Handbook of Nutraceuticals and Natural Products, Volume 1
1. Edition July 2022
480 Pages, Hardcover
Wiley & Sons Ltd
ISBN:
978-1-119-74680-5
John Wiley & Sons
HANDBOOK OF NUTRACEUTICALS AND NATURAL PRODUCTS
An essential treatment of nutraceuticals and natural products, their preparation techniques, and applications
In Handbook of Nutraceuticals and Natural Products, a team of distinguished researchers delivers a one-stop resource describing the preparation techniques and functional uses of nutraceuticals and natural products with a focus on the technologies involved. The book includes coverage of the biological, medicinal, and nutritional properties and applications of functional foods, as well as the advanced technologies used in the extraction and functionalization of nano components and the nanomaterial and nanochemical aspects of the products.
The authors discuss developmental research as well as user-level benefits of nutraceuticals and natural products and thoroughly review the market analyses, quality assurance processes, and regulations relevant to nutraceuticals and natural products. They also cover:
* Thorough introductions to nutraceuticals, functional foods, liposomal technology, prebiotics, and lycopene and its active drug delivery
* Comprehensive explorations of nutraceutical compounds from marine microalgae and poly lysine as an antimicrobial agent
* Practical discussions of a nutraceuticals approach to treating cancer-cachexia and early life nutrition and epigenetics
* In-depth examinations of encapsulation and delivery of nutraceuticals and bioactive compounds by nanoliposomes and tocosomes as promising nanocarriers
Perfect for chemists, biochemists, food scientists, and materials scientists, Handbook of Nutraceuticals and Natural Products will also earn a place in the libraries of medical scientists working in academia or industry, as well as nutritionists, dietitians, and biochemistry graduate students studying nutraceuticals.
List of Contributors xv
Preface of Volume 1 xix
1 Introduction to Nutraceuticals and Natural Products 1
Narges Shahgholian
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Confrontation of Different Definitions of Nutraceuticals 2
1.3 Natural Bioactive Compounds (NBCs) 3
1.3.1 Classification of NBCs (Focusing on a Few Applications) 3
1.3.1.1 Natural Products from Plants (NPFPs) 4
1.3.1.2 Natural Products from Animals (NPFAs) 4
1.3.1.3 Microbial-based Products 5
1.3.2 Extraction of NBCs 5
1.4 Nutraceuticals and Their Role in Human Health 6
1.5 Types of Formulated Nutraceuticals 7
1.6 Combination of NBCs 8
1.6.1 Synergism and Beneficial Products 8
1.6.2 Antagonism and Detrimental Products 9
1.7 Quality of Nutraceuticals and Manufacturing Process 9
1.8 Biorefinery and Sustainable Source of Nutraceuticals 9
1.9 Encapsulation of Nutraceuticals 10
1.10 Nutraceuticals - Global Market Scenario 11
1.11 Regulations and Health Claims 11
1.12 Conclusion 11
References 12
2 Functional Nutraceuticals: Past, Present, and Future 15
A.Y. Onaolapo and O.J. Onaolapo
2.1 Introduction 15
2.1.1 Historical Perspective 16
2.1.1.1 History of Food and Sickness 16
2.1.1.2 History of Food as Medicine 17
2.1.1.3 The History of Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals 18
2.1.2 Functional Food and Nutraceutical Categories 20
2.2 Functional Food and Nutraceuticals: Where Are We Now? 21
2.2.1 The Functional Food and Nutraceutical Market 21
2.2.2 Functional Food and Nutraceuticals: Current Challenges 21
2.3 Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals: Future Perspectives 22
2.4 Conclusion 23
References 23
3 Liposomal Nanotechnology in Nutraceuticals 29
Quintanar-Guerrero David, Zambrano-Zaragoza María de la Luz, Leyva-Goméz Gerardo, and N Mendoza-Muñoz
3.1 Introduction 29
3.2 Definitions 30
3.3 Challenges of Nutraceutical Formulations 31
3.4 Nanoencapsulated Systems for the Food Industry 33
3.5 A Brief History of Liposomes 36
3.6 Uses of Liposomes in Food Products 37
3.7 Nanoliposome Technology 38
3.7.1 Background 38
3.7.2 Advantages and Drawbacks: Liposomes vs. Nanoliposomes 40
3.7.3 Formulation and Specific Food Designs 41
3.7.4 Preparation Methods 43
3.7.5 Mechanism of Formation 46
3.7.6 Characterization 47
3.7.6.1 Particle Size 48
3.7.6.2 Zeta Potential 48
3.7.6.3 Structure and Morphology 48
3.7.6.4 Encapsulation Efficiency 49
