKARI, Francesco CARDUCCI, Daniela ISIDORI, Martina SENZACQUA, Laura STANDARDI and Cristina CRISTALLI
6.1 Introduction 151
6.2 Background information 152
6.3 Methodology 153
6.3.1 Subjective measurements 154
6.3.2 Objective measurements 154
6.3.3 Combined analysis of objective and subjective measurements 155
6.3.4 User preferences and satisfaction with internal conditions 157
6.4 Collection of building background data 157
6.5 Collection of monitored data 160
6.6 Right-Now questionnaire survey 162
6.7 Results 166
6.7.1 Analysis of MyLeaf measurements 167
6.7.2 Analysis of Comfort Meter measurements 173
6.7.3 Analysis of Right-Now survey responses 176
6.7.4 Respondent characteristics and thermal comfort 184
6.7.5 Combined analysis of objective and subjective measurements 187
6.7.6 Correlation analysis for MyLeaf and Right-Now survey measurements 190
6.7.7 Correlation analysis for objective and subjective measurements (Research for Innovation office space) 191
6.7.8 Comparison between objective and subjective thermal sensation measurements 195
6.7.9 Determination of acceptable and unacceptable conditions 196
6.8 Conclusion 197
Chapter 7 Smart Meters and User Engagement in the Leaf House 199
Niki GAITANI
7.1 Introduction 199
7.2 Methodology 200
7.3 Analysis of user engagement 201
7.3.1 Development of the questionnaire 201
7.3.2 Leaf House case study 203
7.4 Results 210
7.4.1 Demographics, socioeconomics 210
7.4.2 Physiological, social and behavioral aspects 212
7.4.3 Information level 214
7.4.4 Health and comfort 215
7.4.5 Living situation 217
7.5 Conclusion 218
Chapter 8 Integration of Energy Storage in Smart Communities and Smart Grids 221
Denia KOLOKOTSA, Nikos KAMPELIS, Angeliki MAVRIGIANNAKI, Marco GENTILOZZI, Filippo PAREDES, Fabio Maria MONTAGNINO and Luca VENEZIA
8.1 Energy storage systems in smart grids 223
8.1.1 Electrical and electrochemical energy storage in smart grids 223
8.1.2 Mechanical energy storage in smart grids 228
8.1.3 Thermal energy storage in smart grids 231
8.2 Energy storage and smart grids: case studies 234
8.2.1 Case study 1: the Leaf Community smart grid energy storage system 234
8.2.2 Case study 2: energy storage of CSP and integration with smart grids 244
8.3 Conclusion and future prospects 261
Conclusion and Recommendations 263
Nikos KAMPELIS
References 267
List of Authors 283
Index 287
Nikos Kampelis is a researcher at the Energy Management in the Built Environment Research (EMBER) laboratory of the Technical University of Crete, Greece. His research focuses on the optimal integration of loads and renewable energy in smart buildings and smart grids.
Denia Kolokotsa is Professor of Energy Resources Management and Dean of the School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering at the Technical University of Crete, Greece. She is the Editor-in-Chief of the Elsevier Solar Energy Advances Journal, and Subject Editor of the Nature Scientific Reports Journal. Her research interests include, among others, energy management for the built environment, energy efficiency and renewable energies, distributed energy management systems, building automation and design, development and energy management of microgrids and smart grids.
Denia Kolokotsa is Professor of Energy Resources Management and Dean of the School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering at the Technical University of Crete, Greece. She is the Editor-in-Chief of the Elsevier Solar Energy Advances Journal, and Subject Editor of the Nature Scientific Reports Journal. Her research interests include, among others, energy management for the built environment, energy efficiency and renewable energies, distributed energy management systems, building automation and design, development and energy management of microgrids and smart grids.
