Bioprospecting of Microorganism-Based Industrial Molecules
1. Edition January 2022
448 Pages, Hardcover
Wiley & Sons Ltd
ISBN:
978-1-119-71724-9
John Wiley & Sons
Discover a comprehensive and current overview of microbial bioprospecting written by leading voices in the field
In Bioprospecting of Microorganism-Based Industrial Molecules, distinguished researchers and authors Sudhir P. Singh and Santosh Kumar Upadhyay deliver global perspectives of bioprospecting of biodiversity. The book covers diverse aspects of bioprospecting of microorganisms demonstrating biomass value of nutraceutical, pharmaceutical, biomedical, and bioenergetic importance.
The authors present an amalgamation of translational research on bioresource utilization and ecological sustainability that will further the reader's knowledge of the applications of different microbial diversity and reveal new avenues of research investigation.
Readers will also benefit from:
* A thorough introduction to microbial biodiversity and bioprospecting
* An exploration of anti-ageing and skin lightening microbial products and microbial production of anti-cancerous biomolecules
* A treatment of UV protective compounds from algal biodiversity and polysaccharides from marine microalgal sources
* Discussions of microbial sources of insect toxic proteins and the role of microbes in bio-surfactants production
Perfect for academics, scientists, researchers, graduate and post-graduate students working and studying in the areas of microbiology, food biotechnology, industrial microbiology, plant biotechnology, and microbial biotechnology, Bioprospecting of Microorganism-Based Industrial Molecules is an indispensable guide for anyone looking for a comprehensive overview of the subject.
About the Editors xvi
List of Contributors xviii
Preface xxiii
Acknowledgments xxiv
1 An Introduction to Microbial Biodiversity and Bioprospection 1
Tomoya Shintani, Santosh Kumar Upadhyay, and Sudhir P. Singh
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Conclusions and Perspectives 3
Acknowledgment 4
References 4
2 Application of Microorganisms in Biosurfactant Production 6
Lorena Pedraza-Segura, Luis V. Rodríguez-Durán, Gerardo Saucedo- Castañeda, and José de Jesús Cázares-Marinero
2.1 Biosurfactants Nature and Classification 6
2.2 Biosynthesis of BS by Archaea and Bacteria 12
2.3 Biosynthesis of BS by Yeasts and Molds 14
2.4 Screening for BS Producers 15
2.5 A Case Study: SL by Solid-State Fermentation (SSF), Kinetics, and Reactor Size Estimation 16
2.6 Conclusions and Perspectives 23
References 24
3 Microbial Gums: Current Trends and Applications 31
Rwivoo Baruah and Prakash M. Halami
3.1 Introduction 31
3.2 Biosynthesis of Microbial Gums 32
3.3 Production of Microbial Gums 33
3.4 Structure and Properties of Microbial Gums 34
3.5 Types of Microbial Gums 34
3.6 Applications of Microbial Gums 39
3.7 Conclusions and Perspectives 42
Acknowledgments 43
References 43
4 Antiaging and Skin Lightening Microbial Products 47
Prabuddha Gupta, Ujwalkumar Trivedi, Mahendrapalsingh Rajput,Tejas Oza, Jasmita Chauhan, and Gaurav Sanghvi
4.1 Introduction 47
4.2 Aging 48
4.3 Extrinsic Skin Aging Factors 52
4.4 Why Microbes 53
4.5 Conclusions and Perspectives 67
References 68
5 Application of Microorganisms in Bioremediation 77
Himani Thakkar and Vinnyfred Vincent
5.1 Introduction 77
5.2 Microbial Bioremediation 78
5.3 Microbial Bioremediation of Organic Pollutants 79
5.4 Microbial Degradation of Heavy Metals 87