3.7.7 Uses of Nanoliposomes in Nutraceutical Systems 49
3.7.8 Safety, Regulatory, and Sustainability Issues Related to Nanoliposomes 51
3.8 Future Trends 53
3.9 Conclusion 54
Acknowledgments 55
References 55
4 Bioavailability and Delivery of Nutraceuticals by Nanoparticles 63
Shalvi Sinai Kunde, Varunesh Sanjay Tambe, and Sarika Wairkar
4.1 Introduction 63
4.2 Constraints in Delivery of Nutraceuticals 64
4.3 Delivery Systems for Bioavailability Improvement of Nutraceuticals 66
4.4 Nanoparticle Delivery of Nutraceuticals 66
4.4.1 Organic Nanoparticles 67
4.4.1.1 Polymeric Nanoparticles 67
4.4.1.2 Lipid-based NPs 69
4.4.1.3 Protein-based Nanoparticles 71
4.4.2 Inorganic Nanoparticles 73
4.4.2.1 Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles (MSNs) 73
4.4.2.2 Metal-based NPs 74
4.4.2.3 Metal Oxide-based Nanoparticles 75
4.5 Conclusion 76
References 76
5 Prebiotics and Probiotics: Concept and Advances 83
Hammad Ullah, Maria Daglia, and Haroon Khan
5.1 Introduction 83
5.2 Probiotics 85
5.2.1 Therapeutic Benefits 85
5.2.1.1 Antioxidant Effects 87
5.2.1.2 Immune Modulation 88
5.2.1.3 Vitamins' Production 88
5.2.1.4 Metabolic Disorders 89
5.2.1.5 Psychiatric Disorders 89
5.2.1.6 Neurodegenerative Disorders 90
5.2.1.7 Gastrointestinal Disorders 90
5.2.1.8 Anti-infective Activities 91
5.2.2 Safety Concerns 91
5.3 Prebiotics 92
5.3.1 Health Impact 93
5.4 Synbiotics 93
5.5 Microencapsulation 94
5.6 Conclusion 96
References 96
6 Marine Nutraceuticals 105
Giuseppe Derosa and Pamela Maffioli
6.1 Introduction 105
6.2 Marine Bacteria and Fungi 105
6.3 Marine Algae 106
6.4 Marine Plants 107
6.5 Marine Animals 108
6.6 Conclusion 109
References 109
7 Nutraceuticals as Therapeutic Agents 113
OJ Onaolapo and AY Onaolapo
7.1 Introduction 113
7.1.1 Definitions and Regulation of Nutraceuticals 115
7.1.2 Classification of Nutraceuticals 116
7.1.3 Pharmacology of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods 116
7.1.3.1 Bioavailability of Nutraceuticals 116
7.1.3.2 Nutraceuticals: Active Principle 117
7.1.3.3 Nutraceuticals: Mechanism of Action 117
7.1.3.4 Nutraceuticals: Adverse Effects and Drug Interactions 118
7.2 Therapeutic Potential of Nutraceuticals 119
7.2.1 Nutraceuticals as Alternative or Add-on Therapies 119
7.2.2 Nutraceuticals as Therapeutic Agents - Future Perspectives 120
References 121
8 Antioxidant Nutraceuticals as Novel Neuroprotective Agents 127
Parul Katiyar, Souvik Ghosh, Saakshi Saini, Chandrachur Ghosh, Himanshu Agrawal, Debabrata Sircar, and Partha Roy
8.1 Introduction 127
8.2 Pathophysiological Effects of Oxidative Stress on Neurodegenerative Diseases 129
8.2.1 Synthesis of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) 129
8.2.2 Impacts of ROS at the Cellular Level 130
8.2.2.1 ROS and Oxidative Stress 131
8.2.2.2 Vulnerability of the Brain to Oxidative Stress 131
8.2.3 Oxidative Stress and Neurodegenerative Disorders 132
8.2.3.1 Oxidative Stress and Alzheimer's Disease (AD) 132
8.2.3.2 Oxidative Stress and Huntington's Disease (HD) 133
8.2.3.3 Oxidative Stress and Parkinson's Disease (PD) 134
8.2.3.4 Oxidative Stress and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) 135
8.2.3.5 Oxidative Stress and Spinocerebellar Ataxia (SCA) 136
8.3 Classification of Nutraceuticals 136
8.4 Potential Antioxidant Activity of Nutraceuticals in Neuroprotection 138
8.4.1 Alkaloids 140
8.4.1.1 Indole Alkaloids 140
8.4.1.2 Huperzine A 140
8.4.1.3 Aloperine 140
8.4.1.4 Alstonine 140
8.4.1.5 Berberine 141
8.4.1.6 Capsaicin 141
8.4.1.7 Galantamine 142
8.4.1.8 Piperine 142
8.4.2 Carotenoids 142
8.4.3 Flavonoid Polyphenols 143
8.4.3.1 Flavanols 143
8.4.3.2 Flavonols 143
8.4.3.3 Flavones 144
8.4.3.4 Isoflavones 144
8.4.3.5 Anthocyanidin 145
8.4.3.6 Flavanones 145
8.4.4 Non-Flavonoid Polyphenols 145
8.4.4.1 Resveratrol 145
8.4.4.2 Curcumin 146
8.4.5 Phenolic Acid and Diterpenes 146
8.4.6 Probiotics 146
8.4.7 Prebiotics 147
8.4.8 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid (PUFA) 147
8.4.9 Vitamin B 148
8.4.10 Creatine 148
8.4.11 Melatonin 148
8.5 Clinical Approach 149
8.6 Some Recent Trends in Nutraceutical-Related Research for Neurological Disorders 150
8.6.1 Role of MicroRNAs in Neurodegenerative Diseases 150
8.6.1.1 Alzheimer's Disease 151
8.6.1.2 Parkinson's Disease 152
8.6.1.3 Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Huntington's Disease 153
8.6.2 Nano-Formulation-Based Delivery of Natural Products 153
