Atmospheric Aerosols

PRIMARY SOURCES AND SECONDARY FORMATION PROCESSES OF ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOLS
Introduction
A General Classification of Aerosol Sources
Primary Aerosols of Natural Origin
Secondary Aerosols of Natural Origin
Primary Anthropogenic Aerosols
Secondary Anthropogenic Aerosols
Global Annual Mass Emission Fluxes of Natural and Anthropogenic Aerosols

NUCLEATION OF ULTRAFINE PARTICLES
Introduction
Principles of New Atmospheric Particle Formation
Chemical and Physical Factors Driving or Inhibiting New-Particle Formation
Occurrence of New-Particle Formation in the Global Troposphere
Importance of Nucleation for the Production of Aerosols and Ccn at the Global Scale

ROLE OF COAGULATION, CONDENSATION, CLOUD FORMATION AND WET AND DRY REMOVAL PROCESSES IN THE ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOL LIFE
Introduction
Physical Growth Processes
Formation of Cloud Particles
Aerosol Sinks (Removal Processes)

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF AEROSOLS OF DIFFERENT ORIGINS
Introduction
Global Distributions and Climatologies of the Main Aerosol Chemical Constituents
Size-Distributions of Aerosol Chemical Compounds
Open Questions

MEASURING AEROSOL IN SITU AND REMOTE SENSING
Introduction
Characterization of Aerosol Variables with in-Situ Techniques
Detection of Aerosol Properties by Remote Sensing
Observing Climate Change

NUMBER, SURFACE AND VOLUME SIZE-DISTRIBUTIONS OF AEROSOL POLYDISPERSIONS OF DIFFERENT ORIGINS
Introduction
Concentration and Multimodal Characteristics of the Number, Surface and Volume Size-Distributions of Aerosol Polydispersions
Vertical Profiles of Aerosols from Lidar Measurements
Global Distributions of Aerosols from Satellite-Borne Images

AEROSOL OPTICS
Introduction
Maxwell Theory
Light Scattering and Absorption by Small Solid and Liquid Particles
IMAGE AND RADIATION TRANSFER THROUGH AEROSOL LAYERS

AEROSOL-INDUCED DIRECT FORCING EFFECTS BY NATURAL AND ANTHROPOGENIC AEROSOL
POLYDISPERSIONS
Introduction
Field Measurements of Aerosol Optical Thickness Aot
Characterization of the Aerosol Radiative Properties of Different Origins
Direct Aerosol-Induced Radiative Forcing for Different Particle Polydispersions

THE AEROSOL INDIRECT EFFECTS ON CLIMATE

AEROSOL EFFECTS ON AIR QUALITY THROUGH IN-SITU AND REMOTE SENSING TECHNIQUES
Pollution Due to Natural Sources (Pollen, Desert Dust)
Anthropogenic Pollution
Aerosol Effects on Air Quality
Air Quality from in-Situ and Satellite-Based Measurements
EU and USA Limitations to the Aerosol Emissions and Rules for the Air Quality

IMPACT OF PARTICULATE MATTER (PM) ON THE HUMAN HEALTH
Introduction
Epidemiological Evidences
Toxicological Evidences
Mechanism of Effects

AEROSOL IMPACT ON CULTURAL HERITAGE: DETERIORATION PROCESSES AND STRATEGIES FOR PREVENTIVE CONSERVATION
Introduction
Damage Layers and Black Crusts on Building Materials (Stone-Mortars, Carbonate-Silicate)
Bioaerosol Effects on Cultural Heritage
Monitoring for Cultural Heritage Conservation
Aesthetic Impact on Architectural Surfaces: Implications on Restoration and Maintenance Actions
Future Scenarios
Guidelines for the Preventive Conservation of Cultural Heritage in Urban Areas

Claudio Tomasi graduated at the Department of Physics of the University of Bologna, Italy. He worked as researcher at the National Council of Research CNR and became director of research in 1991. After his retirement, he still continues his research activity as Associate Researcher at the Institute for Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, ISAC-CNR.
He was P. I. from 2005 to 2009 of the national project QUITSAT supported by the Italian Space Agency to evaluate the air quality parameters on the Po Valley area from polar and geostationary satellite-borne observations integrated with ground-based remote sensing and in situ sampling measurements and with Chemical-Transport-Meteorological model simulations of the PM and gaseous concentrations at the surface. Since 2007, he is leader of the international research project POLAR-AOD, dedicated to study the radiative parameters of polar aerosols and their direct radiative forcing effects.

Sandro Fuzzi is Professor of Global Change at the University of Bologna and holds a doctoral degree in Physical Chemistry from the University of Bologna, Italy. He is at present Research Director at the Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate of the National Research Council, CNR. His main research interests are the physical and chemical processes involving atmospheric aerosols and clouds and their effects on atmospheric composition change, climate, ecosystems and human health. Is has been a member of several international Committees and Panels including the Science Panel of the European Commission on Atmospheric Composition Change and the Chairmanship of the International Global Atmospheric Chemistry Project of the International Global Geosphere-Biosphere program. He has coordinated several national and international programs in the field of atmospheric composition change.

Alexander A. Kokhanovsky graduated from the Physical Department of the Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus. Alexander Kokhanovsky is a member the SCIAMACHY/ENVISAT algorithm development team at the Institute of Environmental Physics at the University of Bremen. His research interests are directed towards modeling light propagation and scattering in the terrestrial atmosphere. He has published more than 160 papers in the field of environmental optics, radiative transfer, and light scattering.

C. Tomasi, EUMETSAT, Darmstadt, Germany; S. Fuzzi, EUMETSAT, Darmstadt, Germany; A. Kokhanovsky, EUMETSAT, Darmstadt, Germany