5.5 Factors Affecting Bioremediation 89
5.6 Advances in Bioremediation 91
5.7 Conclusions and Perspectives 94
References 95
6 Microbial Applications in Organic Acid Production 104
Jyoti Singh Jadaun, Amit K. Rai, and Sudhir P. Singh
6.1 Introduction 104
6.2 Glycolic acid (2C) 105
6.3 Acetic Acid (2C) 108
6.4 Pyruvic Acid (3C) 108
6.5 Lactic Acid (3C) 109
6.6 Succinic Acid (4C) 109
6.7 Fumaric Acid (4C) 110
6.8 Malic Acid (4C) 111
6.9 Itaconic Acid (5C) 112
6.10 Gluconic Acid (6C) 113
6.11 Citric Acid (6C) 114
6.12 Kojic Acid (6C) 114
6.13 Muconic and Adipic Acid (C6) 115
6.14 Conclusions and Perspectives 117
Acknowledgments 117
References 117
7 Production of Bioactive Compounds vs. Recombinant Proteins 125
Maria F. Salazar Affonso, Débora Bublitz Anton, Daniel Kuhn, Bruno Dahmer, Camile Wünsch, Verônica Contini, Luís F. Saraiva Macedo Timmers, Claucia F. Volken de Souza, Márcia I. Goettert, and Rodrigo G. Ducati
7.1 Introduction 125
7.2 In vitro Cell-Based Assays 126
7.3 Cell Viability Assays 127
7.4 Cell Metabolic Assays 127
7.5 Cell Survival Assays 128
7.6 Cell Transformation Assays 129
7.7 Cell Irritation Assays 129
7.8 Heterologous Expression of Recombinant Proteins of Biomedical Relevance 130
7.9 Lactic Acid Bacteria and the Production of Metabolites with Therapeutic Roles 132
7.10 Preclinical Studies 134
7.11 Computer- aided Drug Design 137
7.12 Conclusions and Perspectives 140
References 140
8 Microbial Production of Antimicrobial and Anticancerous Biomolecules 147
M. Indira, T. C. Venkateswarulu, S. Krupanidhi, and K. Abraham Peele
8.1 Introduction 147
8.2 Microbial Sources 148
8.3 Microbial Bioprospecting Methods 151
8.4 Bioactive
Compounds 153
Prospects 160
8.6 Conclusions and Perspectives 160
Acknowledgments 161
References 161
9 Microbial Fuel Cells and Plant Microbial Fuel Cells to Degradation of Polluted Contaminants in Soil and Water 170
Chung-Yu Guan and Chang-Ping Yu
9.1 Introduction 170
9.2 History 172
9.3 Electricigens 173
9.4 Electron Generation and Transfer Mechanisms of Electricigens 175
9.5 Materials 177
9.6 Design and Operation of Bioelectrochemical Systems 182
9.7 Performances of the MFCs in Actual Wastewater Treatment 187
9.8 Soil MFCs for Soil Remediation 189
9.9 PMFCs for Environmental Remediation 190
9.10 Prospectives 191
9.11 Conclusions 191
References 192
10 Microalgae-Based UV Protection Compounds 201
Jorge Alberto Vieira Costa, Juliana Botelho Moreira, Gabrielle Guimarães Izaguirres, Liliane Martins Teixeira, and Michele Greque de Morais
10.1 Introduction 201
10.2 UV Radiation 202
10.3 Protection Compounds Induced by UV Radiation 202
10.4 Microalgal Biotechnology for the Production of Photoprotective Compounds 206
10.5 Effects of UV Radiation on the Growth, Morphology, and Production of Lipids, Proteins, and Carbohydrates 209
10.6 Extraction Methods of Photoprotective Compounds 211
10.7 Prospects for Commercial Applications 213
10.8 Conclusion and Perspectives 215
References 215
11 Microorganisms as a Potential Source of Antioxidants 225
Ayerim Hernández-Almanza, Nathiely Ramírez-Guzman, Gloria A. Martínez-Medina, Araceli Loredo-Treviño, Deepak Kumar Verma, and Cristobal N. Aguilar
11.1 Introduction 225
11.2 Antioxidant- Producing Microorganisms 225
11.3 Production of Some Microbial Antioxidants and Their Action Mechanisms 226
11.4 Extraction and Purification of Microbial Antioxidants 230
11.5 Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity 231