8.6.3 Future Neuroprotective Compounds 154
8.7 Present Research Gap and Future Prospective 155
References 155
9 Flavonoids as Nutraceuticals 169
Shreya C. Adangale, Ritushree Ghosh, and Sarika Wairkar
9.1 Nutraceuticals 169
9.2 Flavonoids 170
9.2.1 Structure and Classification of Flavonoids 170
9.2.2 Physicochemical and Pharmacokinetic Properties of Flavonoids 171
9.3 Pharmacological Actions 172
9.3.1 Antioxidant Activity 172
9.3.2 Anti-inflammatory Activity 174
9.3.3 Neuroprotective Activity 175
9.3.4 Antidiabetic Activity 177
9.3.5 Cardioprotective Activity 178
9.3.6 Antimicrobial Activity 180
9.3.7 Anticancer Activity 181
9.3.8 Hepatoprotective Activity 182
9.4 Conclusion 182
References 183
10 Current Concepts and Prospects of Herbal Nutraceutical 189
Sunil Bishnoi and Deepak Mudgil
10.1 Introduction 189
10.2 Global Market of Nutraceuticals 190
10.3 Classification of Nutraceutical Herbal Products 191
10.4 Health Benefits of Herbal-Based Nutraceuticals 193
10.5 Government Regulations 197
10.6 Future Scope for Herbal Nutraceuticals 199
References 199
11 Lycopene as Nutraceuticals 205
Debasmita Dutta and Debjani Dutta 205
11.1 Introduction 205
11.2 Sources of Lycopene 206
11.3 Disease-Preventive Nature of Lycopene 207
11.3.1 Antioxidant Properties 207
11.3.2 Anticarcinogenic Effect 210
11.3.2.1 Redox Activity 213
11.3.2.2 Repression of Cancer Cell Proliferation and Apoptosis Induction 213
11.3.2.3 Involvement with Growth Factors' Stimulation of Cancer Cell Proliferation 214
11.3.2.4 Induction of Phase 2 Enzymes 215
11.3.2.5 Transcription Regulation 215
11.3.2.6 Modulation of Cytokine Expression 215
11.3.2.7 Invasion and Metastasis Inhibition 215
11.3.2.8 Improvement of Gap Junctional Communication 215
11.3.3 Antidiabetic Effect 215
11.3.4 Antihypertensive Effect 216
11.3.5 Effect on Cardiovascular Disease 216
11.3.6 Effect on Oxidative Stress 217
11.3.7 Other Diseases 217
11.4 Lycopene Extraction Method 217
11.5 Effect of Lycopene During Processing 221
11.6 Daily Intake of Lycopene 224
11.7 The Importance of Fortification 224
11.7.1 Mass Fortification 224
11.7.2 Targeted Fortification 224
11.7.3 Market-Driven fortification 224
11.8 Ongoing Fortification Process with Lycopene 227
11.9 Conclusion 230
References 231
12 Nutraceutical Compounds from Marine Microalgae 245
K. Renugadevi, C. Valli Nachiyar, Jayshree Nellore, Swetha Sunkar, and S. Karthick Raja Namasivayam
12.1 Introduction 245
12.2 Marine Environment 245
12.3 Algae 246
12.4 Cyanobacteria 246
12.5 Microalgae 246
12.6 Cultivation Strategies of Microalgae 248
12.7 Conclusion 252
Acknowledgments 252
Conflict of Interest 252
References 253
13 Polylysine: Natural Peptides as Antimicrobial Agents. A Recent Scenario in Food Preservation 257
Iffath Badhsa, S. Karthick Raja Namasivayam, C. Jayaprakash, C. Valli Nachiyar, and R. S. Arvind Bharani
13.1 Scenario of Food Spoilage Worldwide 258
13.2 Scenario of Food Spoilage in India 258
13.3 The Global Need for Food Preservation 259
13.4 Antimicrobial Packaging in Food Preservation 260
13.5 Antimicrobial Packaging with Bacteriocin 261
13.6 Polylysine as Antimicrobial Peptides in Food Preservation 262
13.6.1 Polylysine 262
13.6.2 Origin and Distribution of Polylysine 263
13.7 Antimicrobial Activity of Polylysine 264
13.8 Preservation Mechanism of epsilon-Polylysine 265
13.9 Polylysine on Major Food-Borne Pathogens 265
13.10 Global Market of epsilon-Poly-l-Lysine 265
13.11 Approval, Safety, and Regulations 266
13.12 Food and Drug Administration (FDA) 267
13.13 China National Health Commission (NHC) 267
13.14 Global Application of epsilon-Polylysine in Food Preservation 267
13.15 Key Benefits (https://foodadditives.net) 267
13.16 Synergy with Other Additives or Preservatives 268
13.17 Possible Side Effects 268
References 269
14 Nutraceuticals Approach as a Treatment for Cancer Cachexia 273
Gabriela de Matuoka e Chiocchetti, Laís Rosa Viana, Leisa Lopes-Aguiar, Natalia Angelo da Silva Miyaguti, and Maria Cristina Cintra Gomes-Marcondes
14.1 Cancer-Induced Cachexia 273
14.1.1 Definition and Main Metabolic Changes 273
14.2 Probiotics and Prebiotics 278
14.3 Amino Acids 280
14.3.1 Leucine 280
14.3.2 ß-Hydroxy-ß-Methylbutyrate 282
14.3.3 Glycine 283
14.3.4 Carnitine 284
14.4 Antioxidants 285
14.4.1 Curcumin 285
14.4.2 Resveratrol 285
14.4.3 Selenium 285
14.4.4 Vitamin d 286
14.4.5 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids 286
14.5 Conclusions 289
Acknowledgments 289
References 290
15 Early Life Nutrition, Epigenetics, and Programming of Later Life 301
Jayshree Nellore, Jaya Krishna Tippabathani, Aparna S. Narayan, Swetha Sunkar, C. Valli Nachiyar, K. Renugadevi, and S. Karthick Raja Namasivayam
15.1 Introduction 301
15.2 Nutritional Influence on Epigenetic Marks 302
15.2.1 DNA Methylation and Nutrition 302
15.2.1.1 Methylation Cycle and Methyl Donors 303
15.2.1.2 Cofactor and Enzyme Activities in One-Carbon Cycles 304
15.2.1.3 DNA Methyltransferase Activity 305
15.2.2 Histone Modifications and Nutrition 305
15.2.2.1 Acetylation of Histones 306
15.2.2.2 Methylation of Histones 307
15.2.2.3 Biotinylation of Histones 307
15.2.2.4 Poly(ADP-ribosylation) of Histones 307
15.2.2.5 Ubiquitination and SUMOylation of Histones 308
15.2.3 miRNAs and Nutrients 308
15.3 Nutriepigenomics and Development: Windows of Vulnerability in DOHaD 308
15.3.1 Prenatal Nutrition and Nutrition in Pregnancy: Effects on Body Composition, Obesity, and Metabolic Function 308
15.3.1.1 Evidence from Animal Studies 308
15.3.1.2 Human Studies 309
15.3.1.3 Prenatal Nutrition and Epigenetic Mechanisms 310
15.3.2 Perinatal Nutrition: Effects on Bone Health and Neurodevelopment 322
15.3.2.1 Epigenetic Contribution to Pre- and Perinatal Nutrition, Bone Development, and Osteoporosis 322
15.3.2.2 Epigenetic Link Between Pre- and Perinatal Nutrition and Neurodevelopmental Disorders 325
15.3.3 The Link Between Early Life Nutrition and Breast Cancer Risk 332
15.4 Transgenerational Inheritance 335
15.5 Conclusion 336
References 336
16 Surfactant and Polymer-Based Self-Assemblies for Encapsulation, Protection, and Release of Nutraceuticals 363
Saima Afzal, Mohd Sajid Lone, Pawandeep Kaur, Firdous Ahmad Ahanger, Nighat Nazir, and Aijaz Ahmad Dar
16.1 Introduction 363
16.1.1 Solubility Characteristics 364
16.1.2 Stability Characteristics 365
16.1.3 Targeted Delivery 365
16.2 Micelles, Liposomes, and Emulsions as Encapsulating, Protecting, and Releasing Agents for the Nutraceuticals 367
16.2.1 Micelles 367
16.2.2 Liposomes 371
16.2.3 Emulsions 371
16.2.3.1 Microemulsions 372
16.2.3.2 Nanoemulsion 373
16.2.3.3 Pickering Emulsions 375
16.2.3.4 Multiple or Double Emulsions 376
16.3 Self-assemblies of Polymers Including Hydrogels as Encapsulating, Protecting, and Delivery Systems for Nutraceuticals 376
16.3.1 Polymers 376
16.3.1.1 Rules Governing the Selection of Biopolymer-Derived Micro or Nanoparticle-Based Encapsulant or Delivery Systems 377
16.3.1.2 Encapsulation Process 378
16.3.1.3 Different Types of Biopolymers Used for Micro and Nanoencapsulation of Nutraceuticals 379
16.3.2 Hydrogels 383
16.3.2.1 Characteristics of Hydrogel for Encapsulation, Protection, and Release of the Nutraceuticals 383
16.3.2.2 Protein-Based Hydrogels 385
16.3.2.3 Polysaccharide-Based Hydrogels 387
16.3.2.4 Mixed Protein and Polysaccharide Hydrogels 390
16.4 Conclusion 392
References 392
17 Encapsulation and Delivery of Nutraceuticals and Bioactive Compounds by Nanoliposomes and Tocosomes as Promising Nanocarriers 403
Narges Shahgholian
List of Abbreviations 403
17.1 Introduction 404
17.2 PLs' Characteristics 405
17.2.1 PLs in Original Food Materials 405
17.2.2 Structure and Charge of PLs 406
17.2.3 Biological and Physicochemical Activities of PLs 406
17.2.4 Thermal Characteristics of PLs 406
17.3 Mechanism of NLs' Formation 407
17.3.1 Arrangement of Building Blocks of NLs 407
17.3.2 Classifications of NLs Based on Morphology and Size 407
17.3.3 Classification of Liposomes and NLs Based on Preparation Method 408
17.3.3.1 Physical Dispersion 410
17.3.3.2 Solvent Dispersion 411
17.3.3.3 Latest Techniques in NLs' Preparation 414
17.4 Bioactive Compounds' Encapsulation in Nanoliposomal Carriers 414
17.4.1 Vitamin and Mineral Supplements 415
17.4.1.1 Nanoliposomal Vitamin d 415
17.4.2 Nanoliposomal Flavonoids 415
17.4.2.1 Quer-in-Cyclodextrin (CD)-in-NLs 416
17.4.2.2 ACNs-in-NLs (Fortification of Milk) 416
17.4.2.3 ACNs-in-Chitosan-Coated NLs (Fortification of Dark Chocolate) 417
17.4.2.4 NH in Pectin (P) - and Chitosan (CH) - Conjugated NH in NLs 417
17.5 Loading of Bioactive Compounds in NLs 423
17.5.1 Types of Encapsulated Bioactive Compounds in NLs 423
17.5.2 Trend of Loading Bioactive Compounds 423
17.6 NLs' Surface Coating 424