11.6 Conclusions and Perspectives 235
References 236
12 Microbial Production of Biomethane from Digested Waste and Its Significance 242
Arun Kumar Pal, Vijay Tripathi, Prashant Kumar, and Pradeep Kumar
12.1 Introduction 242
12.2 Methane 243
12.3 Types of Waste 245
12.4 Digestion Processes of Organic Wastes 248
12.5 Conclusions and Perspectives 250
Acknowledgments 250
Conflicts of Interest 250
References 250
13 Enzymatic Biosynthesis of Carbohydrate Biopolymers and Uses Thereof 254
Manisha Sharma, Jyoti Singh Jadaun, Santosh Kumar Upadhyay, and Sudhir P. Singh
13.1 Introduction 254
13.2 Dextran 255
13.3 Chitin and Chitosan 256
13.4 Xanthan Gum 260
13.5 Bacterial Cellulose 261
13.6 Levan 263
13.7 Conclusions and Perspectives 266
Acknowledgments 266
References 266
14 Polysaccharides from Marine Microalgal Sources 278
Ratih Pangestuti, Evi Amelia Siahaan, Yanuariska Putra, and Puji Rahmadi
14.1 Introduction 278
14.2 Polysaccharides from Marine Microalgae 279
14.3 Optimization of Microalgae Culture Conditions 282
14.4 Bioactivities and Potential Health Benefits 285
14.5 Conclusions and Perspectives 288
Acknowledgment 288
References 289
15 Microbial Production of Bioplastic: Current Status and Future Prospects 295
Karishma Seem
15.1 Introduction 295
15.2 General Structure of PHA 297
15.3 Physical Properties 298
15.4 Biodegradability of PHA 298
15.5 Biosynthesis of PHA 299
15.6 Challenges of Scaling Up of PHA Production on an Industrial Scale 300
15.7 Co- Synthesis of PHA with Value-Added Products 304
15.8 Blends of PHA 305
15.9 Applications of PHA 306
15.10 Conclusions and Perspectives 309
References 309
16 Microbial Enzymes for the Mineralization of Xenobiotic Compounds 319
Ankita Chatterjee, Pritha Chakraborty, and Jayanthi Abraham
16.1 Introduction 319
16.2 Major Pollutants and Their Removal with White-Rot Fungi 320
16.3 Enzyme System of White-Rot Fungi 323
16.4 Molecular Aspect 330
16.5 Conclusions and Perspectives 331
Acknowledgement 331
Compliance with Ethical Guidelines 332
References 332
17 Functional Oligosaccharides and Microbial Sources 337
SA Belorkar
17.1 Introduction 337
17.2 Inulin and Oligofructose: The Preliminary Functional Oligosaccharides 339
17.3 GRAS and FOSHU Status 339
17.4 Conventional and Upcoming Oligosaccharides 339
17.5 Microbes and Functional Oligosaccharides 340
17.6 Arabinoxylo- Oligosaccharides 340
17.7 Sources and Properties 341
17.8 Approaches for AXOS Production 341
17.9 Isomaltooligosaccharides 342
17.10 Sources and Properties 343
17.11 Production of IMO 344
17.12 Approaches to Improve IMO Production 344
17.13 Lactosucrose 345
17.14 Novel Approaches in Lactosucrose Preparation 347
17.15 Xylooligosaccharides 347
17.16 Occurrence and Properties 348
17.17 Approaches to Improve the Efficiency of XOS 349
17.18 Conclusions and Perspectives 349
References 350
18 Algal Biomass and Biofuel Production 357
Suman Sanju, Aditi Thakur, Pragati Misra, and Pradeep Kumar Shukla
18.1 Introduction 357
18.2 Biofuels 357
18.4 Microalgae as Biofuel Biomass 360
18.5 Microalgae Culture Systems 362
18.6 MicroalgaecHarvesting 364
18.7 Processing and Extraction of Components 364
18.8 Biofuel Conversion Processes 364
18.9 Microalgal Biofuels 368
18.9.5 Biohydrogen 371
18.10 Conclusions and Perspectives 371
References 371
19 Microbial Source of Insect-Toxic Proteins 377
Tripti Yadav and Geetanjali Mishra
19.1 Introduction 377
19.2 Fungi 378
19.3 Bacteria 384
19.4 Virus 386
19.5 Conclusions and Perspectives 387
References 388