17.6.1 Modification of Nanoliposomal Surface 424
17.7 Tocosome 425
17.7.1 Definition 425
17.7.2 Resources and Health Benefits of TP 425
17.7.3 Limitations and Benefits of Using Vitamin E and Its Derivatives 426
17.7.4 The Role of TP/T 2 P in Membrane Bilayers and Their Geometric Shape 426
17.7.5 Formulation of Tocosome 427
17.7.6 Related Research to Tocopheryl Phosphate as a Carrier 428
17.8 From the Laboratory to the Manufacturing Plant 429
17.8.1 Manufacturing Challenges and Scale-up Issues 429
References 431
Index 441
Preface of Volume 1 xix
1 Introduction to Nutraceuticals and Natural Products 1
Narges Shahgholian
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Confrontation of Different Definitions of Nutraceuticals 2
1.3 Natural Bioactive Compounds (NBCs) 3
1.3.1 Classification of NBCs (Focusing on a Few Applications) 3
1.3.1.1 Natural Products from Plants (NPFPs) 4
1.3.1.2 Natural Products from Animals (NPFAs) 4
1.3.1.3 Microbial-based Products 5
1.3.2 Extraction of NBCs 5
1.4 Nutraceuticals and Their Role in Human Health 6
1.5 Types of Formulated Nutraceuticals 7
1.6 Combination of NBCs 8
1.6.1 Synergism and Beneficial Products 8
1.6.2 Antagonism and Detrimental Products 9
1.7 Quality of Nutraceuticals and Manufacturing Process 9
1.8 Biorefinery and Sustainable Source of Nutraceuticals 9
1.9 Encapsulation of Nutraceuticals 10
1.10 Nutraceuticals - Global Market Scenario 11
1.11 Regulations and Health Claims 11
1.12 Conclusion 11
References 12
2 Functional Nutraceuticals: Past, Present, and Future 15
A.Y. Onaolapo and O.J. Onaolapo
2.1 Introduction 15
2.1.1 Historical Perspective 16
2.1.1.1 History of Food and Sickness 16
2.1.1.2 History of Food as Medicine 17
2.1.1.3 The History of Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals 18
2.1.2 Functional Food and Nutraceutical Categories 20
2.2 Functional Food and Nutraceuticals: Where Are We Now? 21
2.2.1 The Functional Food and Nutraceutical Market 21
2.2.2 Functional Food and Nutraceuticals: Current Challenges 21
2.3 Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals: Future Perspectives 22
2.4 Conclusion 23
References 23
3 Liposomal Nanotechnology in Nutraceuticals 29
Quintanar-Guerrero David, Zambrano-Zaragoza María de la Luz, Leyva-Goméz Gerardo, and N Mendoza-Muñoz
3.1 Introduction 29
3.2 Definitions 30
3.3 Challenges of Nutraceutical Formulations 31
3.4 Nanoencapsulated Systems for the Food Industry 33
3.5 A Brief History of Liposomes 36
3.6 Uses of Liposomes in Food Products 37
3.7 Nanoliposome Technology 38
3.7.1 Background 38
3.7.2 Advantages and Drawbacks: Liposomes vs. Nanoliposomes 40
3.7.3 Formulation and Specific Food Designs 41
3.7.4 Preparation Methods 43
3.7.5 Mechanism of Formation 46
3.7.6 Characterization 47
3.7.6.1 Particle Size 48
3.7.6.2 Zeta Potential 48
3.7.6.3 Structure and Morphology 48
3.7.6.4 Encapsulation Efficiency 49
3.7.7 Uses of Nanoliposomes in Nutraceutical Systems 49
3.7.8 Safety, Regulatory, and Sustainability Issues Related to Nanoliposomes 51
3.8 Future Trends 53
3.9 Conclusion 54
Acknowledgments 55
References 55
4 Bioavailability and Delivery of Nutraceuticals by Nanoparticles 63
Shalvi Sinai Kunde, Varunesh Sanjay Tambe, and Sarika Wairkar
4.1 Introduction 63
4.2 Constraints in Delivery of Nutraceuticals 64
4.3 Delivery Systems for Bioavailability Improvement of Nutraceuticals 66
4.4 Nanoparticle Delivery of Nutraceuticals 66
4.4.1 Organic Nanoparticles 67
4.4.1.1 Polymeric Nanoparticles 67
4.4.1.2 Lipid-based NPs 69
4.4.1.3 Protein-based Nanoparticles 71
4.4.2 Inorganic Nanoparticles 73
4.4.2.1 Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles (MSNs) 73
4.4.2.2 Metal-based NPs 74
4.4.2.3 Metal Oxide-based Nanoparticles 75
4.5 Conclusion 76
References 76
5 Prebiotics and Probiotics: Concept and Advances 83
Hammad Ullah, Maria Daglia, and Haroon Khan
5.1 Introduction 83
5.2 Probiotics 85
5.2.1 Therapeutic Benefits 85
5.2.1.1 Antioxidant Effects 87
5.2.1.2 Immune Modulation 88
5.2.1.3 Vitamins' Production 88
5.2.1.4 Metabolic Disorders 89
5.2.1.5 Psychiatric Disorders 89
5.2.1.6 Neurodegenerative Disorders 90
5.2.1.7 Gastrointestinal Disorders 90
5.2.1.8 Anti-infective Activities 91
5.2.2 Safety Concerns 91
5.3 Prebiotics 92
5.3.1 Health Impact 93
5.4 Synbiotics 93
5.5 Microencapsulation 94
5.6 Conclusion 96
References 96
6 Marine Nutraceuticals 105
Giuseppe Derosa and Pamela Maffioli
6.1 Introduction 105
6.2 Marine Bacteria and Fungi 105
6.3 Marine Algae 106
6.4 Marine Plants 107
6.5 Marine Animals 108
6.6 Conclusion 109
References 109
7 Nutraceuticals as Therapeutic Agents 113
OJ Onaolapo and AY Onaolapo
7.1 Introduction 113
7.1.1 Definitions and Regulation of Nutraceuticals 115
7.1.2 Classification of Nutraceuticals 116
7.1.3 Pharmacology of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods 116
7.1.3.1 Bioavailability of Nutraceuticals 116
7.1.3.2 Nutraceuticals: Active Principle 117
7.1.3.3 Nutraceuticals: Mechanism of Action 117
7.1.3.4 Nutraceuticals: Adverse Effects and Drug Interactions 118
7.2 Therapeutic Potential of Nutraceuticals 119
7.2.1 Nutraceuticals as Alternative or Add-on Therapies 119
7.2.2 Nutraceuticals as Therapeutic Agents - Future Perspectives 120
References 121
8 Antioxidant Nutraceuticals as Novel Neuroprotective Agents 127
Parul Katiyar, Souvik Ghosh, Saakshi Saini, Chandrachur Ghosh, Himanshu Agrawal, Debabrata Sircar, and Partha Roy
8.1 Introduction 127
8.2 Pathophysiological Effects of Oxidative Stress on Neurodegenerative Diseases 129
8.2.1 Synthesis of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) 129
8.2.2 Impacts of ROS at the Cellular Level 130
8.2.2.1 ROS and Oxidative Stress 131
8.2.2.2 Vulnerability of the Brain to Oxidative Stress 131
8.2.3 Oxidative Stress and Neurodegenerative Disorders 132
8.2.3.1 Oxidative Stress and Alzheimer's Disease (AD) 132
8.2.3.2 Oxidative Stress and Huntington's Disease (HD) 133
8.2.3.3 Oxidative Stress and Parkinson's Disease (PD) 134
8.2.3.4 Oxidative Stress and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) 135
8.2.3.5 Oxidative Stress and Spinocerebellar Ataxia (SCA) 136
8.3 Classification of Nutraceuticals 136
8.4 Potential Antioxidant Activity of Nutraceuticals in Neuroprotection 138
8.4.1 Alkaloids 140
8.4.1.1 Indole Alkaloids 140
8.4.1.2 Huperzine A 140
8.4.1.3 Aloperine 140
8.4.1.4 Alstonine 140
8.4.1.5 Berberine 141
8.4.1.6 Capsaicin 141
8.4.1.7 Galantamine 142
8.4.1.8 Piperine 142
8.4.2 Carotenoids 142
8.4.3 Flavonoid Polyphenols 143
8.4.3.1 Flavanols 143
8.4.3.2 Flavonols 143
8.4.3.3 Flavones 144
8.4.3.4 Isoflavones 144
8.4.3.5 Anthocyanidin 145
8.4.3.6 Flavanones 145
8.4.4 Non-Flavonoid Polyphenols 145
8.4.4.1 Resveratrol 145
8.4.4.2 Curcumin 146
8.4.5 Phenolic Acid and Diterpenes 146
8.4.6 Probiotics 146
8.4.7 Prebiotics 147
8.4.8 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid (PUFA) 147
8.4.9 Vitamin B 148
8.4.10 Creatine 148
8.4.11 Melatonin 148
8.5 Clinical Approach 149
8.6 Some Recent Trends in Nutraceutical-Related Research for Neurological Disorders 150
8.6.1 Role of MicroRNAs in Neurodegenerative Diseases 150
8.6.1.1 Alzheimer's Disease 151
8.6.1.2 Parkinson's Disease 152
8.6.1.3 Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Huntington's Disease 153
8.6.2 Nano-Formulation-Based Delivery of Natural Products 153
8.6.3 Future Neuroprotective Compounds 154
8.7 Present Research Gap and Future Prospective 155
References 155
9 Flavonoids as Nutraceuticals 169
Shreya C. Adangale, Ritushree Ghosh, and Sarika Wairkar
9.1 Nutraceuticals 169
9.2 Flavonoids 170
9.2.1 Structure and Classification of Flavonoids 170
9.2.2 Physicochemical and Pharmacokinetic Properties of Flavonoids 171
9.3 Pharmacological Actions 172
9.3.1 Antioxidant Activity 172
9.3.2 Anti-inflammatory Activity 174
9.3.3 Neuroprotective Activity 175
9.3.4 Antidiabetic Activity 177
9.3.5 Cardioprotective Activity 178
9.3.6 Antimicrobial Activity 180
9.3.7 Anticancer Activity 181
9.3.8 Hepatoprotective Activity 182
9.4 Conclusion 182
References 183
10 Current Concepts and Prospects of Herbal Nutraceutical 189
Sunil Bishnoi and Deepak Mudgil
10.1 Introduction 189
10.2 Global Market of Nutraceuticals 190
10.3 Classification of Nutraceutical Herbal Products 191
10.4 Health Benefits of Herbal-Based Nutraceuticals 193
10.5 Government Regulations 197
10.6 Future Scope for Herbal Nutraceuticals 199
References 199
11 Lycopene as Nutraceuticals 205
Debasmita Dutta and Debjani Dutta 205
11.1 Introduction 205
11.2 Sources of Lycopene 206
11.3 Disease-Preventive Nature of Lycopene 207
11.3.1 Antioxidant Properties 207
11.3.2 Anticarcinogenic Effect 210
11.3.2.1 Redox Activity 213
11.3.2.2 Repression of Cancer Cell Proliferation and Apoptosis Induction 213