20 Recent Trends in Conventional and Nonconventional Bioprocessing 404
Saswata Goswami, Keyur Raval, Anjana, and Priyanka Bhat
20.1 Advances in Conventional Bioprocessing 404
20.2 Nonconventional Bioprocessing 409
20.3 Brief Note on the Recent Trends in Downstream Bioprocessing 413
20.4 Perfusion Culture for Bioprocess Intensification 413
20.5 Conclusions and Perspectives 416
References 416
Index 418
List of Contributors xviii
Preface xxiii
Acknowledgments xxiv
1 An Introduction to Microbial Biodiversity and Bioprospection 1
Tomoya Shintani, Santosh Kumar Upadhyay, and Sudhir P. Singh
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Conclusions and Perspectives 3
Acknowledgment 4
References 4
2 Application of Microorganisms in Biosurfactant Production 6
Lorena Pedraza-Segura, Luis V. Rodríguez-Durán, Gerardo Saucedo- Castañeda, and José de Jesús Cázares-Marinero
2.1 Biosurfactants Nature and Classification 6
2.2 Biosynthesis of BS by Archaea and Bacteria 12
2.3 Biosynthesis of BS by Yeasts and Molds 14
2.4 Screening for BS Producers 15
2.5 A Case Study: SL by Solid-State Fermentation (SSF), Kinetics, and Reactor Size Estimation 16
2.6 Conclusions and Perspectives 23
References 24
3 Microbial Gums: Current Trends and Applications 31
Rwivoo Baruah and Prakash M. Halami
3.1 Introduction 31
3.2 Biosynthesis of Microbial Gums 32
3.3 Production of Microbial Gums 33
3.4 Structure and Properties of Microbial Gums 34
3.5 Types of Microbial Gums 34
3.6 Applications of Microbial Gums 39
3.7 Conclusions and Perspectives 42
Acknowledgments 43
References 43
4 Antiaging and Skin Lightening Microbial Products 47
Prabuddha Gupta, Ujwalkumar Trivedi, Mahendrapalsingh Rajput,Tejas Oza, Jasmita Chauhan, and Gaurav Sanghvi
4.1 Introduction 47
4.2 Aging 48
4.3 Extrinsic Skin Aging Factors 52
4.4 Why Microbes 53
4.5 Conclusions and Perspectives 67
References 68
5 Application of Microorganisms in Bioremediation 77
Himani Thakkar and Vinnyfred Vincent
5.1 Introduction 77
5.2 Microbial Bioremediation 78
5.3 Microbial Bioremediation of Organic Pollutants 79
5.4 Microbial Degradation of Heavy Metals 87
5.5 Factors Affecting Bioremediation 89
5.6 Advances in Bioremediation 91
5.7 Conclusions and Perspectives 94
References 95
6 Microbial Applications in Organic Acid Production 104
Jyoti Singh Jadaun, Amit K. Rai, and Sudhir P. Singh
6.1 Introduction 104
6.2 Glycolic acid (2C) 105
6.3 Acetic Acid (2C) 108
6.4 Pyruvic Acid (3C) 108
6.5 Lactic Acid (3C) 109
6.6 Succinic Acid (4C) 109
6.7 Fumaric Acid (4C) 110
6.8 Malic Acid (4C) 111
6.9 Itaconic Acid (5C) 112
6.10 Gluconic Acid (6C) 113
6.11 Citric Acid (6C) 114
6.12 Kojic Acid (6C) 114
6.13 Muconic and Adipic Acid (C6) 115
6.14 Conclusions and Perspectives 117
Acknowledgments 117
References 117
7 Production of Bioactive Compounds vs. Recombinant Proteins 125
Maria F. Salazar Affonso, Débora Bublitz Anton, Daniel Kuhn, Bruno Dahmer, Camile Wünsch, Verônica Contini, Luís F. Saraiva Macedo Timmers, Claucia F. Volken de Souza, Márcia I. Goettert, and Rodrigo G. Ducati
7.1 Introduction 125
7.2 In vitro Cell-Based Assays 126
7.3 Cell Viability Assays 127
7.4 Cell Metabolic Assays 127
7.5 Cell Survival Assays 128
7.6 Cell Transformation Assays 129
7.7 Cell Irritation Assays 129
7.8 Heterologous Expression of Recombinant Proteins of Biomedical Relevance 130
7.9 Lactic Acid Bacteria and the Production of Metabolites with Therapeutic Roles 132
7.10 Preclinical Studies 134
7.11 Computer- aided Drug Design 137