11.3.2.3 Involvement with Growth Factors' Stimulation of Cancer Cell Proliferation 214
11.3.2.4 Induction of Phase 2 Enzymes 215
11.3.2.5 Transcription Regulation 215
11.3.2.6 Modulation of Cytokine Expression 215
11.3.2.7 Invasion and Metastasis Inhibition 215
11.3.2.8 Improvement of Gap Junctional Communication 215
11.3.3 Antidiabetic Effect 215
11.3.4 Antihypertensive Effect 216
11.3.5 Effect on Cardiovascular Disease 216
11.3.6 Effect on Oxidative Stress 217
11.3.7 Other Diseases 217
11.4 Lycopene Extraction Method 217
11.5 Effect of Lycopene During Processing 221
11.6 Daily Intake of Lycopene 224
11.7 The Importance of Fortification 224
11.7.1 Mass Fortification 224
11.7.2 Targeted Fortification 224
11.7.3 Market-Driven fortification 224
11.8 Ongoing Fortification Process with Lycopene 227
11.9 Conclusion 230
References 231
12 Nutraceutical Compounds from Marine Microalgae 245
K. Renugadevi, C. Valli Nachiyar, Jayshree Nellore, Swetha Sunkar, and S. Karthick Raja Namasivayam
12.1 Introduction 245
12.2 Marine Environment 245
12.3 Algae 246
12.4 Cyanobacteria 246
12.5 Microalgae 246
12.6 Cultivation Strategies of Microalgae 248
12.7 Conclusion 252
Acknowledgments 252
Conflict of Interest 252
References 253
13 Polylysine: Natural Peptides as Antimicrobial Agents. A Recent Scenario in Food Preservation 257
Iffath Badhsa, S. Karthick Raja Namasivayam, C. Jayaprakash, C. Valli Nachiyar, and R. S. Arvind Bharani
13.1 Scenario of Food Spoilage Worldwide 258
13.2 Scenario of Food Spoilage in India 258
13.3 The Global Need for Food Preservation 259
13.4 Antimicrobial Packaging in Food Preservation 260
13.5 Antimicrobial Packaging with Bacteriocin 261
13.6 Polylysine as Antimicrobial Peptides in Food Preservation 262
13.6.1 Polylysine 262
13.6.2 Origin and Distribution of Polylysine 263
13.7 Antimicrobial Activity of Polylysine 264
13.8 Preservation Mechanism of epsilon-Polylysine 265
13.9 Polylysine on Major Food-Borne Pathogens 265
13.10 Global Market of epsilon-Poly-l-Lysine 265
13.11 Approval, Safety, and Regulations 266
13.12 Food and Drug Administration (FDA) 267
13.13 China National Health Commission (NHC) 267
13.14 Global Application of epsilon-Polylysine in Food Preservation 267
13.15 Key Benefits (https://foodadditives.net) 267
13.16 Synergy with Other Additives or Preservatives 268
13.17 Possible Side Effects 268
References 269
14 Nutraceuticals Approach as a Treatment for Cancer Cachexia 273
Gabriela de Matuoka e Chiocchetti, Laís Rosa Viana, Leisa Lopes-Aguiar, Natalia Angelo da Silva Miyaguti, and Maria Cristina Cintra Gomes-Marcondes
14.1 Cancer-Induced Cachexia 273
14.1.1 Definition and Main Metabolic Changes 273
14.2 Probiotics and Prebiotics 278
14.3 Amino Acids 280
14.3.1 Leucine 280
14.3.2 ß-Hydroxy-ß-Methylbutyrate 282
14.3.3 Glycine 283
14.3.4 Carnitine 284
14.4 Antioxidants 285
14.4.1 Curcumin 285
14.4.2 Resveratrol 285
14.4.3 Selenium 285
14.4.4 Vitamin d 286
14.4.5 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids 286
14.5 Conclusions 289
Acknowledgments 289
References 290
15 Early Life Nutrition, Epigenetics, and Programming of Later Life 301
Jayshree Nellore, Jaya Krishna Tippabathani, Aparna S. Narayan, Swetha Sunkar, C. Valli Nachiyar, K. Renugadevi, and S. Karthick Raja Namasivayam
15.1 Introduction 301
15.2 Nutritional Influence on Epigenetic Marks 302
15.2.1 DNA Methylation and Nutrition 302
15.2.1.1 Methylation Cycle and Methyl Donors 303
15.2.1.2 Cofactor and Enzyme Activities in One-Carbon Cycles 304
15.2.1.3 DNA Methyltransferase Activity 305
15.2.2 Histone Modifications and Nutrition 305
15.2.2.1 Acetylation of Histones 306
15.2.2.2 Methylation of Histones 307
15.2.2.3 Biotinylation of Histones 307
15.2.2.4 Poly(ADP-ribosylation) of Histones 307
15.2.2.5 Ubiquitination and SUMOylation of Histones 308
15.2.3 miRNAs and Nutrients 308
15.3 Nutriepigenomics and Development: Windows of Vulnerability in DOHaD 308
15.3.1 Prenatal Nutrition and Nutrition in Pregnancy: Effects on Body Composition, Obesity, and Metabolic Function 308
15.3.1.1 Evidence from Animal Studies 308
15.3.1.2 Human Studies 309
15.3.1.3 Prenatal Nutrition and Epigenetic Mechanisms 310
15.3.2 Perinatal Nutrition: Effects on Bone Health and Neurodevelopment 322
15.3.2.1 Epigenetic Contribution to Pre- and Perinatal Nutrition, Bone Development, and Osteoporosis 322
15.3.2.2 Epigenetic Link Between Pre- and Perinatal Nutrition and Neurodevelopmental Disorders 325