7.12 Conclusions and Perspectives 140
References 140
8 Microbial Production of Antimicrobial and Anticancerous Biomolecules 147
M. Indira, T. C. Venkateswarulu, S. Krupanidhi, and K. Abraham Peele
8.1 Introduction 147
8.2 Microbial Sources 148
8.3 Microbial Bioprospecting Methods 151
8.4 Bioactive
Compounds 153
Prospects 160
8.6 Conclusions and Perspectives 160
Acknowledgments 161
References 161
9 Microbial Fuel Cells and Plant Microbial Fuel Cells to Degradation of Polluted Contaminants in Soil and Water 170
Chung-Yu Guan and Chang-Ping Yu
9.1 Introduction 170
9.2 History 172
9.3 Electricigens 173
9.4 Electron Generation and Transfer Mechanisms of Electricigens 175
9.5 Materials 177
9.6 Design and Operation of Bioelectrochemical Systems 182
9.7 Performances of the MFCs in Actual Wastewater Treatment 187
9.8 Soil MFCs for Soil Remediation 189
9.9 PMFCs for Environmental Remediation 190
9.10 Prospectives 191
9.11 Conclusions 191
References 192
10 Microalgae-Based UV Protection Compounds 201
Jorge Alberto Vieira Costa, Juliana Botelho Moreira, Gabrielle Guimarães Izaguirres, Liliane Martins Teixeira, and Michele Greque de Morais
10.1 Introduction 201
10.2 UV Radiation 202
10.3 Protection Compounds Induced by UV Radiation 202
10.4 Microalgal Biotechnology for the Production of Photoprotective Compounds 206
10.5 Effects of UV Radiation on the Growth, Morphology, and Production of Lipids, Proteins, and Carbohydrates 209
10.6 Extraction Methods of Photoprotective Compounds 211
10.7 Prospects for Commercial Applications 213
10.8 Conclusion and Perspectives 215
References 215
11 Microorganisms as a Potential Source of Antioxidants 225
Ayerim Hernández-Almanza, Nathiely Ramírez-Guzman, Gloria A. Martínez-Medina, Araceli Loredo-Treviño, Deepak Kumar Verma, and Cristobal N. Aguilar
11.1 Introduction 225
11.2 Antioxidant- Producing Microorganisms 225
11.3 Production of Some Microbial Antioxidants and Their Action Mechanisms 226
11.4 Extraction and Purification of Microbial Antioxidants 230
11.5 Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity 231
11.6 Conclusions and Perspectives 235
References 236
12 Microbial Production of Biomethane from Digested Waste and Its Significance 242
Arun Kumar Pal, Vijay Tripathi, Prashant Kumar, and Pradeep Kumar
12.1 Introduction 242
12.2 Methane 243
12.3 Types of Waste 245
12.4 Digestion Processes of Organic Wastes 248
12.5 Conclusions and Perspectives 250
Acknowledgments 250
Conflicts of Interest 250
References 250
13 Enzymatic Biosynthesis of Carbohydrate Biopolymers and Uses Thereof 254
Manisha Sharma, Jyoti Singh Jadaun, Santosh Kumar Upadhyay, and Sudhir P. Singh
13.1 Introduction 254
13.2 Dextran 255
13.3 Chitin and Chitosan 256
13.4 Xanthan Gum 260
13.5 Bacterial Cellulose 261
13.6 Levan 263
13.7 Conclusions and Perspectives 266
Acknowledgments 266
References 266
14 Polysaccharides from Marine Microalgal Sources 278
Ratih Pangestuti, Evi Amelia Siahaan, Yanuariska Putra, and Puji Rahmadi
14.1 Introduction 278
14.2 Polysaccharides from Marine Microalgae 279
14.3 Optimization of Microalgae Culture Conditions 282
14.4 Bioactivities and Potential Health Benefits 285
14.5 Conclusions and Perspectives 288
Acknowledgment 288
References 289
15 Microbial Production of Bioplastic: Current Status and Future Prospects 295
Karishma Seem
15.1 Introduction 295
15.2 General Structure of PHA 297
15.3 Physical Properties 298
15.4 Biodegradability of PHA 298
15.5 Biosynthesis of PHA 299
15.6 Challenges of Scaling Up of PHA Production on an Industrial Scale 300
15.7 Co- Synthesis of PHA with Value-Added Products 304
15.8 Blends of PHA 305
15.9 Applications of PHA 306
15.10 Conclusions and Perspectives 309
References 309
16 Microbial Enzymes for the Mineralization of Xenobiotic Compounds 319
Ankita Chatterjee, Pritha Chakraborty, and Jayanthi Abraham
16.1 Introduction 319
16.2 Major Pollutants and Their Removal with White-Rot Fungi 320
16.3 Enzyme System of White-Rot Fungi 323
16.4 Molecular Aspect 330
16.5 Conclusions and Perspectives 331
Acknowledgement 331
Compliance with Ethical Guidelines 332
References 332
17 Functional Oligosaccharides and Microbial Sources 337
SA Belorkar
17.1 Introduction 337
17.2 Inulin and Oligofructose: The Preliminary Functional Oligosaccharides 339
17.3 GRAS and FOSHU Status 339
17.4 Conventional and Upcoming Oligosaccharides 339
17.5 Microbes and Functional Oligosaccharides 340
17.6 Arabinoxylo- Oligosaccharides 340
17.7 Sources and Properties 341
17.8 Approaches for AXOS Production 341
17.9 Isomaltooligosaccharides 342
17.10 Sources and Properties 343
17.11 Production of IMO 344
17.12 Approaches to Improve IMO Production 344
17.13 Lactosucrose 345
17.14 Novel Approaches in Lactosucrose Preparation 347
17.15 Xylooligosaccharides 347
17.16 Occurrence and Properties 348
17.17 Approaches to Improve the Efficiency of XOS 349
17.18 Conclusions and Perspectives 349
References 350
18 Algal Biomass and Biofuel Production 357
Suman Sanju, Aditi Thakur, Pragati Misra, and Pradeep Kumar Shukla
18.1 Introduction 357
18.2 Biofuels 357
18.4 Microalgae as Biofuel Biomass 360
18.5 Microalgae Culture Systems 362
18.6 MicroalgaecHarvesting 364
18.7 Processing and Extraction of Components 364
18.8 Biofuel Conversion Processes 364
18.9 Microalgal Biofuels 368
18.9.5 Biohydrogen 371
18.10 Conclusions and Perspectives 371
References 371
19 Microbial Source of Insect-Toxic Proteins 377
Tripti Yadav and Geetanjali Mishra
19.1 Introduction 377
19.2 Fungi 378
19.3 Bacteria 384
19.4 Virus 386
19.5 Conclusions and Perspectives 387
References 388
20 Recent Trends in Conventional and Nonconventional Bioprocessing 404
Saswata Goswami, Keyur Raval, Anjana, and Priyanka Bhat
20.1 Advances in Conventional Bioprocessing 404
20.2 Nonconventional Bioprocessing 409
20.3 Brief Note on the Recent Trends in Downstream Bioprocessing 413
20.4 Perfusion Culture for Bioprocess Intensification 413
20.5 Conclusions and Perspectives 416
References 416
Index 418
Sudhir P. Singh, Scientist-D, Biotechnology & Synthetic Biology, Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing, Mohali, India. He has been working in the field of molecular biology and biotechnology for more than a decade. His current research is focused on gene mining and biocatalyst engineering for the development of approaches for transformation of agro-industrial residues and under- or un-utilized side-stream biomass into value-added bio-products.
Santosh Kumar Upadhyay, Assistant Professor, Department of Botany, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India. He has been working in the field of plant biotechnology for more than 14 years. His current research focuses on functional genomics.
Santosh Kumar Upadhyay, Assistant Professor, Department of Botany, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India. He has been working in the field of plant biotechnology for more than 14 years. His current research focuses on functional genomics.