15.3.3 The Link Between Early Life Nutrition and Breast Cancer Risk 332
15.4 Transgenerational Inheritance 335
15.5 Conclusion 336
References 336
16 Surfactant and Polymer-Based Self-Assemblies for Encapsulation, Protection, and Release of Nutraceuticals 363
Saima Afzal, Mohd Sajid Lone, Pawandeep Kaur, Firdous Ahmad Ahanger, Nighat Nazir, and Aijaz Ahmad Dar
16.1 Introduction 363
16.1.1 Solubility Characteristics 364
16.1.2 Stability Characteristics 365
16.1.3 Targeted Delivery 365
16.2 Micelles, Liposomes, and Emulsions as Encapsulating, Protecting, and Releasing Agents for the Nutraceuticals 367
16.2.1 Micelles 367
16.2.2 Liposomes 371
16.2.3 Emulsions 371
16.2.3.1 Microemulsions 372
16.2.3.2 Nanoemulsion 373
16.2.3.3 Pickering Emulsions 375
16.2.3.4 Multiple or Double Emulsions 376
16.3 Self-assemblies of Polymers Including Hydrogels as Encapsulating, Protecting, and Delivery Systems for Nutraceuticals 376
16.3.1 Polymers 376
16.3.1.1 Rules Governing the Selection of Biopolymer-Derived Micro or Nanoparticle-Based Encapsulant or Delivery Systems 377
16.3.1.2 Encapsulation Process 378
16.3.1.3 Different Types of Biopolymers Used for Micro and Nanoencapsulation of Nutraceuticals 379
16.3.2 Hydrogels 383
16.3.2.1 Characteristics of Hydrogel for Encapsulation, Protection, and Release of the Nutraceuticals 383
16.3.2.2 Protein-Based Hydrogels 385
16.3.2.3 Polysaccharide-Based Hydrogels 387
16.3.2.4 Mixed Protein and Polysaccharide Hydrogels 390
16.4 Conclusion 392
References 392
17 Encapsulation and Delivery of Nutraceuticals and Bioactive Compounds by Nanoliposomes and Tocosomes as Promising Nanocarriers 403
Narges Shahgholian
List of Abbreviations 403
17.1 Introduction 404
17.2 PLs' Characteristics 405
17.2.1 PLs in Original Food Materials 405
17.2.2 Structure and Charge of PLs 406
17.2.3 Biological and Physicochemical Activities of PLs 406
17.2.4 Thermal Characteristics of PLs 406
17.3 Mechanism of NLs' Formation 407
17.3.1 Arrangement of Building Blocks of NLs 407
17.3.2 Classifications of NLs Based on Morphology and Size 407
17.3.3 Classification of Liposomes and NLs Based on Preparation Method 408
17.3.3.1 Physical Dispersion 410
17.3.3.2 Solvent Dispersion 411
17.3.3.3 Latest Techniques in NLs' Preparation 414
17.4 Bioactive Compounds' Encapsulation in Nanoliposomal Carriers 414
17.4.1 Vitamin and Mineral Supplements 415
17.4.1.1 Nanoliposomal Vitamin d 415
17.4.2 Nanoliposomal Flavonoids 415
17.4.2.1 Quer-in-Cyclodextrin (CD)-in-NLs 416
17.4.2.2 ACNs-in-NLs (Fortification of Milk) 416
17.4.2.3 ACNs-in-Chitosan-Coated NLs (Fortification of Dark Chocolate) 417
17.4.2.4 NH in Pectin (P) - and Chitosan (CH) - Conjugated NH in NLs 417
17.5 Loading of Bioactive Compounds in NLs 423
17.5.1 Types of Encapsulated Bioactive Compounds in NLs 423
17.5.2 Trend of Loading Bioactive Compounds 423
17.6 NLs' Surface Coating 424
17.6.1 Modification of Nanoliposomal Surface 424
17.7 Tocosome 425
17.7.1 Definition 425
17.7.2 Resources and Health Benefits of TP 425
17.7.3 Limitations and Benefits of Using Vitamin E and Its Derivatives 426
17.7.4 The Role of TP/T 2 P in Membrane Bilayers and Their Geometric Shape 426
17.7.5 Formulation of Tocosome 427
17.7.6 Related Research to Tocopheryl Phosphate as a Carrier 428
17.8 From the Laboratory to the Manufacturing Plant 429
17.8.1 Manufacturing Challenges and Scale-up Issues 429
References 431
Index 441
Sreerag Gopi, PhD, is Chief Scientific Officer at ADSO Naturals Private Limited in Bangalore, India. He received his doctorate from Gandhigram Rural Institute in India. His research focus is on nanomaterials synthesis and characterization and the biomedical applications of biopolymers and biocomposites.
Preetha Balakrishnan, PhD, is a scientist at ADSO Naturals Private Limited in Bangalore, India. She received her doctorate in chemistry from Mahatma Gandhi University in Kottayam, India. Her research focus is on materials chemistry, nanomaterials synthesis and characterization, and bionanocomposite characterization.
Preetha Balakrishnan, PhD, is a scientist at ADSO Naturals Private Limited in Bangalore, India. She received her doctorate in chemistry from Mahatma Gandhi University in Kottayam, India. Her research focus is on materials chemistry, nanomaterials synthesis and characterization, and bionanocomposite characterization.
